0

( ) v t v at = +
Recap:
Constant Acceleration
0
0
( )
t
x x v t dt =
}
Area under
the function
v(t).
2
Recap:
Constant Acceleration
a
d
t
v
d
=
0
v a v t = +
2
1
0 0
2
x x v t at = + +
2 2
0 0
2 ( ) v x a v x = +
3
Recap: Acceleration due to
Gravity (Free Fall)
In the absence of air resistance
all objects fall with the same
constant acceleration of about

g = 9.8 m/s
2


near the Earths surface.
4
Recap: Example
A ball is thrown upwards at
5 m/s, relative to the ground,
from a height of 2 m.
We need to choose a coordinate system.
2 m

5 m/s

5
Recap: Example
Lets measure
time from when
the ball is launched.

This defines t = 0.
Lets choose y = 0 to be ground level
and up to be the positive y direction.
y
0
= 2 m

v
0
= 5 m/s

y

6
Recap: Example
1. How high above
the ground will the
ball reach?
with a = g
and v = 0.
2 2
0 0
2 ( ) v y a v y = +
use
y
0
= 2 m

v
0
= 5 m/s

y

7
Recap: Example
2
1
0 0 2
y v t a y t = + +
Use
2. How long does it
take the ball to
reach the ground?
y
0
= 2 m

v
0
= 5 m/s

y

with a = g
and y = 0.
8
Recap: Example
2 2
0 0
2 ( ) y a v v y = +
Use
3. At what speed
does the ball hit
the ground?
y
0
= 2 m

v
0
= 5 m/s

y

with a = g
and y = 0.
9
Demonstrate an understanding that two
dimensional motion is analyzed by resolving
vectors into separate components.
Topic:
Motion in two or three dimension
Suppose a particle follows a path in the xy plane.
At time t
1
, the particle is at point P; and at time t
2
, it is
at point P
2
.
The vector r
1
is the position vector of the particle at
time t
1
(it represents the displacement of the particle
from the origin of the coordinate system); and r
2
is the
position vector at the time t
2
.
10
In one dimension we defined displacement
as the change in position of the particle.
In two or three dimensions, the
displacement vector is defined as the
vector representing the change in position
of the particle, it is the vector Ar.
Ar = r
2
r
1

11
Unit Vectors
It is convenient to define
unit vectors
parallel to the x, y and z
axes, respectively.

x y z
A A i A j A k = + +

, , i j k
Then, we can write a
vector A as follows:
12
Position vector in three dimensions
-vector that goes from the origin of the
coordinate system to a certain point in
space.
written as:
.

k z j y i x r
k z j y i x r
A + A + A = A
+ + =

Ar = (x
2
-x
1
)i + (y
2
-y
1
)j + (z
2
-z
1
)k
Average and Instantaneous Velocity
k
t
z z
j
t
y y
i
t
x x
v

+
A

+
A

=
) ( ) (

) (
1 2 1 2 1 2
_
Average velocity is the displacement of an
object over some time interval.




14
Instantaneous velocity
The components of are :
t d
r d
v

=
v

t d
z d
v and ,
t d
y d
v ,
t d
x d
v
z y x
= = =
Is the limit of v as At approaches zero and
can also be written as the derivative
15
k
dt
dz
j
dt
dy
i
dt
dx
v


+ + =
Which can be expanded to:
and then rewritten or simplified to

v = v
x
i + v
y
j + v
z
k.
Particles Path vs Velocity
Displacement:

The velocity vector
The direction of the instantaneous velocity of
a particle is always tangent to the particles
path at the particles position.






Average acceleration
t
v
t t
v v
a
av
A
A
=

1 2
1 2
The Acceleration vector







dt
v d
t
v
a
t

=
A
A
=
A 0
lim
Instantaneous acceleration is equal to the
instantaneous rate of change of velocity
with time
Parallel and Perpendicular
Components of Acceleration
v v v

A + =
1 2

A + A = A v v v

||
dt
v d
dt
v d
t
v
t
v
t
v
a
t t t

A A A
+ =
A
A
+
A
A
=
A
A
=

||
0
||
0 0
lim lim lim
Review
k
dt
dz
j
dt
dy
i
dt
dx
dt
r d
v


+ + = =

k
dt
z d
j
dt
y d
i
dt
x d
k
dt
dv
j
dt
dv
i
dt
dv
dt
v d
a
z
y
x

2
2
2
2
2
2
+ + =
+ + = =

By
differentiation
When the acceleration vector, a, is parallel to the
velocity vector,v, its effect is to change the
speed (magnitude of the velocity) of the object
but NOT the direction.

In most cases a has a component that is parallel
to the velocity vector and another component
that is perpendicular to the velocity vector and
these statements still apply to the individual
components.
When the acceleration vector, a, is perpendicular
to the velocity vector,v, its effect is to change the
direction but NOT the speed (magnitude of
velocity).
Speed up or slow down
If the velocity and acceleration
components along a given axis have the
same sign then they are in the same
direction. In this case, the object will
speed up.

If the acceleration and velocity
components have opposite signs, then
they are in opposite directions. Under
these conditions, the object will slow
down.
How to solve two-dimensional motion problem?
One ball is released from rest at the same instant
that another ball is shot horizontally to the right
The horizontal and vertical
motions (at right angles to
each other) are
independent, and the path
of such a motion can be
found by combining its
horizontal and vertical
position components.

By Galileo
Projectile Motion
A particle moves in a
vertical plane with some
initial velocity but its
acceleration is always
the free-fall acceleration
g, which is downward.
Such a particle is called
a projectile and its
motion is called
projectile motion.
Properties of Projectile Motion

The Horizontal Motion:
no acceleration
velocity v
x
remains
unchanged from its initial
value throughout the
motion
The horizontal range R is
maximum for a launch
angle of 45
The vertical Motion:
Constant acceleration g
velocity v
y
=0 at the
highest point.





26
In projectile motion, the horizontal motion and the
vertical motion are independent of each other; that
is, neither motion affects the other. A projectile with
an initial velocity can be written as

The horizontal motion has zero acceleration, and
the vertical motion has a constant downward
acceleration of - g.
j

v i

v v
y 0 x 0 0
+ =

0
v

0 0 0 0 0
x
0
sin v v and cos v v u u = =
y
27
The range R is the horizontal distance the
projectile has traveled when it returns to its
launch height.
28
Examples of projectile motion
29
0
r
r
Projectile Motion under
Constant Acceleration
Coordinate system:
points to the right,
points upwards

i
30
0
r
)

0 (

i j a g = +
2
1
0 2
v t at +
r
2
2
0
1
0 0
v r r
v v
t
t
t
a
a + = +
= +
R = Range
Impact point
Projectile Motion under
Constant Acceleration
31
Projectile Motion under
Constant Acceleration
0 0
0 0
cos
sin
x
y
v v
v v
u
u
=
=
Strategy: split motion into x and y components.
2
1
0 0 2
0 0
y
x
y y v t gt
x x v t
= +
= +
R = Range
R = x - x
0
h = y - y
0
32
Horizontal motion
No acceleration
t v x x
x
0 0
=
t ) cos v ( x x
0 0 0
u =
33
Vertical motion (Equations of Motion ):-
) y y ( g 2 ) sin v ( v
t g sin v v
t g
2
1
t ) sin v (
t g
2
1
t v y y
0
2
0 0
2
y
0 0 y
, 2
0 0
2
y
0 0
=
=
=
=
u
u
u
1 )
2 )
3 )
34
The equation of the path
In this equation, x
0
= 0 and y
0
= 0. The
path, or trajectory, is a parabola. The
angle is between and the +
direction.
) trajectory (
) cos v ( 2
x g
x ) (tan y
2
0 0
2
0
u
u =
0
u
0
v

35
The horizontal range
This equation for R is only good if the final height equals
the launch height. We have used the relation
sin 2 = 2 sin cos .
The range is a maximum when = 45
o

t ) cos v ( R
0 0
u =
To find t = time of flight, y - y
0
= 0 means that :
0
2
0
0 0
2
0
2
0 0
2 sin
g
v
R
cos sin
g
v 2
R
t g
2
1
t ) sin v ( 0
u
u u
u
=
=
=
0
u
0
u
0
u
0
u
36
Special case: y = y
0
, i.e., h = 0
0 0
2
0
2
sin 2
x y
v v
R
g
v
g
u
=
=
R
y
0
y(t)

37
Sample Problem
In Fig. 4-15, a rescue
plane flies at 198
km/h (= 55.0 m/s)
and a constant
elevation of 500 m
toward a point directly
over a boating
accident victim
struggling in the
water. The pilot wants
to release a rescue
capsule so that it hits
the water very close
to the victim.

38
(a) What should be the angle of the pilot's
line of sight to the victim when the release is
made?
Solving for t, we find t = 10.1 s (take the positive root).

Solution
h
x
tan
1
= |
t ) cos v ( x x
0 0 0
u =
2
0 0 0
t g
2
1
t ) sin v ( y y = u
) s 1 . 10 ( ) 0 (cos ) s / m 0 . 55 ( 0 x

=
m 5 . 555 x =

48
m 500
m 5 . 555
tan
1
= =

|
|
2 2
t ) s / m 8 . 9 (
2
1
t ) 0 (sin ) s / m 0 . 55 ( m 500 =

39
(b) As the capsule reaches the water, what is its
velocity in unit-vector notation and as a magnitude
and an angle?
When the capsule reaches the water,


s / m 0 . 55 ) 0 (cos ) s / m 0 . 55 ( cos v v
0 0 x
= = =

u
s / m 0 . 99
) s 1 . 10 ( ) s / m 8 . 9 ( ) 0 (sin ) s / m 0 . 55 (
t g sin v v
2
0 0 y
=
=
=

u
j

) s / m 0 . 99 ( i

) s / m 0 . 55 ( v =

61 and s / m 113 v = = u
v

40
Sample Problem 2
Figure 4-16 shows a pirate ship 560 m from a fort defending
the harbor entrance of an island. A defense cannon, located
at sea level, fires balls at initial speed v
0
= 82 m/s.
(a) At what angle from the horizontal must a
ball be fired to hit the ship?
0
u
41
SOLUTION:

Which gives
There are two solutions
0
2
0
2 sin
g
v
R u =
816 . 0 sin
) s / m 82 (
) m 560 )( s / m 8 . 9 (
sin
v
R g
sin 2
1
2
2
1
2
0
1
0

=
= = u


63 ) 3 . 125 (
2
1
27 ) 7 . 54 (
2
1
0
0
~ =
~ =
u
u
42
(b) How far should the pirate ship be from
the cannon if it is to be beyond the
maximum range of the cannonballs?
SOLUTION: Maximum range is :-
The maximum range is 690m. Beyond that
distance, the ship is safe from the cannon.
. m 690 m 686
) 45 x 2 ( sin
s / m 8 . 9
) s / m 82 (
2 sin
g
v
R
2
0
2
0
~ =
= =

u
43
Sample Problem 3
Figure 4-17 illustrates the flight of Emanuel Zacchini over three Ferris wheels,
located as shown and each 18 m high. Zacchini is launched with speed v
0
= 26.5
m/s, at an angle = 53 up from the horizontal and with an initial height of 3.0 m
above the ground. The net in which he is to land is at the same height.
(a) Does he clear the first Ferris wheel?


0
u
44
SOLUTION
The equation of trajectory when x
0
= 0 and y
0
= 0 is given
by :
Solving for y when x = 23m gives
Since he begins 3m off the ground, he clears the Ferris
wheel by (23.3 18) = 5.3 m
2
0 0
2
0
) cos v ( 2
x g
x ) tan ( y
u
u =
m 3 . 20
) 53 (cos ) s / m 5 . 26 ( 2
) m 23 ( ) s / m 8 . 9 (
) m 23 ( ) 53 tan (
2 2
2 2
=
=

45
(b) If he reaches his maximum height when he is
over the middle Ferris wheel, what is his
clearance above it?
SOLUTION:
At maximum height, v
y
is 0. Therefore,
and he clears the middle Ferris wheel by
(22.9 + 3.0 -18) m =7.9 m
0 gy 2 ) sin v ( v
2
0 0
2
y
= = u
m 9 . 22
) s / m 8 . 9 ( ) 2 (
) 53 (sin ) s / m 5 . 26 (
g 2
) sin v (
y
2
2 2 2
0 0
= = =

u
46
(c) How far from the cannon should the center of
the net be positioned?
SOLUTION:

m 69
) 53 ( 2 sin
s / m 8 . 9
) s / m 5 . 26 (
2 sin
g
v
R
2
2
0
2
0
=
= =

u
47
Uniform Circular Motion
A particle is in uniform circular motion if it travels
around a circle at uniform speed. Although the
speed is uniform, the particle is accelerating.

The acceleration is called a
centripetal (center seeking)
acceleration.
T is called the period of revolution.
). period (
v
r 2
T
), on accelerati l centripeta (
r
v
a
2
t
=
=
48
u u sin v
t d
x d
, cos v
t d
y d
p p
= =
. j

t d
x d
r
v
i

t d
y d
r
v
t d
v d
a
. j

r
x v
i

r
y v
v
. j

) cos v ( i

) sin v ( j

v i

v v
p p
p p
y x
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ = + =

u u
. j

sin
r
v
i

cos
r
v
a
2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= u u

49

Thus, , which means that
is directed along the radius r,
pointing towards the circles
center.
u
u
u
|
u u
tan
cos
r
v
sin
r
v
a
a
tan
,
r
v
) (sin ) (cos
r
v
a a a
2
2
x
y
2
2 2
2
2
y
2
x
=

= =
= + = + =
u | =
a

50
Sample Problem 4-9
Top gun pilots have long worried about taking a turn
too tightly. As a pilot's body undergoes centripetal
acceleration, with the head toward the center of
curvature, the blood pressure in the brain decreases,
leading to loss of brain function.
There are several warning signs to signal a pilot to ease
up: when the centripetal acceleration is 2g or 3g, the
pilot feels heavy. At about 4g, the pilot's vision switches
to black and white and narrows to tunnel vision. If that
acceleration is sustained or increased, vision ceases
and, soon after, the pilot is unconsciousa condition
known as g-LOC for g-induced loss of consciousness.
51
What is the centripetal acceleration, in g units, of a pilot
flying an F-22 at speed v = 2500 km/h (694 m/s) through a
circular arc with radius of curvature r = 5.80 km?
SOLUTION:

If a pilot caught in a dogfight puts the aircraft
into such a tight turn, the pilot goes into g-
LOC almost immediately, with no warning
signs to signal the danger.
g 5 . 8 s / m 0 . 83
m 5800
) s / m 694 (
r
v
a
2
2 2
= = = =
52
Relative Motion in One Dimension
The coordinate x
PA
of P as measured by A is
equal to the coordinate x
PB
of P as measured by
B plus the coordinate x
BA
of B as measured by
A. Note that x is a vector in one dimension.
BA PB PA
x x x + =
53
The velocity v
PA
of P as measured by A is
equal to the velocity v
PB
of P as measured
by B plus the velocity v
BA
of B as measured
by A. Note that v is a one dimensional
vector. We have deleted the arrow on top.
BA PB PA
BA PB PA
v v v
), x (
t d
d
) x (
t d
d
) x (
t d
d
+ =
+ =
54
Observers on different frames of reference (that
move at constant velocity relative to each other)
will measure the same acceleration for a
moving particle. Note that the acceleration is a
one dimensional vector.
Because V
BA
is constant, the last term is zero.

) v (
t d
d
) v (
t d
d
) v (
t d
d
BA PB PA
+ =
PB PA
a a =
55
Sample Problem
For the situation of Fig. 4-20, Barbara's velocity
relative to Alex is a constant v
BA
= 52 km/h and car P is
moving in the negative direction of the x axis.
(a) If Alex measures a constant velocity v
PA
= -78 km/h
for car P, what velocity v
PB
will Barbara measure?

SOLUTION:

h / km 130 v
h / km 52 v h / km 78
v v v
PB
PB
BA PB PA
=
+ =
+ =
56
(b) If car P brakes to a stop relative to Alex (and thus the
ground) in time t = 10 s at constant acceleration, what is its
acceleration a
PA
relative to Alex?
2
0
PA
s / m 2 . 2
h / km 6 . 3
s / m 1
s 10
) h / km 78 ( 0
t
v v
a
=

=

=
57
(c) What is the acceleration a
PB
of car P relative to
Barbara during the braking?
SOLUTION:
To calculate the acceleration of car P relative to
Barbara, we must use the car's velocities relative to
Barbara. The initial velocity of P relative to Barbara is
v
PB
= -130 km/h. The final velocity of P relative to
Barbara is -52 km/h (this is the velocity of the stopped
car relative to the moving Barbara).

This result is reasonable because Alex and Barbara have
a constant relative velocity, they must measure the same
acceleration.
2
0
PB
s / m 2 . 2
h / km 6 . 3
s / m 1
s 10
) h / km 130 ( h / km 52
t
v v
a
=

=

=
58
Relative Motion in Two Dimension

PB PA
BA PB PA
BA PB PA
a a
v v v
r r r



=
+ =
+ =