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 Co-ordinate Geometry
REFLECTION
Reflection in y=0 means in x axis
x remains the same but the sign of y changes
(x,y) -> (x,-y)
similarly,
Reflection in x=0 means in y axis
y remains the same but the sign of x changes
(x,y) -> (-x,y)

x-axis y-axis

x changes y changes

SECTION FORMULA
(x1,y1) (x,y) (x2,y2)

A m1 P m2 B
Point P divides line AB in the ratio m1:m2
Let the co-ordinates of P be (x,y)

m1x2 +m2x1 m1y2 +m2y1

x= y=
m1+m2 m1+m2
POINT OF TRISECTION
(x1,y1) (x3,y3) (x4,y4) (x2,y2)

A m=1 P m=1 Q m=1 B

For P: For Q:
m1=1 m1=2
m2=2 m2=1
NOTE: P is the mid point of AQ. NOTE: Q is the mid point of BP.

MID-POINT FORMULA
(x1,y1) (x,y) (x2,y2)

A m1=1 P m2=1 B

Let the co-ordinates of P be (x,y)

x1 + x2 y1 + y2
x= y=
2 2
Distance formula:-

√(x2-x1) +(y2-y1)
2 2

EQUATION OF LINE tan 0° = 0

Inclination = θ° tan 30° = 1/ 3 √
Slope m = tan θ tan 45° = 1
m=
y2 - y1 tan 60° = 3 √
x2 - x1 tan 90° = undefined
 For parallel lines slope is equal
For perpendicular lines the product of slope is -1
slope of line 1 * slope of line 2 =-1

x-intercept - distance from origin to x

y-intercept - distance from origin to y
y-intrercept is denoted by c.

EQUATIONS:-
1. Slope and y-intercept is given-
y = mx+c
2. Slope and the co-ordinates of one point are given-
y-y1 = m(x-x1)

3. The co-ordinates of two points are given-

First calculate the slope
y2 - y1
m=
x2 - x1
Then use this formula.
y-y1 = m(x-x1)
To find the slope and y-intercept of a line:
Arrange the equation in the for of y=mx+c
For eg: 2x-3y-4=0
Change to : y=2/3x - 4/3
m is the co-efficient of x = 2/3
c is the constant = -4/3
CIRCLES

Equal chords are equidistant from the

center and subtend equal angle on the
centre.

The angle subtended by an arc on the

centre is double the angle subtended
by it on the circumference.
∠ ∠
BOC = 2 BAC

Angles of same segment are equal.

Angles of semi-circle is 90°.

Opposite angles of a cyclic

quadrilateral are supplementary.
(Sum of opp. angles = 180°
The exterior angle of a cyclic
quadrilateral is equal to the
interior opposite angle.

The radius is perpendicular to

the tangent.

Two tangents are drawn from an

exterior point then:
1. The tangents are equal.
2. The angles subtended by them on
centre are equal.
3. The tangents are equally inclined to
the line joining them from the centre.

1. PA = PB
∠
2. AOP = ∠BOP
∠
3. APO = ∠BPO
If two circles touch each other,
the point of contact lies on the
straight line through the centres.

1. Externally
If two circles touch each other,
the point of contact lies on the
straight line through the centres.

2.Internally

if two chords of a circle intersect

internally then the product of the
lengths of their segments is equal.
PA x PB = PC x PD

if two chords of a circle intersect

externally then the product of the
lengths of their segments is equal.
XA x XB = XC x XD

If a chord and a tangent intersect externally, then the

product of the lengths of the segment of the chord is
equal to the square of the length of the tangent from
the point of contact to the point of intersection.

Basically, PA x PB = PT 2

the angle between a tangent and a

chord is equal to the angle in the
alternate segment
MENSURATION
CYLINDER:-
Area of cross section - πr²
Circumference of cross section - 2πr
Curved Surface Area - 2πrh
Total Surface Area - 2πr(h+r)
Volume - πr²h

HOLLOW CYLINDER:-
Thickness of wall - R-r
Area of cross section - π(R²-r²)
External Curved Surface Area - 2πRh
Internal Curved Surface Area - 2πrh
Total Surface Area - 2πRh + 2πrh +2π(R²-r²)
Volume - π(R²-r²)h

CONE:-
Area of cross section - πr²
l² = h² + r²
Curved Surface Area - πrl
Total Surface Area - πr(l+r)
Volume - 1/3*πr²h

Me after seeing so
many formulas
TRIGNOMETRY
1
sin A =
cosec A

1
cos A =
sec A

1
tan A =
cot A

sin A
tan A =
cos A

cos A
cot A =
sin A

sin² A + cos² A = 1

1 + tan² A = sec² A

1 + cot² A = cosec² A

sin (90°-A) = cos A

tan (90°-A) = cot A

sec (90°-A) = cosec A

OTHER FORMULAE:-
(a+b)² = a² + b² + 2ab
(a-b)² = a² + b² - 2ab
(a-b) (a+b) = a² - b²
a³ + b³ = (a + b) (a² - ab + b²)
a³ - b³ = (a - b) (a² + ab + b²)
Quadratic formula =>
√
x = -b + b² - 4ac
2a

Namaskar
Kya yeh yaad rakhna
zaroori hai?

Ji haa!
bohot zaroori hai
STATISTICS
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

MEAN
Σ this symbol is known as sigma and represents the
sum of numbers.

Mean= Sum of numbers

Number of numbers

For tabulated data

Direct Method

Σfx
Mean=
Σf
 Shourt cut Method

Σfd
Mean = A +
Σf

Step DeviationMethod
Everytime shortcut
isn't easy!

Σft
Mean = A + xi
Σf
For grouped data
Direct Method

Σfx
Mean=
Σf

*The same formula goes for every method just you

need to find the mid-value(class mark) in every
method.
MEDIAN
n is the number of observations

( )
n is odd:- n+1 th
term
2
 ( ) ( )
n is even:- n th n+1 th
term + term
2 2

2
*Must arrange the observations in ascending or descending order.

Lower Quartile:-

( )
n is odd:- n+1 th
term
4

(4)
n th
n is even:- term

Upper Quartile:-
n is odd:- 3(n + 1) th
term
4

( )
3n th
n is even:- term
4

Inter Quartile Range = Upper Quartile - Lower Quartile

MODE
Mode is the observation with the most frequency.
Mode of grouped data.
1. Represent the data in the form of a
histogram.
2. Join the top corners of the modal rectangle
with the corners of the adjacent
rectangles.
3. Draw a perpendicular line from point of
intersection onto the x-axis and this point
is the mode.
 PROBABILITY

Number of favourable outcomes

Probability =
Total number of outcomes

Cards (52)

Spades Clubs Hearts Diamonds

[13] [13] [13] [13]

9 number cards
1 ace
3 face cards
king
queen
jack

Total number cards = 9 * 4 = 36

Total face cards = 3 * 4 =12
Total Ace cards = 4
∴ Total cards = 36+12+4 = 48

Whole maths syllabus done

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