Trigonometric Substitution

In finding the area of a circle or an ellipse, an integral of the form x sa 2
x 2 dx arises,

where a  0. If it were x xsa 2
x 2 dx, the substitution u
a 2
x 2 would be effective
but, as it stands, x sa 2
x 2 dx is more difficult. If we change the variable from x to  by
the substitution x
a sin , then the identity 1
sin 2
cos 2 allows us to get rid of the
root sign because

sa 2
x 2
sa 2
a 2 sin 2
sa 2
1
sin 2 
sa 2 cos 2
a cos 

Notice the difference between the substitution u
a 2
x 2 (in which the new variable is
a function of the old one) and the substitution x
a sin  (the old variable is a function of
the new one).
In general we can make a substitution of the form x
t
t by using the Substitution
Rule in reverse. To make our calculations simpler, we assume that t has an inverse function; that is, t is one-to-one. In this case, if we replace u by x and x by t in the Substitution
Rule (Equation 5.5.4), we obtain

y f
x dx
y f
t
tt
t dt
This kind of substitution is called inverse substitution.
We can make the inverse substitution x
a sin  provided that it defines a one-to-one
function. This can be accomplished by restricting  to lie in the interval 
2, 2.
In the following table we list trigonometric substitutions that are effective for the given
radical expressions because of the specified trigonometric identities. In each case the restriction on  is imposed to ensure that the function that defines the substitution is one-to-one.
(These are the same intervals used in Appendix D in defining the inverse functions.)
Table of Trigonometric Substitutions

Expression

Substitution

Identity

sa 2
x 2

x
a sin ,




2
2

1
sin 2
cos 2

sa 2  x 2

x
a tan ,




2
2

1  tan 2
sec 2

sx 2
a 2

x
a sec ,

0

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate


3
or   
2
2

sec 2
1
tan 2

s9
x 2
dx.
x2

SOLUTION Let x
3 sin , where
2 

  2. Then dx
3 cos  d and

s9
x 2
s9
9 sin 2
s9 cos 2
3 cos 
3 cos 

(Note that cos   0 because
2    2.) Thus, the Inverse Substitution Rule
gives
3 cos 
s9
x 2
y x 2 dx
y 9 sin 2 3 cos  d

y

cos 2
d
y cot 2 d
sin 2

y
csc 2
1 d


cot 
  C
1

2 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

Since this is an indefinite integral, we must return to the original variable x. This can be
done either by using trigonometric identities to express cot  in terms of sin 
x3 or
by drawing a diagram, as in Figure 1, where  is interpreted as an angle of a right triangle.
Since sin 
x3, we label the opposite side and the hypotenuse as having lengths x and 3.
Then the Pythagorean Theorem gives the length of the adjacent side as s9
x 2, so we
can simply read the value of cot  from the figure:

3
x

9-
FIGURE 1

sin =

cot 

x
3

s9
x 2
x

(Although   0 in the diagram, this expression for cot  is valid even when  0.)
Since sin 
x3, we have 
sin
1
x3 and so



x
s9
x 2
s9
x 2
dx



sin
1
2
x
x
3

C

EXAMPLE 2 Find the area enclosed by the ellipse

x2
y2


1
a2
b2
y

SOLUTION Solving the equation of the ellipse for y, we get

(0,b)

y2
x2
a2
x2


1




b2
a2
a2

(a,0)
0

y

or

b
sa 2
x 2
a

FIGURE 2

Because the ellipse is symmetric with respect to both axes, the total area A is four times
the area in the first quadrant (see Figure 2). The part of the ellipse in the first quadrant is
given by the function
b
y
sa 2
x 2
0xa
a

+ =1
b@
a@

and so

1
4

A
y

b
sa 2
x 2 dx
a

To evaluate this integral we substitute x
a sin . Then dx
a cos  d. To change the
limits of integration we note that when x
0, sin 
0, so 
0; when x
a,
sin 
1, so 
2. Also

sa 2
x 2
sa 2
a 2 sin 2
sa 2 cos 2
a cos 
a cos 

since 0    2. Therefore
A
4

b
a

4ab y

2

sa 2
x 2 dx
4

b
a

cos 2 d
4ab y

2ab   12 sin 2

2 1
2

2
0

2

2ab

a cos 
a cos  d

1  cos 2  d


0
0
2

 ab
We have shown that the area of an ellipse with semiaxes a and b is  ab. In particular,
taking a
b
r, we have proved the famous formula that the area of a circle with
radius r is  r 2.
NOTE Since the integral in Example 2 was a definite integral, we changed the limits of
integration and did not have to convert back to the original variable x.

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION 3

EXAMPLE 3 Find

y x sx
2

4

dx.

SOLUTION Let x
2 tan
, 2 

 2. Then dx
2 sec 2
d
and

sx 2  4
s4tan 2
 1
s4 sec 2

2 sec

2 sec

Thus, we have
dx

y x sx
2

y

4

2 sec 2
d

1


2
4 tan

2 sec

4

sec

y tan
d

2

To evaluate this trigonometric integral we put everything in terms of sin
and cos
:
sec

1
cos 2

cos







2
2
tan

cos
sin

sin 2

Therefore, making the substitution u
sin
, we have

dx
1


2
x sx  4
4
2

+4

1
4



2
FIGUR E 3

tan =

cos

1
d


2
sin

4

 


1
u

C


du
u2
1
C
4 sin

csc

C
4

We use Figure 3 to determine that csc

sx 2  4x and so

x
2

dx

y x sx
2

EXAMPLE 4 Find

y sx

4



sx 2  4
C
4x

x
dx.
4

SOLUTION It would be possible to use the trigonometric substitution x
2 tan
here (as in
Example 3). But the direct substitution u
x 2  4 is simpler, because then du
2x dx
and

y
NOTE

x
1
dx

2
sx  4
2

du

y su

su  C
sx 2  4  C

Example 4 illustrates the fact that even when trigonometric substitutions are possible, they may not give the easiest solution. You should look for a simpler method first.

EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate

y sx

dx
, where a  0.
 a2

SOLUTION We let x
a sec
, where 0 

dx
a sec
tan
d
and

 2 or  
 32. Then

sx 2  a 2
sa 2sec 2
 1
sa 2 tan 2

a tan

a tan

Therefore

y sx

dx
a sec
tan


y
d

2
a
a tan

y sec
d

ln sec
 tan
 C

4 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

The triangle in Figure 4 gives tan 
sx 2
a 2a, so we have

x
-a@

y sx

sec =

x
a

ln x  sx 2
a 2
ln a  C

a
FIGU RE 4

dx
x
sx 2
a 2

ln

C
2

a
a
a

Writing C1
C
ln a, we have

y sx
EXAMPLE 6 Find

3 s32

dx

ln x  sx 2
a 2  C1

a2

x3
dx.

4x 2  932

SOLUTION First we note that
4x 2  932

s4x 2  9

)3 so trigonometric substitution

is appropriate. Although s4x 2  9 is not quite one of the expressions in the table of
trigonometric substitutions, it becomes one of them if we make the preliminary substitu3
tion u
2x. When we combine this with the tangent substitution, we have x
2 tan ,
3
2
which gives dx
2 sec  d and
s4x 2  9
s9 tan 2  9
3 sec 
When x
0, tan 
0, so 
0; when x
3s32, tan 
s3, so 
3.

3 s32

27
3
x3
3 8 tan 
dx


y
2
32
0

4x  9
27 sec3

163 y

sec 2 d

3
tan 3
3 sin 
d
163 y
d
0
sec 
cos2

3

163 y

3
2

1
cos 2
sin  d
cos 2

3

Now we substitute u
cos  so that du

sin  d. When 
0, u
1; when


3, u
12.
Therefore

3 s32

2
12 1
u
12
x3
3
3
dx




du
16 y
1
u
2  du
y
16
2
32
2
1
1

4x  9
u

 

163 u 
EXAMPLE 7 Evaluate

y s3
2x
x

1
u

12

163 [( 12  2)

1  1]
323

dx.

SOLUTION We can transform the integrand into a function for which trigonometric substi-

tution is appropriate by first completing the square under the root sign:
3
2x
x 2
3

x 2  2x
3  1

x 2  2x  1

4

x  12
This suggests that we make the substitution u
x  1. Then du
dx and x
u
1, so
x

y s3
2x
x

dx
y

u
1
du
s4
u 2

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION 5

We now substitute u
2 sin , giving du
2 cos  d and s4
u 2
2 cos , so

x

y s3
2x
x

2 sin 
1
2 cos  d
2 cos 

dx
y

y 2 sin 
1 d


2 cos 
  C



s4
u 2
sin
1

u
2

C



s3
2x
x 2
sin
1

x1
2

C

Exercises
A Click here for answers.

Click here for solutions.

21.

23.

y s5  4x
x

25.

y s9x

27.

y x

29.

y x s1
x

13

Evaluate the integral using the indicated trigonometric

substitution. Sketch and label the associated right triangle.
1.

2.

3.

yx
yx

1
dx ;
sx 2
9

x
3 sec 

s9
x 2 dx ;

x
3 sin 

y sx

x3
dx ;
9

430

x
3 tan 

Evaluate the integral.

4.

5.

2 s3

s2

x
dx
s16
x 2

1
dt
t 3 st 2
1

1
dx
x 2 s25
x 2

7.

9.

y sx

dx
 16

11.

y s1
4x

13.

6.
8.

x 3 sx 2  4 dx

y st

t5
dt
2

dx

1
dx
 6x
8

dx
 2x  22

sx 2
9
dx
x3

14.

y u s5
u

15.

x2
dx
2
a
x 2 32

16.

17.

y sx

x
dx

7

18.

y ax

dx

y sx

22.

24.

y st

26.

y s4x
x

28.

y 5
4x
x

30.

dt

sx 2  1 dx

dt

6t  13
x2

dx

dx

cos t
dt
s1  sin 2 t

 2

dx

b 2  32

dx

ln ( x  sx 2  a 2 )  C
 a2

y sx



dx
x

sinh
1
 a2
a

C

dx
x 2 s16x 2
9

These formulas are connected by Formula 3.9.3.

du

2 52

(b) Use the hyperbolic substitution x
a sinh t to show that

y s25
t

31. (a) Use trigonometric substitution to show that

x sx  4 dx

12.

x 3s4
9x 2 dx

sx 2
a 2
dx
x4

dx

23

20.

10.

s1  x 2
dx
x

19.

32. Evaluate

y x

x2
dx
 a 2 32

(a) by trigonometric substitution.

(b) by the hyperbolic substitution x
a sinh t.

6 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

33. Find the average value of f
x
sx 2
1x, 1  x  7.

34. Find the area of the region bounded by the hyperbola

9x 2
4y 2
36 and the line x
3.

where  is the charge density per unit length on the rod and 0
is the free space permittivity (see the figure). Evaluate the integral to determine an expression for the electric field E
P.
y

35. Prove the formula A
2 r 2 for the area of a sector of a circle

1

with radius r and central angle . [Hint: Assume 0    2

and place the center of the circle at the origin so it has the
equation x 2  y 2
r 2. Then A is the sum of the area of the
triangle POQ and the area of the region PQR in the figure.]
y

P(a,b)
0

P
39. Find the area of the crescent-shaped region (called a lune)

bounded by arcs of circles with radii r and R. (See the figure.)

; 36. Evaluate the integral

r
R

dx
x 4 sx 2
2

Graph the integrand and its indefinite integral on the same

screen and check that your answer is reasonable.
; 37. Use a graph to approximate the roots of the equation
x 2 s4
x 2
2
x. Then approximate the area bounded by
the curve y
x 2 s4
x 2 and the line y
2
x.
38. A charged rod of length L produces an electric field at point

P
a, b given by
E
P
y

L
a

a

b
dx
4 0
x 2  b 2 32

40. A water storage tank has the shape of a cylinder with diameter

10 ft. It is mounted so that the circular cross-sections are vertical. If the depth of the water is 7 ft, what percentage of the
total capacity is being used?
41. A torus is generated by rotating the circle x 2 
y
R2
r 2

about the x-axis. Find the volume enclosed by the torus.

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION 7

Answers
S

19. ln (s1  x 2
1)x  s1  x 2  C

Click here for solutions.

21.

23.

sin
1

x
23 
x
2s5  4x
x 2  C

1
3

ln 3x  1  s9x 2  6x
8  C

1
2

1. sx 2
9
9x  C

3.
x 2
18 sx 2  9  C

25.

5. 24  s38

7.
s25
x 2
25x  C

27. 2 tan
1
x  1 
x  1
x 2  2x  2  C

1
4

1
3

9. ln (sx 2  16  x)  C
11. 4 sin
1
2x  2 x s1
4x 2  C
1

1
2
13. 6 sec
x3
sx
9
2x 2  C
15. (xsa 2
x 2 )
sin
1
xa  C
17. sx 2
7  C
1

64
1215

9
2

29.

1
4

sin
1 x 2  14 x 2 s1
x 4  C

33.

1
6

(s48
sec
1 7)

37. 0.81, 2; 2.10

39. r sR
r  r 2
R 2 arcsin
rR
2

41. 2 2Rr 2

8 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

Solutions: Trigonometric Substitution

1. Let x = 3 sec , where 0 <

or <

3
2 .

Then

dx = 3 sec tan d and

p
p

p
x2 9 = 9 sec2 9 = 9(sec2 1) = 9 tan2
= 3 |tan | = 3 tan for the relevant values of .

dx =
x2 x2 9

1
3 sec tan d =
9 sec2 3 tan

1
9

cos d =

1
9

Note that sec( + ) = sec , so the figure is sufficient for the case <
3. Let x = 3 tan , where 2 < <
p

x2 + 9 =

9 tan2 + 9 =

2.

sin + C =

1
9

x2 9
+C
x

3
.
2

Then dx = 3 sec2 d and

9(tan2 + 1) =

9 sec2

= 3 |sec | = 3 sec for the relevant values of .

Z
Z
33 tan3
3 sec2 d = 33 tan3 sec d = 33 tan2 tan sec d
3 sec
R 2

3R
=3
sec2 1 tan sec d = 33
u 1 du
[u = sec , du = sec tan d]
#
"
3/2

x2 + 9
3 1 3
3 1
3
3 1 x +9

+C
= 3 3 u u + C = 3 3 sec sec + C = 3
3
33
3

x3

dx =
x2 + 9

1
3

x2 + 9

3/2

x2 + 9 + C

5. Let t = sec , so dt = sec tan d, t =

Z

1
3

or

,
4

p
x2 18
x2 + 9 + C

and t = 2 =

.
3

Then

Z /3
Z /3
1
1
cos2 d
sec tan d =
d =
2

tan

sec

/4
/4
/4
R /3 1

/3
1
1
= /4 2 (1 + cos 2) d = 2 + 2 sin 2 /4
h

= 12 3 + 12 23 4 + 12 1 = 12 12
+ 43 12 = 24
+ 83 14

dt =
t3 t2 1

/3

sec3

7. Let x = 5 sin , so dx = 5 cos d. Then

Z
Z
1
1

5 cos d
dx =
52 sin2 5 cos
x2 25 x2
R
1
1
csc2 d = 25
cot + C
= 25

1 25 x2
=
+C
25
x

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION 9

9. Let x = 4 tan , where 2 < <

.
2

Then dx = 4 sec2 d and

x2 + 16 = 16 tan2 + 16 = 16(tan2 + 1)

= 16 sec2 = 4 |sec |
= 4 sec for the relevant values of .
Z

Z
4 sec2 d
= sec d = ln |sec + tan | + C1
4 sec

x2 + 16

x
+ + C1 = ln x2 + 16 + x ln |4| + C1
= ln
4
4

= ln x2 + 16 + x + C, where C = C1 ln 4.

dx

=
x2 + 16

(Since

x2 + 16 + x > 0, we dont need the absolute value.)

11. Let 2x = sin , where 2

.
2

dx = 12 cos d, and 1 4x2 =

Then x =

1
2

sin ,

1 (2x)2 = cos .

R
R
R
1 4x2 dx = cos 12 cos d = 14 (1 + cos 2) d

= 14 + 12 sin 2 + C = 14 ( + sin cos ) + C

h
i
p
= 14 sin1 (2x) + 2x 1 4x2 + C

13. Let x = 3 sec , where 0 < 2 or < 3

. Then
2

dx = 3 sec tan d and x2 9 = 3 tan , so

Z
Z
Z 2
x 9
3 tan
1
tan2
dx
=
3
sec

tan

d
=
d
3
3
x
27 sec
3
sec2
R

sin2 d =

1
3

x 1
1
sec1

6
3
6

15. Let x = a sin , where 2

Z

x2 dx
(a2 x2 )3/2

1
3

2.

1
(1
2

cos 2) d = 16

sin 2 + C = 16

1
6

sin cos + C

x x2 9
x2 9 3
1
+C
+ C = sec1

x
x
6
3
2x2
Then dx = a cos d and

a2 sin2 a cos d
=
a3 cos3

1
12

tan2 d

sec2 1 d = tan + C

x
x
=
sin1 + C
a
a2 x2
17. Let u = x2 7, so du = 2x dx. Then

1
x

dx =
2
x2 7

1
du =
u

1
2

u + C = x2 7 + C.

10 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

19. Let x = tan , where 2 < < 2 . Then dx = sec2 d

and 1 + x2 = sec , so
Z
Z
Z
1 + x2
sec
sec
dx =
sec2 d =
(1 + tan2 ) d
x
tan
tan
R
= (csc + sec tan ) d

= ln |csc cot | + sec + C [by Exercise 39 in Additional Topics: Trigonometric Integrals]

1 + x2 1
1 + x2
1 + x2
1

+ 1 + x2 + C

+
+ C = ln
= ln

x
x
1
x

21. Let u = 4 9x2

R 2/3
0

du = 18x dx. Then x2 =

1
9

(4 u) and

1
R0
du =
x3 4 9x2 dx = 4 91 (4 u)u1/2 18
=

1
162

Or: Let 3x = 2 sin , where 2

8 3/2
3u

25 u5/2

i4

1
162

1
162

64
3

R4

64
5

4u1/2 u3/2 du

64
1215

.
2

23. 5 + 4x x2 = (x2 4x + 4) + 9 = (x 2)2 + 9. Let

x 2 = 3 sin , 2 2 , so dx = 3 cos d. Then

R
Rp
Rp
5 + 4x x2 dx =
9 (x 2)2 dx =
9 9 sin2 3 cos d

R
R
=
9 cos2 3 cos d = 9 cos2 d
R

= 92 (1 + cos 2) d = 92 + 12 sin 2 + C
= 92 +

9
2

9
2

9
4

sin 2 + C = 92 + 94 (2 sin cos ) + C

5 + 4x x2
9 x2
1 x 2
sin
+

+C
3
2
3
3

1
x2
sin1
+ (x 2) 5 + 4x x2 + C
3
2

let u = 3 sec , where 0 <

Z

1
du
3
=
u2 9

1
3

Z
1
du
dx

3
=
. Now
2
9x + 6x 8
u2 9

or < 3
. Then du = 3 sec tan d and u2 9 = 3 tan , so
2

25. 9x2 + 6x 8 = (3x + 1)2 9, so let u = 3x + 1, du = 3dx. Then

u + u2 9
R
sec tan d
= 13 sec d = 13 ln|sec + tan | + C1 = 13 ln
3 tan
3

p
p

lnu + u2 9 + C = 13 ln3x + 1 + 9x2 + 6x 8 + C

+ C1

27. x2 + 2x + 2 = (x + 1)2 + 1. Let u = x + 1, du = dx. Then

Z

dx
=
(x2 + 2x + 2)2

Z
R

du
=
(u2 + 1)2

sec2 d
sec4

"

where u = tan , du = sec2 d,

and u2 + 1 = sec2

R
cos2 d = 12 (1 + cos 2) d = 12 ( + sin cos ) + C

1
1
u
x+1
1
1
+C =
tan u +
tan (x + 1) + 2
+C
=
2
1 + u2
2
x + 2x + 2
=

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION 11

29. Let u = x2 , du = 2x dx. Then

R

x 1 x4 dx =
1 u2 12 du =
R

1
(1
2

cos cos d

"

where u = sin , du = cos d,

and 1 u2 = cos

+ cos 2)d = 14 + 18 sin 2 + C = 14 + 14 sin cos + C

= 14 sin1 u + 14 u 1 u2 + C = 14 sin1 (x2 ) + 14 x2 1 x4 + C

=

1
2

1
2

31. (a) Let x = a tan , where 2 < <

Z

.
2

Then

x2 + a2 = a sec and

Z
x 2 + a2
x
a sec2 d

= sec d = ln|sec + tan | + C1 = ln

+ + C1
a sec
a
a

p
= ln x + x2 + a2 + C where C = C1 ln |a|

dx

=
x2 + a2

(b) Let x = a sinh t, so that dx = a cosh t dt and x2 + a2 = a cosh t. Then

Z
Z
dx
x
a cosh t dt

=
= t + C = sinh1 + C.
a cosh t
a
x2 + a2

33. The average value of f (x) = x2 1/x on the interval [1, 7] is

"
#
Z 7 2
Z
where x = sec , dx = sec tan d,
1
x 1
1 tan
dx =
sec tan d

71 1
x
6 0 sec
x2 1 = tan , and = sec1 7
R
R

= 16 0 tan2 d = 16 0 (sec2 1) d
h
i
= 16 tan = 16 (tan )
0

= 16 48 sec1 7
35. Area of 4P OQ = 12 (r cos )(r sin ) = 12 r 2 sin cos . Area of region P QR =
Let x = r cos u dx = r sin u du for u 2 . Then we obtain

Rr

r cos

r 2 x2 dx.

R
R
R
r2 x2 dx = r sin u (r sin u) du = r 2 sin2 u du = 12 r 2 (u sin u cos u) + C
p
= 12 r 2 cos1 (x/r) + 12 x r2 x2 + C
so
area of region P QR =

1
2

1
2

r 2 cos1 (x/r) + x

r 2 x2

0 r + r cos r sin

= 12 r 2 12 r 2 sin cos

ir

r cos

and thus, (area of sector P OR) = (area of 4P OQ) + (area of region P QR) = 12 r 2 .

12 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

37. From the graph, it appears that the curve y = x2 4 x2 and the line

y = 2 x intersect at about x = 0.81 and x = 2, with x2 4 x2 > 2 x on

(0.81, 2). So the area bounded by the curve and the line is A

R 2 2
2

R2

x 4 x2 (2 x) dx = 0.81 x2 4 x2 dx 2x 12 x2 0.81 .
0.81
To evaluate the integral, we put x = 2 sin , where 2

.
2

Then

dx = 2 cos d, x = 2 = sin1 1 = 2 , and x = 0.81 = sin1 0.405 0.417. So

R2
R /2
R /2
R /2
x2 4 x2 dx 0.417 4 sin2 (2 cos )(2 cos d) = 4 0.417 sin2 2 d = 4 0.417 12 (1 cos 4) d
0.81

/2

= 2 14 sin 4 0.417 = 2 2 0 0.417 14 (0.995) 2.81

Thus, A 2.81 2 2 12 22 2 0.81 12 0.812 2.10.

39. Let the equation of the large circle be x2 + y 2 = R2 . Then the equation of the small circle is x2 + (y b)2 = r 2 ,

where b = R2 r2 is the distance between the centers of the circles. The desired area is

R r

Rr

A = r b + r2 x2 R2 x2 dx = 2 0 b + r 2 x2 R2 x2 dx
=2

Rr
0

b dx + 2

Rr
Rr
r 2 x2 dx 2 0 R2 x2 dx
0

The first integral is just 2br = 2r R2 r 2 . To evaluate the other two integrals, note that
R
R
R
a2 x2 dx = a2 cos2 d [x = a sin , dx = a cos d] = 12 a2 (1 + cos 2) d

= 12 a2 + 12 sin 2 + C = 12 a2 ( + sin cos ) + C

x a2 x a2 x2
x xp
a2
a2
arcsin
+
+C =
arcsin
+
a2 x2 + C
=
2
a
2 a
a
2
a
2
so the desired area is
h
ir h
ir
p
p
p
A = 2r R2 r 2 + r 2 arcsin(x/r) + x r2 x2 R2 arcsin(x/R) + x R2 x2
0

= 2r

R2 r 2 + r

2
2

R2 arcsin(r/R) + r

R2 r 2 = r

41. We use cylindrical shells and assume that R > r. x2 = r 2 (y R)2

p
g(y) = 2 r 2 (y R)2 and
V =

R R+r
Rr

2y 2

Rr

r2 (y R)2 dy =

Rr

R2 r 2 +

x=

2
2r

R2 arcsin(r/R)

r2 (y R)2 , so

4(u + R) r2 u2 du [where u = y R]

Rr
= 4 r u r2 u2 du + 4R r r 2 u2 du

"

where u = r sin , du = r cos d

in the second integral

h
3/2 ir
R
R /2
2 /2
= 4 13 r 2 u2
+ 4R /2 r2 cos2 d = 4
cos2 d
3 (0 0) + 4Rr
/2
= 2Rr

2 R /2

/2

(1 + cos 2) d = 2Rr 2 +

1
2

sin 2

Another method: Use washers instead of shells, so V = 8R

the integral using y = r sin .

/2

/2

Rrp
0

= 22 Rr2

r 2 y2 dy as in Exercise 6.2.39(a), but evaluate