1)

We are unable to use sine rule when two sides and the included
angle of triangle known.
In above situation we can use only cosine rule.
We are unable to use cosine rule when one side and any two angles
known.
In above situation we can use only sine rule.
Example:

In above figure:
To find the length of a , we can use only cosine rule.
In this situation we are unable to use sine rule.
a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A

a b 2 c 2 2bc cos A

In above figure:
To find the lengths of a and b , we can use only sine rule.
In this situation we are unable to use cosine rule.
a
b
c

sin A sin 180 A C sin C

a
b

c sin A
sin C
c sin 180 A C
sin C

2)
2

g x 2cos x
3 .

The equation is
The above equation is in the form y a cos bx c d
2
1
Here, a is amplitude, b is the period, period is the frequency,

c
and b is the phase shift.
Amplitude is a 2 .

2 2

2
b

Period is
1
1

Frequency is period 2
2
c
2
3

3
Phase shift is b

g x 2cos x
3 by using the

Graph the function

following transformations :
Shrink the graph of g x cos x horizontally by a factor of
units.
2
Shifts the graph of function g x cos x by 3 units to the
left.
2

g x cos x
3

Stretch the graph of function

vertically by a factor of 2 units.
2

g x 2cos x
3

Reflects the graph of the function

about x-axis.

g x 2cos x
3 through these points,

Sketch the graph of

continue the pattern to complete two cycles.
Graph :
2

g x 2cos x
3 :

Graph of the function

3)
The set of Z of all integers, positive, negative or zero, is countable.
In fact, we can set up the following one-to-one correspondence
between Z and the set Z+ of all positive integers.
0, -1, 1, - 2, 2
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
More, explicitly, we associate the non-negative integer n 0 with
the odd number 2n + 1, and the negative integer n < 0 with the
even number 2 |n|,
n2n+1 n0
n 2 |n|
n<0
The symbol denotes the one-to one correspondence.
There is a one-to-one correspondence between the set of all
integers and the set of positive integers.
Let A and A be two sets, which are in one-to-one correspondence.
For finite sets:
A one-to-one correspondence exists if and only if the sets have the
same number of elements.
For infinite sets: Two infinite sets of elements have the same
transfinite cardinal number if and only if there exists a one-to-one
correspondence between the elements of the two sets.
Therefore, the A and B have same number of elements.

4)
A cone is a shape whose base is a circle and whose sides are taper
up to a point.

The base of a cone has radius is r.

The height of the cone is h.
The slant height of the cone is l.
From the geometry,

l 2 r 2 h2 l r 2 h2
The surface area of a cone is equal to the sum of the area of the
base and the lateral area.
The area of the base is r .
2

The lateral area is equal to the area of the sector.

Length of the arc is 2 r .

Area of sector ABC is rl .
The surface area of a cone is equal to the sum of the area of the
base and the lateral area.
SA r 2 rl r r l
2
2
Substitute l r h .

SA r r r 2 h 2

r 2h
The volume of the cone is 3 .
Find the relation between volume and surface area of a cone:
SA

r r r 2 h2

r 2h
3

2
2
SA 3 r r h

V
rh

SA

3V r r 2 h 2
rh

5)
Identify Possible Rational Zeros:
It is not practical possible to test all zeros of a polynomial function
using only synthetic substitution.
The Rational Zero Theorem can be used for finding the some
possible zeros to test.
The function is

f x x 5 x 3 2 x 2 12 x 8

Because the leading coefficient is 1, the possible rational zeros are

the integer factors of the constant term 8.
By Rational Zero Theorem, if p/q is a rational zero, then p is a
factor of constant term and q is a factor of highest degree term.
Therefore the possible rational zeros of f are 1, 2, 3, 8.
Synthetic Division:
Setup the synthetic division using a zero place for the missing
4
terms x in the dividend.
f x x 5 0 x 4 x3 2 x 2 12 x 8
1

1 0 1 2 12 8
0 1 1 2
4 8
1 1 2 4
8 0

Since f 1 0 , conclude that 1 is a zero of f.

4
3
2
The depressed polynomial is x x 2 x 4 x 8 .
4
3
2
Consider x x 2 x 4 x 8 .

Perform the synthetic division method on the depressed

polynomial by testing 2 and -2.
2

1 1 2 4
0 2 2 8
1 1 4 4

8
8
0

Since f 2 0 , conclude that -2 is a zero of f.

3
2
The new depressed polynomial is x x 4 x 4 .
3
2
Consider x x 4 x 4 .

2
Therefore x 4 and x 1 are the factors of f(x).

f(x) is written as a product of linear and irreducible quadratic

factors is

6) The function is f x 5 2 x 3 .
Change f (x) to y.
y 5 2x 3
Interchange x and y.
x 5 2y 3.
Solve for y.
2y 3 5 x
2 y 3 5 x

2 y 3 5 x

1
2
3 5 x
2
1
Change y to f x .
y

1
2
3 5 x
2
.
Find the domain and range of inverse function.
1
2
f 1 x 3 5 x
2
3 1
2
5 x
2 2
f 1 x

The domain of a function is all values of x, those makes the

function mathematically correct.
As the inverse function is a polynomial, domain of a function is all
real numbers.
Restrictions over domain:
The domain of f (x) is the range of f -1(x).
Range of the function is y 5 .
Domain of inverse function is x R, x 5 .
Range of function is corresponding values of the function for
different values of x.
3 1
2
f 1 x 5 x
2 2
.
Outcome of the above function is always positive since it contains
square term.
3
y f 1 x
2
3

y R, y
2 .
Thus, the range of the inverse function is
7)
Rational function: A rational function is ratio of two polynomial
functions.
A rational function is in form of R(x) = P(x)/q (x), where p(x) and
q(x) are polynomial function.
Asymptote: A straight line that continually approaches a given
curve but does not meet it at any finite distance.
There are three types of asymptotes.
1) Vertical asymptote.
2) Horizontal asymptote.
3) Oblique/ Slant asymptote.
3x 9
y
x7 .
Let us assume that the rational function is
Observe the rational function:
Vertical asymptote of the rational function is obtained by equating
denominator to zero.
Vertical asymptote is x = 7.
If the degree of the numerator and the denominator are equal, then
horizontal asymptote is defined as ratio of the leading coefficient
of the numerator and the leading coefficient of the denominator.
y =3/1 = 3
Therefore horizontal asymptote is y = 3.
Domain:
Domain is set of values of x which makes the function
mathematically correct.
Denominator of the function should not zero.

x7
Domain of the function is all values of x except x = 7.
Domain on number line:

The hallow circle indicates that the value is not included in the
domain.
Domain in inequality notation: x R : x 7 .
Domain in interval notation: ,7 7, .
Range:
Range is output value of function.
Range of the function is all values of x except y = 3.
Range on number line:

The hallow circle indicates that the value is not included in the
range.
Range in inequality notation: y R : y 3 .
Range in interval notation: ,3 3, .
8)
2
f x x2 9
g
x

The functions are

and
.
The domain of f (x ) is all real numbers.
The domain of

g x 9 x2

The function under the square root should not be negative.

9 x2 0
9 x2
x2 9
3 x 3 .
The domain of

g x is [-3,3].

Find fog x .
fog x f g x
f

9 x2
9 x2

x2
Domain of the composite function fog x is [-3,3].
9)
Using shell method, it is necessary to change the curve as a
function of x in terms of y to express the height and evaluate the
integral.
It would be a complicated process, hence use washer method to
find the volume of the solid.
Method of washer:

The volume of the solid s is

sectional area of the solid s.

V A x
a

, where A(x) is the cross

A x Rout 2 Rin 2
2
2
R

4
x

x
4x 5
out
Outer radius is,

Inner radius is, Rin 0

Integral limits are x =1 and x = 4.
2

V x 4 x 5 dx
2

x 4 8 x 3 26 x 2 40 x 25 dx
1

x5

x4
x3

8 26 20 x 2 25 x
4
3
5
1

45

44
43
2
8 26 20 4 25 4

4
3

15
14

8 26
5
4

27.467 11.867

13
2
20 1 25 1
3

49

Volume of the solid is 49 cubic units.

10)
Difference between implicit and explicit differentiation:
An explicit function is one in which the function is in terms of the
independent variable.
For explicit differentiation, the function is expressed in terms of
independent variable and then differentiates to find derivative
function.
Implicit functions are usually those functions in which terms of
both dependent and independent variables.
For implicit differentiation, the function is applied derivative and
then solved to find the derivative function.
Implicit Differentiation:

1 x 1 y a x y
2

The function is

Substitute x sin and y sin in above equation .

1 sin 1 sin a sin sin

2

cos cos a sin sin

cos
2a cos
sin

2
2

2
2

a cot

2
2cot 1 a
2cos

sin 1 x sin 1 y 2cot 1 a

Differentiate implicitly on each side.

1
1 x2

dy
0
2 dx
1 y

1 y2
dy

dx
1 x2

Explicit differentiation:
The function is

sin 1 x sin 1 y 2cot 1 a

Solve the function y in terms of x.

sin 1 y sin 1 x 2cot 1 a
y sin sin 1 x 2cot 1 a

dy
1
cos sin 1 x 2cot 1 a
dx
1 x2
1
cos
1 x2
1
1 y2
1 x2

1 y2
1 x2