SUNWAY COLLEGE JOHOR BAHRU

CAMBRIDGE GCE A-LEVELS PROGRAMME

9709 – MATHEMATICS
PAPER 1 SUMMARY

Coordinate Geometry

1. The distance between the points ¿ and ( x 2 , y 2 ) (or the length of the line segment joining
them) is
2 2
√(x −x ) +( y ¿ ¿ 2− y ) ¿
2 1 1

2. The mid-point of the line segment joining ¿ and ( x 2 , y 2 ) has coordinates

1 1
( ( x 1+ x2 ) , ( y 1+ y 2 ))
2 2
3. The gradient of the line joining ¿ to ( x 2 , y 2 ) is
y 2− y 1
x 2−x 1
4. The equation of the line through ¿ with gradient m is y− y1 =m( x−x 1).
5. Parallel lines have equal gradients.
6. Two lines with gradients m1 and m 2 are perpendicular if
m 1 m2=−1
7. A chord is a straight line joining two points on a curve.
8. A tangent to a curve is a line that touches the curve at one point, called the point of contact.
9. A normal to a curve is the line perpendicular to a tangent and through its point of contact.
10. The gradient of a curve at a point on the curve is the gradient of the tangent at that point.
11. The coordinates of the points of intersection of a line and a curve can be found by solving
the equations of the line and the curve simultaneously.
12. When there are no real roots the line does not intersect the curve.
13.When a root is repeated, the line is a tangent to the curve.

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Surds and Indices

Multiplication rule a m × an=am +n

Division rule a m ÷ a n=am −n, provided that m>n
Power-on-power rule (a m)n =am× n
Factor rule (a × b)m=a m × bm
Negative power rule 1
a−m= m and a 0=1
a
1
Fractional power rule
x n =√n x
m
m n
x =( √n x ) = √ x m
n

Quadratic Equations

1. The general quadratic equation is a x 2+ bx+ c=0.

2. There are 3 methods for solving quadratic equations:
 Factorisation
 Completing the square
 Quadratic Formula
−b ± √ b2−4 ac
x=
2a
3. If b 2−4 ac> 0, the equation a x 2+ bx+ c=0 will have two roots.
4. If b 2−4 ac< 0, there will be no roots.
5. If b 2−4 ac=0, there is one root only. It is said that there are two coincident roots, or a
repeated root, because the root values are equal.

FUNCTIONS

1. The domain of a function is the set of input numbers, i.e. the set of values of x.
2. The range of a function is the set of output values, i.e. the set of values of f (x).
3. The function that maps the output of f to its input is called the inverse function of f , and is
denoted by f −1.
4. The domain of f −1 ( x) is the same as the range of f (x) and the range of f −1 ( x) is the same as
the domain of f (x).
5. The inverse of f (x) will only be a function if f (x) is a one-to-one function.
6. If f is a one-to-one function, the graphs of y=f (x ) and y=f −1 (x ) are reflections of each other
in the line y=x.

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SEQUENCES

1. Arithmetic Progression
(a) An arithmetic series of n terms with first term a and common difference d has last term
l=a+ ( n−1 ) d
(b) Sum of first n terms is given by
1 1
S= n ( a+l )= n(2 a+ ( n−1 ) d)
2 2
2. Geometric Progression
(a) A geometric series of n terms with first term a and common ratio r is given by
un =a r n−1
(b) The sum of the geometric series a+ ar +a r 2 +…+ a r n−1, with n terms, is given by
a (1−r n )
S=
1−r
(c) If −1<r <1 , the sum to infinity of the geometric series is given by
a
S∞ =
1−r
The infinite geometric series is then said to be convergent.
3. Binomial Theorem
(a) If n is a natural number,

( x + y ) = n x n + n x n−1 y + n x n−2 y 2+ …+ n y n
n
() ()
0 1 () 2 ()n
(b) The binomial coefficients are given by
n!
(nr )= r ! ( n−r )!

and

n !=n × ( n−1 ) × ( n−2 ) × …× 3 ×2 ×1

CIRCULAR MEASURE

1. The length of a circular arc with radius r and angle θ rad is s=rθ.
1 2
2. The area of a circular sector with radius r and angle θ rad is A= r θ .
2
1 2 1 2
3. The area of the segment is A= r θ− r sin θ .
2 2

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TRIGONOMETRY

1. Domain, Range and Period of Trigonometric Functions

Function Domain Range Period

Cosine R −1 ≤ y ≤1 360
Sine R −1 ≤ y ≤1 360
R,
Tangent R 180
θ ≠ ±90 , ± 270 , …
2. Symmetry Properties of Trigonometric Functions

3. Relations between Trigonometric Functions

cos 2 θ+ sin2 θ ≡1
sinθ
tanθ ≡
cosθ
4.
b
cosθ=
h
a
sinθ=
h
a
tanθ=
b

θ sin cos tan

30 ° 1 √3 1 √3
=
2 2 √3 3
45 ° 1 1 1
√2 √2
60 ° √3 1 √3
2 2

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VECTORS

1. A vector has no specific location in space is called a displacement vector.

2. The translation that starts at the origin O and ends at point A (⃗ OA) which is called the
position vector of A.
3. The position vector of the point A with coordinates (u , v ) is
OA= u =ui+ vj
⃗
()
v
4. For any vector p=ai+ bj+ ck, | p|=√ a2 +b2 +c 2.
5. A vector of magnitude 1 is called a unit vector. The basic unit vectors i , j and k are
examples of unit vectors.
6. The unit vector, a^ along any vector is calculated using the formula:

7. The scalar product, or dot product, of vectors a and b is the number (or scalar) |a||b|cos θ,
where θ is the angle between the directions of a and b.

8. In component form, the scalar product is

l u
( )( )
m . v =( li+ mj+nk ) . ( ui+ vj+wk )=lu+mv+ nw
n w

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DIFFERENTIATION

f (x) f ' (x)

xn n x n−1
1. f ' ( x ) >0 when f is increasing and f ' ( x ) <0 when f is decreasing.
2. The point on the curve y=f (x ) where f (x) has a stationary value is called a stationary point.

dy
At all stationary points, =0.
dx
3. To determine stationary points,

or
If f ' ( q )=0 and f ' ' ( q ) >0 , then f ( x ) has a minimum at x=q.
If f ' ( q )=0 and f ' ' ( q ) <0 , then f ( x ) has a maximum at x=q.
4. If a , b and n are constants, and y=(ax +b)n, then
dy
=n( ax+b)n −1 ×a .
dx
dy dy du
5. If y=f ( F ( x ) ), and u=F ( x ) so that y=f (u), then = × .
dx du dx

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INTEGRATION

1 n+1
1. ∫ x n dx=¿ ¿ n+1 x +k

2. To find the area under the graph y=f (x ) from x=a to x=b:
b
A=∫ f ( x ) dx
a

3. If you want to find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of two functions f (x) and
g ( x ), and by two lines x=a and x=b.
b
Area=∫ [ f ( x )−g ( x ) ] dx
a

4. When the region under the graph of y=f ( x ) between x=a and x=b (where a< b) is rotated
about the x-axis, the volume of the solid of revolution formed is
b b

∫ π [ f ( x ) ]2 dx or ∫ π y 2 dx.
a a

5. When the region bounded by the graph of y=f ( x ), the line y=c and y=d and the y-axis is
rotated about the y-axis, the volume of the solid of revolution formed is
d

∫ π x 2 dy.
c

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