MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERING ASSIGNMENT

Name: Mandawe, Rhon Gleixner

PROBLEM SOLVING:
1. A wire supporting apole fastened to it is 20 feet from the ground and to the ground 15
feet from the pole. Determine the length of the wire and the angle it makes with the pole.
Answer: 25 feet and angle of 36.87°

2. The captain of the ship views the top of the lighthouse at an angle of 60° with the
horizontal at an elevation of 6 meters above the sea level. Five minutes later, the same
captain of the ship views the top of the same lighthouse at an angle of 30° with the
horizontal. Determine the speed of the ship if the lighthouse is known to be 50 meters
above sea level.
Answer: 0.169 m/sec
Different Trigonometric Identities

• Reciprocal Relations

The reciprocals of the six fundamental trigonometric functions (sine, cosine,

tangent, secant, cosecant, cotangent) are called reciprocal identities. The reciprocal
identities are important trigonometric identities that are used to solve various problems in
trigonometry.

For example, if a researcher is studying the average time taken to complete a task, then tasks
completed per unit time (e.g., 2 per hour) have a reciprocal relationship with unit time taken per
task (0.5 hours).

• Even-Odd Identity
A function is said to be even if f(−x)=f(x) and odd if f(−x)=−f(x). Cosine and secant
are even; sine, tangent, cosecant, and cotangent are odd. Even and odd properties can be
used to evaluate trigonometric functions.
 The Pythagorean Identity makes it possible to find a cosine from a sine or a sine
from a cosine.
So, for example, if f(x) is some function that is even, then f(2) has the same answer
as f(-2). f(5) has the same answer as f(-5), and so on. \begin{align*}y = x^3\end{align*}
is considered an odd function for the opposite reason.
• Cofunction Identity
Cofunction identities are derived to obtain the sum and difference identities for the
sine and tangent functions. Cofunction identities are derived directly from the difference
identity for cosine. The cofunction identities show the relationship between sine, cosine,
tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant. The value of an angle's trig function equals the
value of the angle's complement's cofunction.

• Pythagorean Relations
The most common trigonometric identities are those involving the Pythagorean
Theorem. Since the legs of the right triangle in the unit circle have the values of sin θ and
cos θ, the Pythagorean Theorem can be used to obtain sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1. This well-known
equation is called a Pythagorean Identity
The Pythagorean identities are derived from the Pythagorean theorem, and describe
the relationship between sine and cosine on the unit circle. The three identities are
cos2t+sin2t=1 t + sin 2, 1+tan2t=sec2t 1 + tan 2 t = sec 2, and 1+cot2t=csc2t 1 + cot 2 t =
csc 2.
 • Sum and Diffirence of Angles Identities

Angle sum identities and angle difference identities can be used to find the
function values of any angles however, the most practical use is to find exact
values of an angle that can be written as a sum or difference using the familiar
values for the sine, cosine and tangent of the 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° angles
and their multiples.

• Double Angles Identities

Double angle formulas are used to express the trigonometric ratios of double angles
(2θ) in terms of trigonometric ratios of single angle (θ). Let us recall the sum formulas of
trigonometry. sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B. cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A
sin B. tan (A + B)
• Power of functions
A power function is a variable base raised to a number power. The behavior of a
graph as the input decreases without bound and increases without bound is called the end
behavior. The end behavior depends on whether the power is even or odd.
The function y = -5x2 and g(x) = 2x3 are functions with whole numbers as their
exponents, so they are power functions. The square root function, y = 2 √x, can be rewritten
as y = 2x1/2, so its exponent is a real number, so it is also a power function.

• Functions of Half Angles

Trig half angle identities or functions actually involved in those trigonometric
functions which have half angles in them. The square root of the first 2 functions sine &
cosine either negative or positive totally depends upon the existence of angle in a quadrant.
 • Sum of Two Angles
The sum formula for sines states that the sine of the sum of two angles equals the
product of the sine of the first angle and cosine of the second angle plus the product of the
cosine of the first angle and the sine of the second angle.

Sum Formula for Cosine cos(α+β)=cosαcosβ−sinαsinβ

Sum Formula for Sine sin (α+β)=sinαcosβ+cosαsinβ
Difference Formula for Sine sin(α−β)=sinαcosβ−cosαsinβ
Sum Formula for Tangent tan(α+β)=tanα+tanβ1−tanαtanβ
Difference Formula for Tangent cos(α−β)=cosαcosβ+sinαsinβ
• Difference of Two functions
The difference of two functions can be found by subtracting the two individual
functions from each other. Follow these steps to effectively find the difference between
two functions:
- Subtract the second function from the first, remembering to distribute the negative sign
to each term.
- Combine like terms to simplify the expression.
- Report the difference of the two functions as a polynomial with terms listed in order of
the highest exponent to the lowest.
Example:
Given the following two functions, find (f−g)(x)(f−g)(x)
f(x)=5x2−3x+2g(x)=x2+3x+5f(x)=5x2−3x+2g(x)=x2+3x+5
We will evaluate (f−g)(x)(f−g)(x) by subtracting the entire function g(x)g(x) from the
function f(x)f(x):
(f−g)(x)=5x2−3x+2−(x2+3x+5)(f−g)(x)=5x2−3x+2−(x2+3x+5)
We will distribute the negative sign into the parenthesis:
5x2−3x+2−x2−3x−55x2−3x+2−x2−3x−5
Then, we will rearrange the equation with like terms adjacent to each other:
5x2−x2−3x−3x+2−55x2−x2−3x−3x+2−5
We can combine like terms to simplify the expression:
4x2−6x−34x2−6x−3
This is the difference of the two functions:
(f−g)(x)=4x2−6x−3(f−g)(x)=4x2−6x−3

• Product of two functions

The product-to-sum identities are used to rewrite the product between sines and/or
cosines into a sum or difference. These identities are derived by adding or subtracting the
sum and difference formulas for sine and cosine that were covered in an earlier section.
sin α sin β = ½ [cos(α – β) – cos(α + β)] cos α cos β = ½ [cos(α – β) + cos(α + β)] sin α
cos β = ½ [sin(α + β) + sin(α – β)] cos α sin β = ½ [sin(α + β) – sin(α – β)]
Example:
The given difference is the difference between two sines so the sin α – sin β identity
would be used.
sin α – sin β = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎−𝛽
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑎+𝛽
2

Apply the sum-to-product identity for sin α – sin β

α = 2x and β = x
sin α – sin β = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎−𝛽
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑎+𝛽
2

sin α – sin β = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥−𝑥

2
𝑐𝑜𝑠
2𝑥+𝑥
2

sin α – sin β = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

2
𝑐𝑜𝑠
3𝑥
2