1. The most common form of red-green colour blindness is found in 6% of males but only 0.4% of females. Give an explanation of the observed frequencies in 60 Words oF Tess, in terms “Of concepts covered in this subject. — it, { { Redl-areen colour YWindwess is onXlinked recessive XN eee + wa diccase. ce, 4 is More Common \n mea with x: than ureten. recessive allele Lr Ha XK os men ealy megulte p es sease cf. two rece ane foc een Chonce \s tlh wa men and [- ie 1 \ Women Lema Ifec). [4 marks} 2. x the following Bet of fitnesses, determine the values of_h_and_s and hence determine the Tong-term fre allele A and a: 2 wad = 0.6, w = 1.2, w% = 0.4. Naa whe wW Caw Ah oa long-term (os 4 N loc n> 00) 00 f / ‘A 1 £6) +. hekerozucete adwantage’ a4 h 0 hy | f Wu [4 marks](a) Explain why the set of fitnesses w4 = w* = w,w** = 0 describes a lethal recessive disease, nail), this 9 Cesccibes lethality to all [infants ) For such a disease, use the Fisher-Haldane-Wright equation to derive the following difference equation describing ‘thet time-ev OF Pay ‘the adult adult frequency of allele A: FW ash ation: ws ( Rate a i iwheg, {I< p,) oo 4 Last p, (I= pa wll pa)”(c) Verify by substitution that the expression ntl nse is the solution of the difference equation from (b), where py = 1/2 LUS = ea aces ny sefnotively, if Vee atlas Berea ae nae test solution: - nxt ~ RAS Pa= coed \ oe 0, = 2s WHS = Tn 042 a ee nad =F {7 marks]where the initial concentration of A is [Alo Using the Principle of Superposition, solve the ODE above to find the concentration of A as a function of time, briefly explaining your steps. er JUA2 -(-Stal =-stAl+) 7eAOUS, pry u iS xf the focen sabe: mgeaeus / val ‘i TAM)=b t+ c, hee bhE are Ce | cord iver he $ { zt Urestechvely gtiely) be Ce, wh Cis a amctont let Je =~Zec tl and c=) « constant \s con stare} [6 marks]5. Consider a population with two autosomal alleles A, a, in Hardy-Weinberg equilibriun. Let p and q be the allele frequencies of A and a, respectively.” For shat values of p does the population contain more heterozygotes than any other genotype? Show all your working, eS : Heteroxycte § gencry pe freq. = Lf" f Ne =le emoartt as aon Crespe c tively) 3 6. Consider the difference equation Tay = (a) Find the equilibrium solutions. CG. WrenTHIS PAGE IS FOR ROUGH WORKING. ENCLOSE IN A BOX ANYTHING YOU WANT MARKED ON THIS PAGE. 5 ‘Leg > q? | Zelt- ed a(t ey | Lo-Tg? 2 \-Up +9" | ~ Sor +ho-l 20 _ a4 eee(b) Use the Linear Stability Criterion to determine thelr stability, where possible (c) Check your conclusions in part (b) by using cob-webbing. Mark important: values on the a-axis. n+1 (d) Sketch on the x-axis above the basin of attraction of any stable equilibrium solu- tions. [14 marks]\ s. 7. Consider a population of N = 2 diploid individuals, modelled by the Wright-Fisher n Initially the population consists of I Aa heterozygote and 1 AA homozy; ‘a) _Draw a transition state diagram for the Wright-Fisher model with N = 2. You do not need to label the transitions with their probabilities. Indicate the absorbing states (b) Complete the transition probability matrix P below. fractious. The second row of the matrix has been given already. 4 Give your probabilities as 0 o i 2 1 mH a - = a P . a Ey 16 zz ai Gs 3 o 0 4 (c) Using matrices, calculate the probability mass function for '4(2), the number of A alleles in generation 2. Show your working, nna 6010] (a) What is the probability that the A allele eventually becomes fixed? (ec) Determine the average number of generations that it would take for the A allele to become fixed. Give your answer a8 a decimal fo 2 decimal places. = -AN x12 |p (l-pe)8. Consider the reaction scheme due to Henri (1902) S+E = cSE+P. ‘a) Use mass action kinetics to derive a system of differential equations for the concen- trations s(¢).e(t) and c(t) of species $, B and C. ervation law connecting the concentrations of species E and C, given that initially there is no C’ present and [Jo = ¢o. Hence derive the ODEs for s(t), (0) a i = —hys(ea— 0) + hace de a= Maleo—e) ~ ke ~ hae se -kic -ke gz \ f * ic Ga vk sk, -c)-k,c “Kye(c)_ Find equations for the vertical and horizontal nullclines for the system in part (b) above. What is their relationship to the Quasi-Steady Statg Approximation and Equilibrium Approximation’. ti = oO \ A when c= +s ak; \ ay “yw is related EA& £) land HAJ is rectal USSA(c-) arisen oO) R-( C-R, se-kc-k¢ [14 marks}9. Consider the reaction E atestyp ra in which $ reversibly converts to A according to mass action kinetics, and $ is converted to P ‘via Michaelis-Menten kineties. Let a = [4], # = [S] and p = [P] reece (a) Write down a system of ordinary differential equations describing the reaction. (c) Find equations for the vertical and horizontal nullelines in the a-s plane (with s on the horizontal axis and a on the vertical axis).(@) Draw a phase plane diagram for the reaction. Include the equilibria, nullelines, and direction ficld with justification. Include a plausible trajectory if the initial condition is say > 0 ii, ay =0, 59 >0 5 1“ x [13 marks} 10. Sketch on the same plot the initial rMetion velocity V, as given by the Michaelis-Menten equation, as a function of substrate concentration s, for the cases: (a) Kye =1M,Vmaz = 1 Ms“ () Kyr=1M,Vinar = 2M st (b) Ky = 2M, Vinaz = 1M 7 5 : [6 marks]THIS PAGE IS FOR ROUGH WORKING. ENCLOSE IN A BOX ANYTHING YOU WANT MARKED ON THIS PAGE. Ds leen 2 Dove \W { wher obove Hi | Vina. 5 pats ass arte yd x barks 4 vee mss os & 70 ra o whee \pelou AN ade A > — iene “hes below VN s$>0 ‘ | Go =11. The SIS model of diseases which confer no immunity is described by the equations: ds di Gan Bsitai GF = Bsi- where s,i are the fractions of the population susceptible to the diseases or infective. (a) _ Derive a conservation law for the SIS model and hence derive a single ODE for i(t), the fraction of infectives in the population. ae (>) Use a phase line diagram (ic. a plot of # versus é) for the ODE from part (b) to find any equilibrium solutions and determine their stability, assuming Ry > 1, where Ro = 3/7. (c)__ Interpret the equilibrium solutions of this model, “There. is on un stable disease {ree state } ond a Stace endemi ic state. (11 marks}12. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus which causes AIDS. It is transmissible via unprotected sexual contact or other exchange of bodily fluids such as blood. Once infected, a peisoil remains infectious for the rest of their life, although their level of infectivity may vary due to the progression of the disease or treatment. There is currently no cure for the virus. On the basis of this information, discuss briefly whether the simple epidemic (SI) model studied “in lectures would be appropriate to model the spread of HIV in a human population. ae SL eP.dem AC madel \ +o medel the © stead of 4 MOV in asa (eee is ether Sv & forever WO Cure i ide ctiou 5 tec j | f There j is recovered clas ve the 'expesed ' clus is lgible ML tus situation Klevertneless, the WATE Smodel wou Noe tore suruerte, lt Lonil ia 7S indivialltal? Voased of hel sata het, (3 mark 13. The equations for a disease which confers lifelong immunity are t “aces [opertact. s ZN] — 8S1/Nn —[pS yer: ct Acansiiicsin B dt een) ar cates ( 32) would dt RAS an T]-hR r eee 7. H (a) Explain the meaning of the terms inside boxes in this model. —a a pl: rite neolborns/icths inthe Popul ation ger hey ne ae the susceptille class | uS ie e thoact is in the susceptile © class eer day. PSIIN: number ¢ q susceptib es tuned infect ous ha le VE recovered erau Suppose that a fraction p of infants are vaccinated against this disease. Write ifferential equations, based on those in part (a), to describe this situation. £2 = y(p//- BST/A)-pS é bu pL YL BCL + ppl ph {Q)_ Hence find the critical vaccination fraction pe that,ensures no infectives in the en- _domie state, S++ root 4 (stipe) ve as i-0 is dis | Leto (SSIN -wl- YL jeonsider gt Hef oe e stale| BsIN et ee ) x «HEL {10 marks] END OF PRACTICE EXAMINATION Formula sheet follows