Volume 2 Chapters I through 15 are printed in Volume 1 of the Uniform Building Code. Chapter 16 STRUCTURAL FORCES Division I-GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS: SECTION 1601 — SCOPE 1 design requirements applicable to all structures regulated by this ‘This chapter prescribes g code, SECTION 1602 — DEFINITIONS The following definitions give the meaning of certain terms used in this chapter: DEAD LOAD is the vertical load due to the weight ofall permanent structural and nonstructural components ofa building, such as Walls, floors, roofs and fixed service equipment. LIVE LOAD is the load superimposed by the use and occupancy of the building not including the wind Toad, earthquake load or dead load LOAD DURATION isthe period of continuous application of a periods of intermittent application of the same load ven load, or the aggregate of SECTION 1603 — DESIGN METHODS 1603.1 General. Buildings and other structures, and all portions thereof, shall be designed and constructed to sustain, within the limitations specified inthis code, all dead loads and all other loads specified within this chapter, elsewhere inthis code, Impact loads shall be considered in the design of any structure where impact loads oecur, EXCEPTION: Untestherwise required by the building oficial buildings or portions Here which ae omsricied in accordance with the conventions framing reguiements specified in Chapter 25 of this code Shall be deemed o meet the roguitements of his section 1603.2 Standards, ‘The standards listed below are recognized standards. (See Section 3503.) 1. Wind design. LL ASCE 7, Chapter 6, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures 1.2. ANSIEIA/TIA 222-E, Structural Standards for Steel Antenna Tower porting Structures 1.3. ANSI/NAAMM FP1001, Guide Speci 1603.3 Rationality. wnd Antenna Sup: tions For the Design Loads of Metal Flagpoles 1603.3.1 General. Any system or method of construction to be used shall be based on a rational analysis in accordance with well-established principles of mechanies. Such analysis shall result ina System which provides a complete load path capable of transferring all loads and forces from their point of origin to the load-resisting elements. The analysis shall include, but not be limited to, the provisions of Sections 1603.3.2 through 1603.5. 1603.32 Distribution of horizontal shear. ‘The total lateral force shall be distributed to the vari ‘ous vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system in proportion to their rigidities consider- Pa160.3.2-1608.1 1994 UNIFORM $59 DING CODE ing the rigidity ofthe horizontal bracing system or diaphragm. Rigi elements that are assumed not to be part of the lateral-force-resisting system may be incorporated into buildings, provided that their effect on the action of the system is considered and provided for in the design, 1603.3.3 Horizontal torsional moments, Provision shall be made for the inereased forces in ‘duced on resisting elements of the structural system resulting from torsion due to eccentricity be: boven the center of application of the lateral forces and the center of rigidity of the fateral force-resisting system. Forces shall nt he decreased due to torsional effeets. For aceidental torsion requirements for seismie design, see Section 1628.6, 1603.34 Stability against overturning. Every building or structure shall be designed! to resist the overtuming effects eaused by the lateral forces specified in this chapter. See Section 1619 for wind and Section 1628 for seismic. 1603.3.5 Anchorage. Anchorage of the roof to walls and columns, and of walls and columns 0 ‘oundations, shall be provided to resist the uplift and sliding forces whieh result from the applica- tion ofthe prescribed forces. For additional requirements for masonry orconerete walls, see Section loll 1603.4 Critical Distribution of Live Loads. Where structural members are arranged so as to ‘create continuity, the lending conditions which would cause maximum shear and bending moments along the member shall be investigated. 1603.5 Stress Increases. All allowable stresses and soil-bearing values specified in this code for working stress design may be increased one third when considering wind or earthquake Forces ei ther acting alone or when combined with vertical Joads, No increase will be allowed for vertical loads acting alone, 1603.6 Load Factorsand Load Combinations. When he design ofa building, structure or por tion thereof is based on ultimate strength design (concrete), plastic design (steel) or load an resis. tance factor design (steel). each component shal be designed to resist the most critical effects ofthe Joad factors and load combinations inthe appropriate material chapter or U.B.C. standard, When the design ofa building, structure or portion thereo is based on allowable tress or working stress design, each component shall be designed to resist the most eitca effect resulting fromthe follow- ig Combination of loads. (Floor lie load shall not he included when its inclusion results in lower stresses in the member under investigation)! 1. Dead plus floor lve plus roof live (or snow) 2. Dead plus floor live plus wind? (or seismic). 3. Dead plus floor live plus wind plus snow/2.2 4. Dead plus floor live plus snow plus wind/2 5. Dead plus floor live plus snow plus seismic SECTION 1604 — FLOOR DESIGN 1604.1 General. Floo:s shall be designed for the unit loads set forth in Table 16-A. These loads shall be taken as the minimum live loads in pounds per square foot of horizontal projection to be Lateral earth pressure shall be inclnded in the design when i will result n'a mere rt combination, 2Crane hook loads need not be combined with oof lve lawl a ith nore thar tee fourths ofthe snow Toad or ‘one hall ofthe wind load 5esign soow las of 0 ponds per square foot (pa) (Al kNjn?) oes ed ot be combined with seismic teats. Whore design snow loads excel pul 43kNf) te denon snow oad sal be nce with ese Tends, botmayherediced upto TS percent wee casteationol sg conigron an oar waa shoo aproned by the bulding oli. 221994 UNIFORM BUILDKG gPODE 1604.1-1605.2 cused in the design of buildings forthe occupancies listed, and loads at least equal shal be assumed Tor uses aot listed in this section but which create or accommodate similar Iradings, |When it can be determined in designing floors thatthe actual live load will be greater than the ‘value shown in Table 16-A, the actual live load shall be used in the design of such buildings or part thereof and special provisions shall be made for machine or apparatus loads. 16042 Distribution of Uniform Floor Loads. Where uniform floor loadsare involved, consid “ration may be limited to Full dead load on all spans in combination with Full live Foad on adjacent Spans and on allemnate spans. 1604.3 Concentrated Loads. Provision shall be made in designing floors fora concentrated load Asset forth in Table 16-A placed upon any space 21/3 feet (762 mm) square, wherever this load upon Gn otherwise unloaded floor would produce stresses greater than those cause by the uniform load required therefor. Provision shall be made in areas where vehicles are used or stored for concentrated loads consist: ing of two or more loads spaced 5 feet (1524 mm) nominally on center without uniform live loads Each load shall be 40 percent of the gross weight of the maximum-size vehiele to be accommo- Gated. The condition of concentrated or uniform live load producing the greater stresses shall zov~ fem, Parking garages for the storage of private or pleasure-type motor vehicles with no repair or refucling shall have a floor system designed for a concentrated load of not less than 2,000 pounds {8.9 KN) acting on an area of 20 square inches (12.900 mm?) without uniformlive loads. The condi tion of concentrated or uniform live load producing the greater stresses shail govern. Provision shall be made for special vertical and lateral loads as set forth in Table 16-B. 1604.4 Partition Loads. Floors in office buildings and in other buildings where partition toca- tions are subject to change shall be designed to support, in addition to all other loads, a uniformly distributed dead load equal to 20 pounds per square foot (0.96 kN/m?). Access floor systems may be designed to suppor, in addition to all ather loads, @ uniformly distributed dead load equal 10 10 pounds per square foot (0.48 kN/m-). 1604.5. Live Loads Posted, The live loads for which each floor or part thereof of a commercial or industrial buildings orhas been designed shall have such designed live loadsconspicuously posted by the owner in that partof each story in which they apply, using durable metal signs, and it shall be unlawful to remove or deface such notices. The occupant of the building shall be responsible for keeping the actual load below the allowable limits. SECTION 1605 — ROOF DESIGN 1605.1 General. Roofs shall sustain, within the stress limitations of this code, all dead loads plus ©The live loads shall be assumed to act vertically upon the area projected upon a horizontal plane. 1605.2 Distribution of Loads. Where uniform roof loads are involved in the design of structural ‘members arranged $0 a8 to create continuity, consideration may be limited to full dead Toads on al spans in combination with full live loads on adjacent spans and on alternate spans. EXCEPTION: Altemite span londing ned not be considered where the uniform roof tive toed is 20 pounds per square foot (0.96 KNit?) or move or the provisions of Section 1605.4 are met For those conditions where light-gage metal preformed structural sheets serve as the support aril finish of roofs, roof structural members arranged so as to create continuity sball be considered ade~ {quate if designed for full dead loads on all spans in combination with the most critical one of the following superimposed loads: 1. Snow load in accordance with Section 1605.4 2. The uniform live load set forth in Table 16-C on all spans. 231605.2-1606 1994 UNIFORM BESSyING CODE 3, Aconcentrated gravity Lond of 2.000 pounels (8.9 KN) placed on any span supporting aris area greater than 200 square Feet (18.58 m2) so as fo create maximum stress in the member when- ever this loading creates greater stresses than those caused by the uniform live load. The concen- trated load shall be placed on the member overa length of 21/2 feet (762 mum) along the span. The 2,000-pound (8.9 kN) load need not be applied to more than one span simultaneously. 4, Water accumulation as prescribed in Section 1605.6. 1605.3 Unbalanced Loading. Unbalanced loads shall be used where such loading will result in farger members or connections, Trusses and arches shall be designed to resist the stresses caused by tunit live loadson one halt ofthe span if such loading results in reverse stresses, or stesses greater in any portion than the stresses produced by the required unit live load upon the entire span. For roofs, whose structures are composed of a stressed shell, framed or solid, wherein stresses caused by any point loading are distributed throughout the area ofthe shell, the requirements for unbalanced unit live lond design may be reduced 50 percent 1605.4 Snow Loads, Snow loauls full or unbalanced shall be considered in place of loads set forth in Table 16-C, where such loading will result in larger members or connections. Potential unbalanced accumulation of snow at valleys, parapets, roof structures and offsets in roofs of uneven configuration shall be considered, Where snow loads occur, the snow loads shall be determined by the building official, ‘Snow loads in excess of 20 pounds per square foot (0.96 kN/m?} may be reduced for each degree of pitch over 20 degrees by R, as determined by the following formula: neh-l on For Sk: WHERE: Rg = snow load reduction in pounds per square foot (kN/m?) per degree of pitch over 20 de- arees. S. = total snow load in pounds per square foot (kN/?). For altemate design procedure see Appendix Chapter 16, Division I. 1605.5 Special Roof Loadings. Roofs to be used for special purposes shall be designed forappro priate loads as approved by the building official Greenhouse roof bars, purlins and raflers shall be designed to carry a 100-pound-minimum (444.8 N) concentrated load in addition tothe live load, 1605.6 Water Accumulation, All roofs shall be designed with sufficient slope or camber fo as sure adequate drainage after the long-time deflection from dead load or shall be designed to support ‘maximum loads, including possible ponding of water from any source, including snow, due to de- flection, See Section 1608 for deflection criteria, SECTION 1606 — REDUCTION OF LIVE LOADS “The design live load determined using the unit ive loads asset forth in Table 16-4 For floors and “Table 16:C, Method 2 for roofs may be reduced on any member Supporting more than 150 square fect (13.94 m?), including flat slabs, except for floors in places of public assembly and for live loads. freater than 100 pounds per square foot 4.79 kN/m2), in accordance with the following formal: R= rita ~ 150) 1) 24+1994 UNIFORM BUILDE=aCODE 1606-1608 For SI: R= rlA~ 13.94) ‘The reduction shatl not exceed 40 percent for members receiving load from one level only: 60 pereent for other members, or Ras determined by the following formule R= 21 + D/L) 62) WHERE: ‘area of floor or roo! supported by the member, square feet (m?), ‘dead load per square foot (m2) of area supported by the member. unit live load per square foot (m2) of area supported by the member. R = reduction in percentage, r= ate of reduction equal to 0.08 percent for floors. See Table 16-C for roots. For storage live loads exceeding 100 pounds per square foot (4.79 kN/m?), no reduction shall be made, except that design live loads on columns may be reduced 20 percent, “The live load reduction shall not exceed 40 percent in garages forthe storage of private pleasure cars having a eapacity of not more than nine passengers per vehicle SECTION 1607 — ALTERNATE FLOOR LIVE LOAD REDUCTION ‘Asanalternate to Formula (6-1), the unit ive loads set forth in Table 16-A may be reduced in accor- ‘dance with Formula (7-1) on any member, including fat slabs, having an influence area of 400 square feet (37.16 m2) or more. a) For St fen (° 2s 2) ‘Ay = influence area, insquate feet (square meters). The influence area 4 is four imes the trib tary area fora column, two times the tibulary area fora beam equal tothe panel area fora two-way slab, and equal to the product ofthe span and the full lange width fora precast “T-heam. reduced design live load per square foot of ares (per square meterof area) supported by the member. 1g. = unreduced design live load per square Foot of area (per square meter of area) supported by the member (Table 16-4). “The reduced live load shall not be less than 50 percent of the unit live Toad Ly for members receiv ing load from one level only, nor less than 40 percent of the unit live load Z, for other members, SECTION 1608 — DEFLECTION ‘The deflection of any structural members shall not exceed the values set forth in Table 16-D, based “onthe factors set forth in Table 16-E, The deflection criteria representing the most restrictive cond) tion shall apply. Deflection criteria for materials not specified shall be developed in a manner con- sistent with the provisions of this section, See Section 1605.6 for camber requirements, Span tables for light wood-trame construction as specified in Sections 2326.8 and 2326.8.2 shall eonform tothe 251608-1611 1994 UNIFORMS= DING CODE contained therein, (Por eonerete, see Section 1909.5.2.6; for aluminum, see Sections ‘SECTION 1609 — SPECIAL DESIGN 1609.1 General. In addition to the design loads specified in this chapter, the design of all struc tures shall consider the special loads set forth in Table 16-B and in this section, 1609.2 Retaining Walls. Retaining walls shall be designed to resist the lateral presse of the re tained material in accordance with accepted engineering practice. Walls retaining drained earth may be designed for pressure equivalent to that exerted by a fluid weighing not less than 30 pounds per cubic foot (4.71 kN/m?) and having a depth equal to that of the retained earth. Any surcharge shall be in addition to the equivalent fluid pressure. Retaining walls shall be designed to resist sliding by at least 1. times the lateral force and over tuming by at least 1.5 times the overturning moment. 1609.3 Heliport and Helistop Landing Areas. In addition o other design requirements ofthis, chapter, heliport and helistop landing or touchdown areas shall be designed forthe maximum stress induced by the following: 1, Dead load plus actual weight ofthe helicopter 2. Dead load plus a single concentrated impact load eovering 1 squate foot (0.092.903 m2) of 0.75 times the fully loaded weight of the helicopter if itis equipped with hydraulic-ype shock ab- sorbers, or 1.5 times the fully loaded weight of the helicopter if itis equipped with a rigid or skid-type landing gear. 3. The dead load plas a uniform live load of 100 pounds per square foot (4.9 kN/in®), The aquired five load may be reduced in accordance with the formula in Section 1606. 1609.4. Hydrostatic Uplift. Al foundations, slabs and other footings subject to water pressure shall be designed to resist a uniformly distributed uplift equal to the Full hydrostatic pressure, 1609.5 Flood-resistant Construction, For flood: resistant construction requirements see Appen: dix Chapter 31, Division L ‘SECTION 1610 — WALLS AND STRUCTURAL FRAMING 1610.1 General. Walls and structural framing shall be erected true and plumb in accordance with the desi 1610.2 Interior Walls, Interior walls, permanent partitions and temporary partitions which ex- ceed 6 fect (1828 mm) in height shall be designed to resist all loads to which they are subjected but ‘hot less than a force of 5 pounds per square foot (0.24 kN/m?) applied perpendicular to the walls The deflection of such walls under a load of 5 pounds per square foot (0.24 KN/in®) shall not exceed ag of the span for walls with brittle finishes and '/\29 ofthe span for walls with flexible finishes. See Table 16-0 for earthquake design requirements where such requirements are more restrictive EXCEPTION: Flexible, folding or portable panitions arent required met the oad and teria but must be anchored 1 the supporting srdture to mest the provisions ofthis code ‘SECTION 1611 — ANCHORAGE OF CONCRETE OR MASONRY WALLS. Concrete or masonry walls shall be anchored toall floors, roofs and other structural ele provide required lateral suppor for the wall. Such anchorage shall provide a positive direct conne ‘ion capable of resisting the horizontal forces specified in this chapter of a minimum force of 200 pounds per lineal foot (2.92 kN/m) of wall, whichever is greater. Walls shall be designed to resist 261994 UNIFORM BULLE, CODE pending between anchors where the anchor spacing exceeds feet (120mm). Required anchors in aasonry walls of hollow units or cavity wally shal be embedded in a reinforced yrouted structural ‘clement of the wall, See Sections 1630, 1631.2.8 and 1631.29, SECTION 1612 — PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION 1612.4 Connections. Every device used to connect prefabricated assemblies shall be designed as reared by this code and be capable of developing the strength ofthe members connected, except in The case of members forming pat of «structural frame designed as specified in this chapter. Con- nections shall be capable of withstanding uplift force as speeified in this chaptes 1612.2 Pipes and Conduit. In structural design, due allowance shall be made for any material to be removed for the installation of pipes, conduits or other equipment 1612.3 Testsand Inspections. Sce Section 1704 for requirements for tests and inspections of pre- fabricated construction. 271613-1615 1998 UNIFORM 9 o1NG cove Division II—WIND DESIGN SECTION 1613 — GENERAL Every building or structure and every portion thereof shall be designed and constructed to sesist the ‘windefleets determined in accordance with the requirements ofthis section, Wind shal be assumed to come from any horizontal direction, No reduction in wind pressure shall be taken for the shield ing effect of adjacent structures fe 0 dynamic effects, such as buildings with a beight-to-sidih ratio than five, structures sensitive to wind-excited oscillations, such as vortex shedding or icing, and buildings over 400 feet (121.9 m) in height, shall be, and any structure may be, designed in accor dance with approved national standards. ‘The provisions oF this sectiondo not apply to building and foundation systems in those areas suh- Jectto scour and water pressure by wind and wave netion. Buildings and foundations subject to such Toads shall be designed in accordance with approved national standards ater ‘SECTION 1614 — DEFINITIONS ‘The following definitions apply only to this part: BASIC WIND SPEED is the fasiest-mile wind speed associated with an annual probability of (0.02 measured ata point 33 feet (10 000 mm) above the ground for an area having exposure catego- ye. EXPOSURE B has terrain with buildings, forest or surface imegularities, covering percent of the ground level area extending 1 mile (1,61 km) or more from the site, EXPOSURE C has terrain which is flatand generally open, extending one-half mile (0.81 km) or ‘more from the site in any full quadrant. EXPOSURE D represents the most severe exposure in areas with basic wind speeds of 80 miles per hour (mph) (129 km/h) or greater and has terrain which is flat and unobstructed facing large bodies of water over one mile (1.61 km) or more in width relative to any quadrant of the building site. Exposure D extends inland from the shoreline '/g mile (0.40 km) or 10 times the building. height, whichever is greater FASTEST-MILE WIND SPEED is the wind speed obtained from wind velocity mapsprepared by the National Oceanographic and Aimoxpheric Administration and isthe highest sustained aver age wind speed based on the Lime required for a mile-long sample of air to pass a fixed point OPENINGS are apertures or holes in the exterior wall boundary of the structure, All windows or doors or other openings shall be considered us openings unless such openings and their frames ate specifically detailed and designed to resist the loads on elements and components in accordanee ‘with the provisions of this section, PARTIALLY ENCLOSED STRUCTURE OR STORY is a structure or story which than 15 percent of any windward projected area open and in which the arex of opening on all ether projected areas is less than half of that on the windward projection, chere local records and terrain Features indicate 50-year .n shown in Figure 16-1 STRUCTURE OR STORY is structure whieh has $5 percent or more open 1 Teast 20 UNENCLOSED ings on all sides. SECTION 1615 — SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS ‘The following symbols and notations apply to the provisions of this par. 28+1998 UNIFORM BULLS CODE rors-Teze G._ = combined height, exposure and gust factor coelficient as given in Table 16-6. C= pressure coetlicient for the structure or postion of structure under consideration as given in Table 16-H. y= importance Factor as set forth in Table 16-K, P= design wind pressure, ‘vind stagnation pressure at the standard height of 33 feet (10.000 mm) asset forth in Table 1oF, SECTION 1616 — BASIC WIND SPEED “The minimum basic wind speed at any site shall not be less than that shown in Figure 16-1. Forthose ture 16-1 as special wind regions and other areas where local records or ter- year (mean recurrence interval) fastest-mile wind speeds. these higher vs imum basic wind speeds. rain indicate higher tues shall be the mi SECTION 1617 — EXPOSURE An exposure shall be assigned at each site for whiel a building or structure is to be designed. SECTION 1618 — DESIGN WIND PRESSURES Design wind pressures for buildings and structures and elements therein shal be determined for any height in accordance with the Following formula: P= Ce Cy dhe ust) SECTION 1619 — PRIMARY FRAMES AND SYSTEMS 1619.1 General. ‘The primary frames or load-resisting system of every structure shall be designed for the pressures calculated using Formula (18-1) and the pressure coefficients, Cp, of ether Meth ‘od | or Method 2. In addition, design of he overall structure and its primary load-resisting system shall conform to Section 1603, "The base overturning moment for the entire structure, oF for any one of its individual primary Jatcral-resisting elements, shall not exceed (wo thirds of the dead-load-resisting moment. For an cntire structure with a height-to-width ratio of 0.5 or less in the wind direction and a maximum hicight of 60 feet (18 290 mm), the combination of the effects of uplifl and overturning may be re~ duced by one third. Phe weight of earth superimposed over footings may be used to ealeulate the dead:-load-resisting moment 1619.2 Method 1 (Normal Force Method), Method I shall be used for the design of gabled rigid frames and may be used for any structure. In the Normal Force Method, the wind pressures shal be assumed to act simultaneously normal ( all exterior surfaces. For pressures on roofs and Jeeward ‘walls, Ce shall he evaluated at the mean roof height. 1619.3 Method 2 (Projected Area Method), Method 2 may be used for any structure tess than 200 feet (60 960) mn) in height except those using gabled rigid frames. This method may be used in Stability determinations for any structure less than 200 feet (60 960 mm) high. Inthe Projected Area Method, horizontal pressures shall he assumed t0 act upon the full vertical projected area of the seucture, and the vertical pressures shall be assumed 10 act simultaneously upon the full horizontal projected area. SECTION 1620 — ELEMENTS AND COMPONENTS OF STRUCTURES Design wind pressures for each element or component of a structure shall be determined from For- mula (18-1) and C, values from Table 16-H and shall be applied perpendicular tothe surface. For 29wev-1623 1994 UNIFORM KES)OING CODE ‘outward acting forces the value of C, shall be obtained from Table 16-G based on the mean roof height and applied for the entire height ofthe structure, Each element or component shall be de- igned for the more severe of the Following loadings 1. ‘The pressures determined using C, values for elements and components acting over the entire twibutary area of the elemei 2. The pressures determined using C, values for local arcas at discontinuities such as comers, ridges and caves. These local pressures shall be applied over a distance from a discontinuity of 10 feet (3048 mm) oF 0.1 times the least width of the structure, whichever is less. ‘The wind pressures Irom Sections 1619 and 1620 need not be combined, ‘SECTION 1621 — OPEN-FRAME TOWERS Radio towers and other towers of trussed construction shall be designed and constructed to with: stand wind pressures specified in this section, multiplied by the shape Factors set forth in Table 1OH. SECTION 1622 — MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES, Greenhouses, lath houses, agricultural buildings or fences 12 feet (3658 mm) or ess in height shall be designed in accordance with Division 1], Chapter 16. However, three fourths of q., but not less than 10 pounds per square foot (0.48 N/m), may be substituted for q, in Formula (18-1), Pressures ‘on local areas at discontinuities need nat be considered. SECTION 1623 — OCCUPANCY CATEGORIES: For the purpose of wind-resistant design, each structure shall be placed in one of the oceupancy ‘categories listed in Table 16:K. Table 16-K lists importance factors, Jy, for each category.+1994 UNIFORM BUILDIKSSPODE roer—tme0 Division Il -EARTHQUAKE DESIGN SECTION 1624 — GENERAL 1624.1 Minimum Seismic Design. Structures and portions thereof shill. :s 4 minimum, be de- -sfoned and constructed to resist the effects of seismic ground motions as provided sn ths section. 1624.2 Seismic and ind design shall govern, but detailing require tenced sections shall be followed. |. When the code-preseribed wind design proxluces greater effeets, the nts and limitations preserbed in this and refer- ‘SECTION 1625 — DEFINITIONS Fior the purposes of this section certain terms are defined as follows: BASE isthe level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structure or the level at which the steueture as a dynamic vibrator is supported. BASE SHEAR, ¥, is the total design lateral force or shear atthe base of a structure, BEARING WALL SYSTEM is « structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying space frame, See Section 1627.6.2. BOUNDARY ELEMENT is an element at edges of openings or at perimeters of shear walls OF diaphragms. BRACED FRAME is an essentially vertical truss system of the concett which is provided to resist lateral forces, BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM is an essentially complete space frame which provides support {or gravity loads. See Section 1627.6.3. COLLECTOR is a member or element provided to transfer lateral forees from a portion of a structure to vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system, CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME is a braced frame in whieh the members are sub- jected primarily to axial forces. DIAPHRAGM isa horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements. ‘The term “diaphragm” includes horizontal bracing systems, DIAPHRAGM CHORD is the boundary element of a diaphragm or svear wall which is as sumed to take axial stresses analogous to the flanges of a beam. DIAPHRAGM STRUT (drag strut, tie, collector is the element of a digphrasm parallel tothe applied load which collects and transfers diaphragm shear tothe vertical resisting elements or dis- tributes loads within the diaphragm. Such members may take waial tensior or compression. DRIFT, Seo “story drift.” DUAL SYSTEM is combination of moment-resisting frames and shearwalls or braced frames, designed in accordance with the criteria of Section 1627.65. ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (EBP) is a stecl-braced frame designed in confor mance with Section 2211.10. ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are those structures which are necessary foremergency ope subsequent to a natural disaster. FLEXIBLE ELEMENT or system is one whose deformation uncle lateral joad is significantly larger than adjoining parts ofthe system, Limiting ratios for defining specific flexible elements are set forth in Section 1628.6 oF 1630.2. HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM is horizontal truss system that serves the same Fane sion as a diaphragm, ‘or eccentric type atw949 1994 UNIFORMEESLDING CODE INTERMEDIATE MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (IMRP) is a concrete frame designed in accordance with Section 1921.8 LATERAL-FORC resist Lateral forces, MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME is frame in which members and joints are capable of resist ing forces primarily by flexure MOMENT-RESISTING WALL FRAME (MRWF) is a masonry wall frame especially de: tailed (0 provide ductile behavior and designed in conformance with Section 2108.2, ORDINARY BRACED FRAME (OBB) isa steel-braced frame designed in accordance with the provisions of Section 2211.8 or 2212.6, or conerete-braced frame designed in aceordance with Section 1921 ORDINARY MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (OMRF) is a moment-resisting frame not ‘meeting special detailing requirements for ductile behavior ORTHOGONAL EFFECTS ace the effects on structural elements common to the resisting sys- tems along two orthogonal axes due to earthquake forces acting in a direction other than those axes E-RESISTING SYSTEM is that part ofthe structural system assigned to PA EFFECT is the secondary effect on shears, axial forces and moments of frame members in duced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building frame. SHEAR WALL is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall (some: times referred to as a vertical diaphragm), SOFT STORY is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of the stiffness of the story above, See Table 16-L, SPACE FRAME isa three-dimensional structural system, without bearing walls, composed of ‘members interconnected so as to function as a complete self-contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal diaphragms or floor-bracing systems. SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (SCBF) is a steel-braced frame de- signed in conformance with the provisions of Section 2211.9, SPECIAL MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (SMRF) is a moment-resisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile behavior and comply with the requirements given in Chapter 19 or 22. STORY is the space between levels, Story « is the story below Level x ‘ORY DRIFT is the displacement of one level relative tothe level above or below. STORY DRIFT RATIO is the story drift divided by the story height. STORY SHEAR, ¥,, is the summation of design lateral forces above the story under consider: ation, STRENGTH is the capacity of an element or a member to resist factored load as specified in Chapters 16, 19, 21 and 22. STRUCTURE js an assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and re- sist lateral forees. Structures may be categorized as building structures or nonbuilding structures UBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to anchor and transfer lo cal forces to primary diaphragm struts and the main diaphragm, VERTICAL-LOAD-CARRYING FRAME is aspace frame designed w carry all vertical grav ity loads, WEAK STORY is one in which the story strength is less than 80 percent of that of the story above, See Table 16-L. 2421994 UNIFORM BUILDSES.CODE me SECTION 1626 — SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS ‘The following symbols and notations apply t0 the provisions of this seetion: Ac Ae Ist 1 by LL Level Levelt Level x Ry the combined effeetive area, in square feet (m2), of the shear walls in the first story of the structure, the minimum eross-seetional shear are. square fet (n°), of a shear wall “any horizontal plane in the first story, in the torsional amplification factor at Level x ‘numerical coefficient specified in Section 1628.2.1 numerical coefficient specified in Section 1630 and given in Table 16-0. sal coefficient given in Section 1628.2.2 = the length, in feet (m), of a shear wall in the frst story in the direction parallel to the applied Forces. dead load on a structural element oad due to an earthquake on a structural element, lateral force applied to Level i, n, or x. respectively. ateral forces on a pat of the structure. that portion ofthe base shear, V, considered concentrated atthe top ofthe structure in addition to Fy. lateral force at Level /for use in Formula (28-5). acceleration de to gravity height in feet (m) above the base to Level oF 3, respectively importance factor given in Table 16-K. = importance factor specified in Section 1630.2 live load on a structural element level of the structure referred to by the subscript i. above the base that level which is uppermost in the main portion of the structure that level which is under design consideration, “= [” designates the first fevel above the base. designates the first level numerical coeffi jent given in Tables 16-N and 16-P, site coefficient for soil characteristics given in Table 16-1 fundamental period of vibration, in seconds, ofthe structure inthe direction under con- sideration. the total design lateral force or shear atthe base. tne design story shear in Story « = the total seismic dead load defined in Section 1628.1 the weight of an element or component. that portion of W which is located at or is assigned 10 Level i or x. respectively. the weight of the diaphragm and the clements tributary thereto at Level, including applicable portions of ather loads defined in Section 1628.1 seismic 2one factor given in Table 16-1, horizontal displacement at Level relative tothe base due toapplied lateral forces. for use in Formula (28-5), 243Weds 102/.b.4 1994 UNIFORM E=S.DING CODE SECTION 1627 — CRITERIA SELECTION 1627.1 Basis for Design. ‘The procedures and limitations for the design of structures shall be de- termined considering zoning, site characteristics, occupancy, configuration, structural system and height in accordance with this section, The minimum design seismic forces shall be those deter- ‘mined in accordance with the static lateral force procedure of Section 1628 except as modified by Section 1629.5.3. One- and two-family dwellings in Seismic Zone 1 need not conform tothe provi sions of this section, 1627.2 Seismic Zones. Each site shall be assigned 10 a seismic zone in accordance with Figure 16-2. Each structure shall be assigned a zone factor. Z, in accordance with Table 16-1 1627.3 Site Geology and Soil Charactei established in accordance with Table 16-J 1627.4 Occupancy Categories. For purposes of earthquake-resistant design, each structure shall be placed in one of the occupancy categories listed in Table 16-K. Table 16-K lists importance fac- tors, J, and review requirements For each category. 1627.5 Configuration Requirements. 1627.1 General, Each structure cs. Soil profile type and site coefficient, S, shall be ill be designated as being structurally cegular or imrogular 1627.5.2 Regular structures. Regular structures have no significant physical discontinuities in plan or vertical configuration or in their ateral-force-resisting systems such as the irregular features described below. 1627.5.3 Irregular structures. |. Irregular structures have significant physical discontinuities in configuration or in ther lateral force-resisting systems, Irregular features include, but are not limited to, those described in Tables J6-L and 16-M, Structures in Seismic Zone 1 and in Occupancy Category IV in Seismic Zone 2 need be evaluated only for vertical irregularities of Type E (Table 16-L) and horizontal irregulari ties of Type A (Table 16-M). 2. Structures having one or more ofthe features listed in Table 16-L shall be designated as if hav- ing a vertical irregularity. EXCEPTION: Where nosiory dif ratio under design steal forces is greatrthan 1 timesthe sony dit ratio ofthe story above the structure may be deemed o.aot have the suctral inepulartes of Type A or B in Table 16-L. The story drift aio forthe top wo stries need not be considered, Te story drifts for this deter- rmination may be calculated neglecting orional eects 3. Structures having one or more ofthe features listed in Table 16-M shall be designatedas having. a plan irregularity, 1627.6 Structural Systems. 1627.6.1 General, Structural systems shall be classified as one of the types listed in Table 16-N and defined in this subsection, 1627.6.2 Bearing wall system. A structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying space frame. Bearing walls or bracing systems provide support forall or most gravity loads. Resis- tance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames. 1627.6.3 Building frame system, structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing suppor for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames, 1627.64 Moment-resisting frame system. A structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing suppor for gravity loads, Moment-tesisting frames provide resistance to lat- eral load primarily by flexural action of members, 2441994 UNIFORM BUILOKEERCODE Woes.0.2-194/.%.1 1627.65 Dual system. A structural system with the Following features 1. An essentially complete space frame which provides support for gravity loads, 2. Resistance 1o lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames ane! moment-resisting frame (SMRF, IMRF or steel ORF). The moment-resisting frames shall be designed 10 indepen- dently resist at least 25 percent of the design base sheat. 3. The two systems shall be designed to resist the total design base shear in proportion to thei relative rigidities considering the interaction of the dual system at all levels, 1627.6.6 Undefined structural system, A structural system not fisted in Table 16-N. 1627.6.7 Nonbuilding structural system, A structural system conforming to Section 1632, 1627.7 Height Limits, Height limits for the various structural systems are given in Table 16-N. Seismic Zones 3 and 4 EXCEPTION: Regular stractres may exceed these limits by not mor shan $0 percent fr unoseupied strocures which are 90 accessible to the general public. 10278 16278.1 General. Any structure may be, and certain structures defined below shal be, designed using the dynamic lateral-force procedures of Section 1629. 1627.82 St structures: 1. All structures, regular or irregular, in Seismic Zone I and in Occupaney Category IV in Sci mie Zone 2, 2, Regularstructures under 240 feet (73 152 mm) in height with lateral-force resistance provided by systems listed in Table 16-M except where Section 1627.8.3, Item 4, applies. 3. lregular structures not more than five stories or 65 feet (19 812 mm) in height, 4. Structures having a flexible upper portion supported on a rigid lower portion where both por tions ofthe structure considered separately can be classified as being regular, the average story sti Frese of the lower portion is atleast 10 times the average slory stiffness of the upper portion andthe period of the entire structure is not preater than 1.| times the period of the upper portion considered asa separate structure fixed at the base. 1627.83 Dynamic. ‘The dynamic ateral-force procedure of Seetion 1629 shall be used forall oth- cer structures, including the Following: 1. Structures 240 feet (73 152.mmn) or more in height except as permitted by Section 1627.8.2, hem 1 2, Structures having a stiffness, weight or geometric vertical iregularty of Type 1, 2 or 3 as de- fined in Table 16-L or structures having irregular features not described in Table 16-L or 16-M ex- cept as permitted by Section 1628.3.2 3, Structures over five stories oF 65 feet (19 812:mm) in height in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 not hav- {ng the same structural system throughout their height except as permitted by Section 1628.3.2. 4, Structures, regular or irregular, located on Soil Profile Type $4 which have a period greater than 0:7 second. The analysis shal include the effects of the soils atthe site and shall conform to Section 1629.2, lem 4. 1627.9 System Limitations. 1627.9.1 Discontinuity. Structures with a discontinuity in capacity, vertical irgularity Type E. as defined in'Table 16-L, shall not be over two stories 0 30 fect (91-44 mm) in height where the weak Story has a calculated strength of less than 65 percent of the story above, ection of Lateral-force Procedure. “The static lateral-force procedure of Section 1628 may be used for the following 241516279:1-16202.1 1994 UNIFORM GoIe cove EXCEPTION: Where the woak sory iscapable of resisting toa aera senmie fone of 5 (Ry 8) mes the design once prescribe! in Section 1628, 1627.9.2 Undefined structural systems, Undefined structural systems shall be shown by techni- ceal and testdata whieh establish the dynamic characteristics and demonstrate the lateral-Forve resis tance and energy absorption capacity to be equivalent to systems listed in Table 16-N for equivalent Ry. values, 1627.9.3 Irregular features, All struct ing irregular features described in Table 16-L or 16-M shal. be designed to meet the additional requirements of those sections referenced in the tables. 1627.10 Akernative Procedures. 1627.10.1 General, Atiemative lateral-forwe procedures using rational analyses based on well establishec principles of mechanics may be used in liew of those prescribed in these provisions, 1627.10.2 Seismic isolation. Seismic isolation, energy dissipation and damping systems may’ be used in the design of structures when approved by the building official and when special detailings are used to provide results equivalent to those obtained by the use of conventional structural sys. tems, For aliernate design procedures on seismic isolation systems, refer to Appendix Chapter 16, Division Ill, Earthquake Regulations for Seismic-isolated Structures. ‘SECTION 1628 — MINIMUM DESIGN LATERAL FORCES AND RELATED. EFFECTS 1628.1 General. Structures shall be designed for seismic forces coming from any horizontal di- rection. ‘The design seismic forces may be assumed to act noncurrently inthe direction of each principal axis of the structure, except as required by Section 1631.1 Seismic dead load, W, isthe total dead load and applicable portions of other loads listed below. 1. In storage and warehouse occupancies, a minimam of 25 percent of the floor live load shall be applicable. 2. Where a partition load is used in the floor design, a load of not less than 10 pounds per square foot (pst) (2.48 kN/m2) shall be included. 3. Desigi snow loads of 30 pounds per square foot (ps (1.44 kN/m2) or less need not be in- cluded. Where design snow loads exceed 30 pst (1.44 kN/m?) the design snow load shall be in: cluded, butmay be reduced up to 75 percent where consideration of siting, configuration and load duration warrant when approved by the building official 4, Total weight of permanent equipment shall be included. 1628.2. Static Force Procedure. 1628.2.1 Design base shear. ‘The total design base shear ina given disection shall be determined from the fellowing formula: anal) 2 v= ew 81) 1.25 § c = 15s 28.2) ‘The valur of C need not exceed 2.75 and may be used for any structure without regard 10 soil type ‘or structure period. 2161994 UNIFORM BUILDSSS\CODE. w28:2.1-1o8.52 Except for those provisions where coxle- prescribed forces are sealed up by 3 (Ry/8} the minimaam ‘value of the ratio C/Rj shall be 0.075, 1628.2.2 Structure period, The value of 7 shall be determined from one of the Following methods: |, Method A: For al buildings, the vah / may be approximated from the following formula r= Guy 28.3) WHERE G, = 0.035 (0.0853) for steel moment-sesisting frames, = 0.030(0.0731) for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and eccentrically braced frames, G, = 04020 (0.0488) for all other buildings. ‘Alternatively, the value of C; for structures with concrete or masonry shear wallsmay be taken as A/a, (For SI: 0,0743/ A, for A, in mr), ‘The value of A, shall be determined from the following formula A, = 2A, [02 + ,/na] (8-4 “The value of Defy used in Formula (28-4) shall not exceed 0.9. 2. Method B: The fundamental period T may be calculated using the structural properties and deformational characteristics of the eesisting elements in a properly substantiated analysis. This te- {quirement may be satisfied by using the following formula: 28-5) “The values off represent any lateral force distributed approximately in accordance with the prin- ciples of Formulas (28-6), (28-7) and (28-8) or any other rational distribution The elastic deflec- tions, &, shall be calculated using the applied lateral forces fj. The value of T from Method B shall othe over 30 percent greater than the value of Toblained from Method A in Seismic Zone 4 and 40 percent in Seismic Zones 1,2 and 3 1628.3 Combinations of Structural Systems. 1628.31 General, Where combinations of structural systems are incorporated into the same structure, the requirements ofthis subsection shall be satisfied. 1628.22 Vertical combinations. ‘The value of R. used in the design of any story shall be less than or equal tothe value of used inthe given direction forthe story above. EXCEPTION: ‘This equirement need not he applied toa tory where the dead weight above that story isles than 10 percent of theta dead weight ofthe structure ‘Structures may be designed using the procedures ofthis section under the following conditions: 1LThe entire structure is designed using the lowest R, ofthe lateral-force-resisting systems used, 2. The following two-stage static analysis procedures may be used for structures conforming 10 Section 1627.8.2, Item 4 2.1 The flexible upper portion shall he designed as a separate structure, supported Tnterally by the rigid lower portion, using the appropriate value of Ry. 271994 UNIFORMESYLDING CODE 2.2 ‘The rigid lower portion shall be designed as a separate structure using the appropriate value of Ry, The reactions from the upper portion shall be those determined from the analysis of the upper portion amplified by the ratio of the Ry of the upper portion over the Ry, of the lower portion, 1628.32 Combinations along different axes. In Seismic Zones 3 and 4 where a structure has a bearing wall system in only one direction, the value of Ry used for design in the orthogonal diree tion shall not be greater than that used for the bearing, wall system: Any combination of bearing wall systems, building frame systems, dual systems or mom resisting frame systems may be used to resist seismic Forces in structures less than 160) feet (48 768. mm) in height. Only combinations of dual systems and special moment-tesisting frames shall be used to resist seismic forces in structures exceeding 160 feet (48 768 mm) in height in Seismic Zones 3 ind 4. 1628.34 Combinations along the same axes. For other than dual systems, where a combination of differant structural systemsis milized to resist lateral forces in the same direction, the value of Ry. used in that direction shall not be greater than the least value of any of the systems utilized in thot same direction, 1628.4 Yertical Distribution of Force. The total force shall be distributed over the height ofthe structure n conformance with Formulas (28-6), (28-7) and (28-8) inthe absence of a more rigorous procedure venaSe, 28) ‘The concentrated force F), at the top, which is formula; in addition to F, shall be determined from the ory 28-7) ‘The value of T used for the purpose of calculating F, may be the period that corresponds with the design base shear as computed using Formula (28-1). F; need not exceed 0.25V and may be consid ered as zero where Tis 0.7 second or less. The remaining portion ofthe base she shall be distrib wed overthe height ofthe structure, including Level n, according to the following formula W = FO why Fah 0288) F At each evel designated asx, the force F shall be applied over the area of the building in accor- dance with the mass distribution at that level. Stresses in each strctural element shall be calculated as the effect of forces F, and F; applied at the appropriate levels above the base 1628.5 Horizontal Distribution of Shear. The design story shear, Vs. in any story isthe sum of the forces F and Fy above tha! story. V, shal be distributed tothe various elementyof the vertical lateral-foreetesisting system in proportion to their rigidities, considering the rigidity ofthe dia phragm, See Section 1631.24 for rigid elements tha are no intended tobe part othe lateral-force. resisting systems ‘Where diaphragms are not flexible, the mass at each level shall be assumed tobe displaced from the calculated center of mass in each direction a distance equal to 5 percent of the building dimen: sion at that level perpendicular to the direction ofthe force under consideration. The effect ofthis displacement onthe story shear distribution shall be considered Diaphragms shall be considered flexible for the purposes of distribution of story shear and tor- sional montent when the maximum lateral deformation of the diaphragm is more than two times the 24181904 unirorM BULES COE 1628,5-1620.72 te story drift of the associated story, This may be determined by comparing the computed ‘midpoint in-pkine delection ofthe diaphragm itself und oad with the story drift of adjoin- ing vertical-resisting elements under equivalent tributary lateral oud, 1628.6 Horizontal Torsional Moments, Provisions shall be made for the inereased shears result- ng from horizontal torsion where diaphragms are not flexible. The most severe load combination for each element shall be considered for design. ‘The torsional desiga moment at a given story shall be the moment resulting from eccentricities between applied design lateral forces at levels shove that tory and the vertical resisting elements in that story plus an accidental torsion, The accidental torsional moment shall be determined by aysuming the mass is displaced as re- quired by Section 1628.5. Where torsional iregularity exists, as defined in Table 16-M. the effects shall be accounted for by increasing the accidental torsion at each level by an amplification factor, Ay, determined from the following formula: Ay box ; [355] ons) ware: Sarg = the average of the displacements at the extreme points of the structure at Level x Bmax = the maximum displacement at Level x ‘The value of Ay need not exceed 3.0. 1628.7 Overturning. 1628.71 General. Every structure shall be designed to resist the overturning effects caused by ‘earthquake forces specified in Section 1628.4, At any level, the overtuming moments to be resisted shall be determined using those seismic forces F, and F,) which act on levels above the level under Consideration. Atany level, the incremental changes ofthe design overtuming moment shall be dis ‘wiuted to the various resisting elements in the manner prescribed in Section 1628.5. Overturning, cffects on every element shall be carried down to the foundation. See Seetion 1631 for combining, gravity and seismic forces. 1628.7.2 Seismic Zones 3and 4, In Seismic Zones 3.and 4, where a lateral load-resisting element is discontinuous, suchas for vertical irregularity Type D in Table 16-L or plan irregularity Type Din ‘Fable 16-M. columns sopporting such elements shall have the strength to resist the axial foree re sulting from the following load combinations, in addition toall other applicable load combinations: 10 DL + O8 LL + 3 (R,/8)E 085 DL & 3 (R,/8VE 1 The axial forces in such columns need not exceed the cap to transfer such loads to the column, city of other elements of the structure 2. Such columns shall be capable of carrying the above-described axial forces without exceeding the axial load strength of the column, For designs using working stress methods this capacity may be determined using an allowable stress increase of 1.7 3, Such columns shall meet the Following detailing or member limitations: Chapter 19, Section 1921 4 for concrete, and Chapter 22, Section 2211.5, for steel in structures in Seismic Zones 3 and 4, 21g1628.7.2-1629.2 1994 UNIFORESSUILOING CODE Chapter 19. Section 1921.8, for conerete and Chapter 22, Divisions Land IX, spectal provisions for developing plastic hinges a ultimate loading, for steel in structures in Seismic Zone 2, 1628.7.3 At foundati dation soil interface, See Section 1809.4 for overtuming moments to be resisted at the for tation 1d. Story drill is the displacement of one level relative to the level above or below due to the design lateral forces. Calculated drift shall include deflections due to translation an tr sional effects. 1628.8.2 Calculated. Calculated story drift shall not exceed 0.04/R,, oF 0,005 times the story height for structures fundamental period of less than 0.7 second. For structures having fundamental period of 0.7 second or greater, the calculated story drift shall not exceed 0.03), oF 0,004 times the story height EXCEPTIONS: [. These dif imiis may be exceeded when iis demonstrated that greater dit can he tolerated by both stratural elements and nonstructural elements that could alec fe safety 2, There stall be no drift limi in single-story stel-tramed structures classified as Groups B, FM al § Occupants or Group H, Division 495 Occupancies. In Group B Occupancie, the primary ese sll ber ited vo workshops. Minor accessory uses shall be allowed in accordance withthe provisions of Section 302, Strectures on which this exception s used shall not have equipment atached to the struetral fame a sal have such equipment detailed to accommuxate dhe additonal dri, Walls whi laerally supported by steel frame shal be designed te aeconimevlate the dif in accordance with Setion 1631.2, 1628.8.3 Deriving forces. The design lateral forces used to determine the ealeulated drift may be derived froma value of C based on the period determined from Formula (28-5) neglecting the lower- bound ratio for C/R,. of 0.075 of Section 1628.2.1 and the limitations of Section 1628.2.2, Item 2. 1628.9 PAEffects. ‘The resulting member forces and moments and the story drifts induced by P.A ‘effects shall be considered in the evaluation of overall structural frame stability. P A need not be ‘considered when the ratio of secondary moment to primary moment does not exceed 0.10; the ratio ‘may be evaluated for any story as the product of the total dead, floor live load and snow load, as required in Section 1603.6, above the story times the seismic drift in that story divided by the prod uct ofthe seismic shear in that story times the height of that story. In Seismic Zones 3and 4, P Aneed not be considered where the story drift ratio does not exceed 0.02/R. 1628.10 Vertical Component, ‘The following requirements apply in Seismie Zones 3 and 4 only Horizontal cantilever components shall be designed for a net upward force of 0.5 Z Ws, In addition o al other applicable toad combinations, horizontal prestressed components shal be designed using not more than 50 percent of the dead loa for the gravity load, alone or in combina tion withthe lateral force effects ‘SECTION 1629 — DYNAMIC LATERAL-FORCE PROCEDURES 1629.1 General. Dynamic analyses procedures, when used, shall conform to the etiteria estay- lished in this section. The analysis shall be based on an appropriate ground motion representation and shall be performed using accepted principles of dynamics. Structures which are designed in accordance with this section shall comply with all other applicable requirements of these provi- 1629.2 Ground Motion. ‘The ground motion representation shall, as aminimum, be one having 3 10 percent probability of being exceeded in 50 years and may be one ofthe following: 1, The normalized response spectrum given in Figure 16-3. 2. A site-specific response spectrum based on the geologic, tectonic, seismologic and soil char acteristics associated with the specific site, The spectrum shall be developed fora damping ratioof 2-201998 UNIFORM BUILES CODE 1629.2-1629.53 (0.05 unless a different value is shown tbe consistent with the anticipated structural behavior at the intensity of shaking established for the site, 3. Ground motion time histories developed for the specific site shall be representative of ‘carthquake motions, Response speetra from time histories, either individually or in combi Shall approximate the site design spectrum conforming to Section 1629.2, Item 2. le Type $4, the following requirements shall apply when required 4, For sttuctures on Soil Profil boy Section 1627.8,3, lem 4: 4.1 ‘The grounel motion representation shall be developed in accordance with Items 2 and 3 above. 4.2 Possible amplification of building response due tothe effects of soil-structure interaction ‘and lengthening of building period caused by inelastic behavior shall be considered, 4.3 The base sheardtermined by these procedures may be reduced to a design base shear, V by dividing by a factor not greater than the appropriate Ry factor forthe structure, 5. The vertical component of ground motion may be defined by scaling corresponding horizon. tal accelerations by a factor of two thirds. Alternative factors may be used when substantiated by site-specific dat 1629.3 Mathematical Model, A mathematical model of the physical structure shall represent the Spatial distribution of the mass stiffness ofthe structure to an extent which is adequate for the calcu lation of the significant features of its dynamic response. A three-dimensional model shall be used for the dynamic analysis of stractures with highly irregular plan configurations stich as those having ‘plan irregularity defined in Table 16-M and having a rigid or semirigid diaphragm, 1629.4 Description of Analysis Procedures. 1629.4.1. Response speetrum analysis. An clastic dynamic analysis of a structure utilizing the peak dynamic response of all modes having a significant contribution to total structural response: Peak modal responses are calculated using the ordinates of the appropriate response spectrum cur. ‘which correspond tothe modal periods, Maximum modal contributions are combined in statistical ‘manner to obtain an approximate total structural response. 1629.42 Time-history analysis. Ananalysis ofthe dynamic response of a structure at each inere rent of time when the base is subjected to a specific ground motion time history. 1629.5 Response Spectrum Analysis. 1629.5.1 Number of modes. The requirement of Section 1629.4.1 that al significant modes bx included may be satisfied by demonstrating that for the modes considered, atleast 90 percent of th: participating mass of the structure is included in the calculation of response for exch principal hori Pontal ditection, 1629.52 Combining modes. The peak member forces, displacements, story forees, story shear and base reactions for each mode shall be combined by recognized methods. When three- inch (13 mm), whichever is greater 2. Connections to permit movement in the plane of the panel for story drift shall be sliding con- nections using slotted or oversize holes, connections which permit movement by bending of steel, or othet connections providing equivalent sliding and ductility capacity, 3. Bodies of connections shall have sufficient ductility and rotation capacity so as to preclude fracture of the concrete or brittle failures at or near welds, 4. The bedy of the connection shall be designed for one and one-third times the force determined by Formula (30-1), 2-281998 uuronm aui.cG cove soar 242163129 5. All fasteners in the connecting system such as bolts, inserts, welds and dowels shall be de signed for four times the forces determined by Formut (30-1). «6, Fasteners embedded in concrete shall be attached! 10, or hooked around, reinforcing steel or “otherwise terminated so as to ellectively transfer forces to the reinforcing steel 1631.28 Tiesand continuity. ll parts of a structure shall be interconnected andthe connections shall be capable of transmitting the seismic Force induced by the parts being connected. As a mini: num, any smaller portion ofthe building shal be tied tothe remainder ofthe building with elements having. af least a strength to resist 2/3 times the weight of the smaller portion. ‘A positive connection for resisting a horizontal force acting parallel 10 the member shall be pro- vided for each beam, girder or truss, This force shall not be less than 2/5 times the dead plus live load. 1631.2.6 Collector elements. Collectorelements shall be provided witich are capable of ransfer~ sing the seismic forces originating in other portions of the building to the element providing the resistance to those forces. 1631.2.7 Concrete frames, Concrete frames required by design to be part of the lateral-Force: resisting system shall conform to the following: 1 In Seismic Zones 3 and 4 they shall be special moment-resisting frames. 2. In Seismic Zone 2 they shall, as @ minimum, be intermediate moment-resisting frames. 1631.28 Anchorage of concrete oF masonry walls. Concrete or masonry walls shall be a choréd to all floors and roofs which provide lateral support for the wall, The anchorage shall pro- Vide positive direct connection between the wall and floor or roof construction capable of resisting, the horizontal forces specified in Section 1630 or Section 1611. Requirements for developing an- chorage forces in diaphragms are given in Section 1631,2.9 below. Diaphragm deformation shall be ‘considered in the design of the supported walls. 1631.2.9 Diaphragms. 1. The deflection in the plane of the diaphragm shall not exceed the permissible deflection ofthe attached elements. Permissible deflection shall be that deflection which will permit the attached ‘element to maintain its structural integrity under the individual loading and continue to support the prescribed loads, 2. Floor and roof diaphragms shall be designed to resist the forces determined in accordance with the following formola: Ser ary “The force Fpy determined from Formula (31-1) need not exceed 0.75 Z/ wp. but shall nat be less than 0.35 Z Wy When the diaphragm is required to transfer lateral forces from the vertical resisting elements above the diaphragm to other vertical resisting elements below the diaphragm due to offset in the placement of the elements or to changes in stiffness in the vertical elements, these forces shall be ‘added to those determined from Formula (31-1). 3, Design forces for flexible diaphragms, and their cone walls or frames of masonry or concrete, shall be calculated us jons providing lateral supports for ng. an Ry not to exceed 6. 225fuses riesete 1994 UNIFORM BISERING CODE 4. Diaphragms supporting concrete or masonry walls shall have continuous ties oF Struts be: ‘ween diaphragm chords to disribute the anchorage Forces specified in Section 1631.2.8. Aukled ‘chords may be used to form subdiaphragmns to transmit the anchorage forces to the main crossties. 5. Where wood diaphragms are used to laterally support concrete oF masonry walls, the anchor: ‘age shall conform to Section 1b31.2.8 ahove. In Seismic Zones 2, 3 and 4 anchorage shall not be accomplished by use of tocnailsor nails subject to withdrawal, nor shall wood ledgers or framing be used in eross-grain bending or cross-grain tension, and the continuous ties required by lem C above shall be in addition to the diaphragm sheathing, 6. Connections of diaphragms to the vertical elements and to collectors and connections of col lectors to the vertical elements in structures in Seismic Zones 3 and 4, having a plan imegularty of ‘Type A, B, Cor D in Table 16-M, shall be designed without considering one-third increase ustially permitted in allowable stresses for elements resisting earthquake forces. 7. In structures in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 having a plan irregularity of Type B in Table 16-M. diaphragm chords and drag members shall be designed considering independent movernent of the projecting wings ofthe structure, Each of these diaphragm elements shall be designed for the more severe of the following two assumptions: Motion of the projecting wi in the same direction, Motion of the projecting wings in opposing directions, EXCEPTION: This equtement may be deemed sisted if the procedures of Section 1629 in conjunc ‘ion with 2 thee-dimensional model have been used to determine the lateral seismic fees for esi 1631.2.10. Framing below the base. ‘The strength and stiffness ofthe framing between the base and the foundation shall not be less than that of the superstructure, The special detailing require- ‘ments of Chapters 19 and 22, as appropriate, shall apply to columns supporting discontinuous later: al force-resisting elements and to SMRF, IMRFand EBF system elements below the base which are required to transmit the forces resulting from lateral loads to the foundation. 1631.2.11 Building separations, All structures shall be separated from adjoining sructures. Sep- arations shall allow for 3(R,,/8) times the displacement due to seismic forces, When a structure ad joins a property line not common to a public way, that structure shall also be set back trom the Property line by atleast 3(Ry 8 times the displacement of that structure EXCEPTION: Smlersesatons or pope i analyses based on maimum expected Setbacks sant es han 8 J setbacks may be permitted shen justified by atonal oun mations. Asa minimura. Building separations oe property ine times the sum of displacements ducto code-specifed stan forces ‘SECTION 1632 — NONBUILDING STRUCTURES 1632.1 General. 1632.11 Scope. Nonbuilding structures include all self-supporting structures other than build ings which carry gravity loads and resist the effects of earthquake. Nonbuilding structutes shall be designed to resist the minimum lateral Forces specified in this section, Design shall conform to the applicable provisions of other sections as modified by the provisions contained in Section 1632, 1632.1.2 Criteria, The minimum design lateral forces prescribed in this section are ata service level (rather than yield or ultimate level). The design of nonbuilding structures shall provide suffi cient strength and ductility, consistent with the provisions specified herein for buildinas. to resist the effects of seismic ground motions as represented by these design forces. When applicable. allowable ste-sses ane ether detailed design eriteria shall be obtained from oth- er sections or their referenced standards, ‘When applicable design stresses and other design criteria are not contained in ot referenced by this code, such criteria shall be obtained from approved national standards, 2-2611994 UNIFORM BUILDISSFODE 1692.1.3-1632.5 1632.1.3 Weight W. ‘The weight WY for nonbuilding structures shall include all dead load as de fined for buildings in Section 1628.1. For purposes of ealeulating design seismic Forces in non building structures, W shall also include all normal operating contents for items such as tanks, vessels, bins anc! piping 1632.1.4 Period. The fundamental perio ofthe structure sll be determined by rational meth~ ‘ods such as by using Method B in Section 1628.2. 1632.1.5 Drift, The drift limitations of Section 1628.8 need not apply © aonbuilding structures, Drift limitations shall be establisheel for structural or nonstructural elements whose failure would cause life hazards. P 4 effects shall be considered for structures whose calculated drifts exceed the values in Section 1628.8 1632.1.6 Interaction effects. In Seismic Zones 3 and 4, structures whic support flexible non- structural clements whose combined weight exceeds 25 percent of the weight of the structure shall be designed considering interaction effects between the structure and the supported elements 1632.2 Lateral Force. Lateral-force procedures for nonbuilding structures with structural sys- tems similar to buildings (those with structural systems which are listed in Table 16-N) shall be se~ lected in aecordance with the provisions of Section 1627. EXCEPTION: Iniennediste moment cessing frames (MRE) maybe used iy Seismic Zones 3 and 4 Fr ‘nonilingstractres in Occupancy Categories Ian TVA (te actress than 0 feet (15240 mun) i hoight and 2) an Ry = 40 ss use for design 1632.3 Rigid Structures. Rigid structures (those with petiod T less than 0.06 second) their anchorages, shall be designed for the lateral force obtained from Formula (32-1), including, v=0sziw Brn “The force V shall be distributed according to the distribution of mass and shall be assumed to act, in any horizontal direction, 1632.4 Tanks with Supported Bottoms. Flat bottom tanks or other tanks with supported bot- toms, founded at or below grave, shall be designed to resist the seismic Forees calculated using the procedures in Section 1632 for rigid structures considering the entite weigh’ ofthe tank and its con- tents. Alternatively, such tanks may be designed using one of the two procedures described below. ‘A response spectrum analysis, which includes consideration of the actual ground motion antici- pated al the site and the inertial effects of the contained uid, ‘A design basis prescribed for the particular type of tank by an approved national standard, pro- vided that the seismic zones and occupancy categories shall be in conformence with the provisions of Sections 1627.2 and 1627.4, respectively 1632.5 Other Nonbuilding Structures. Nonbuilding structures which are not covered by Sec~ tions 1632.2 and 1632.3 shall be designed to resist minimum seismic lateral forces not less thant those determined in accordance with the provisions in Section 1628 with the following additions and exceptions: 1, The factor R, shall be as given in Table 16-P, The ratio City used for design shall not be Tess than 0.4, 2. ‘The vertical distribution ofthe lateral scismic forces in structures covered by this section may be determined by using the provisions of Section 1628.4 or by using the procedures of Section 1629. EXCEPTION: For regula stecturesassigned to Occupancy Categories dT which cannot be med led as single mass, he procedures of Section 1629 shal he used, 3. Where an approved national standard provides basis for the earthquake-resistant design of a particular type of nonbuilding sizucture covered by this Section 1632.4, such a standard may be used, subject to the limitations inthis section: 22716525-1633, 1994 UNIFORM BUEEING CODE ‘The seismic zones and occupancy categories shall be in conformance with the provisions of See- tions 1627.5 and 1627.4, respectively. ‘The values for total lateral foice and total base overturning moment used in design shall not be tess than 80 percent of the value that would he obtained using, these provisions SECTION 1633 — EARTHQUAKE-RECORDING INSTRUMENTATIONS For earthquake-recording instrumentations, see Appendix Chapter 16, Division I 2281008 uniFoRM BUILOINGBPDE 1A _TABLE 16-A—UNIFORM AND CONCENTRATED LOADS. 7 sae | es sees | EE, “eer | ara “Access Moor systems 30. ie 2 Amores 150 3. Assembly areas! ane! auditoriums ating ares 30. o Stage areas and enclosed plaiformns 135 D ‘3. Exit facilities - | 7 100 oF ‘Garages il atorage andor repair 100 7 | Private or pleasure-type motor vehicle 7. Hospitals ‘Wands and rooms _ 1000 ¥en ae rane TF a TSF 9. Manufacturing: | Light 2,000 fry sa TL Printing, plants Press rooms - 130) Cap TREO i 12. Residential Basie floor arca - 40 Decks - cy 0 14. Reviewing stands, grandstands, ~ _ Snag T7._ Sidewalks and driveways ‘Public access _ 250, TES Ti 135 Heavy, ~ 230, as ipo [Sa 20. Pedestrian bridges and walkways - 100) Section 1606 for ive load sedctions. 2Se: Section 1604.3, Fis pararaph Fr rea of Tou application. ‘Assombly aeeasinciade suc occupancies dancehall dl rooms, eymnasiums, play srounds,pszas terraces and ‘nila oeupancies which are generally accesible 16 the public ‘when stow lols accur that are ivexcess othe design condions the stctae halle designed to sport the loads “duct the increase ads caused by dit builop or geeter saw design a determined by the bulking oficial ‘Se Setion 10054. For specialprpose roo, see Section 1605.5, SER facies shall include such sess corde serving at occupant Toad of 10rmorepersons, exterior exit baleo iy stirways, fre escapes and sina use ‘uadadual say eas shall Be designed to support S00-pound (1.33 KN) concentrate oad placed in postion “thich sould cause maimonn sess. Sts stingers may he desghed 1 the utform oad set forth ine eb sae Section LOOMS, second paragraph for concervated kx, See Table 16-8 for vehile bars ‘Residential ovcupanctes inclute private dwelling, spastments and hotel guest Goms. ‘Reso las shal nue less than th ba or he aucupancy si hich hey are ascited, bt need not exceed Si) pounds per square foot 24 KN 228168 1904 UNIFORM BING CODE s—SPECIAL LOADS! ‘VERTICAL WOAD [LATERAL LOAD | cxegory Devcinnon tomo seo ess - aot eran ‘ee Section 33036 is) ‘Canopy. 586 Section $303.7 7 Conarsin pallens | Walkway site five Toa “See Footnote 3 Grandstand, reviewing sands, | Seats ana lootboards bleachers and folling and telescoping seating ive loa) 3. Stage accessories (Hive toad) ‘Carwalks 0 Fao projection ai w 4 ‘Over ages w All uses excope over sages Ta 5. Paniions and inicror walle. see ae ‘Sec. 16 (live los 5 Elevators and dumbwaiters (de and ive eas) 2 X total loads 7. Mestanical and elearicl equipment (dead load) Tovalloads | ‘Grane dead and ive fads) | Tova load incoding pace 125 x goal [O10 ial incase loa load 9 Balcony railings and guardrails Exit facies serving an ‘occupane Toa greater than $0 son ‘ther than ext Be 3 ‘Components SH Ti, Webs bavriore ‘See Section A245 ‘sao Ti, Handrails ~~ See Foonate 1 | See Footnote 11 1, Store racks ‘Deer 8 fee 3458 mn) hia Teal oads!? | Sve Table 1-0 1B, Fire sprinkler structural support 350 pounds teh Sea. | See TE 16-0 fle pipe! Ta, Expihsion exposure Hivardous occupanctes, se Section 307.10 "Thi tbed ons are mina ods, Whee ter vera lads equa ys deo red By he in woul ae pest are hey cn bese. Anbunds prin fart th fo i) 2 ey nating nih 2 poner SON pasa pan ps4 Ni pra asc and eon D apcestorippy wo celngs wtih have suit st aces fom Row ch tha acess rye within the pice ae celing es nap occ fincaic eave etn re we poe wh acs SRE tcsdncedntbe coiled casing snus wi ter neous eased ponte cling Ineo snpine store NE Ae as han ado, se aferonce anda ced hr foros eign eine ‘het rn ae fora ith sel whe cig on eta They ye oie saa inet dts asepabicwde blldng offal eon tel Ue loads crisp gran icon nn all be akc she manu Gane wel iov For planeptae vei cane oppo des hd the connec pct irs sa he 10, "hlsapesin theron plot ronay eu nga) Te itor for farces pepe the il S00 < tnetarovereteveling lous (ley, ah hooks and ited ade Force shal apis at oo il salman ap aces ps ab wih el aa si iar snctrs pets ese Salen pein ot (3 aM) to apple ion gt ans oh fpr 2-301994 UNFORM BUILOINGSPDE 16.8-16-¢ FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 16-8—(Continued) “tnrermediate ri pane! filers an their connections shall he capable of withstanding loa of 25 pounds per square Toot (1 kNAne) applied horiranaly at ight anges over the entire tributary area including openings nd spaces | ‘perwesa ral, Reactions de to his aging need not be combed with those of Footnote 8. | 10X‘Nwennl te apple a iphtangls ta the vehicle rier eight of 18 inches 487 mn) above the parking Surface The Force may be distibuted over a | foot sure (304 snimeter square) sea. ' "Uqhhe mounting of handrails sal be sach that he completed hundral and supporting structure are capable of arity a load ofa leat 300 pounds (890 N) apples n any direction a aay point on the ral. These loss shall fot be ssumed to act cumulatively with lem 9. 12 ical members of storage racks shall he proected from impact forces of operating equipment or racks shal be Xlcsgnal so that fare of one vertical member will not eause collapse of mere sha the bay or Bays iret Sup ported ty that member safe 25 pouna (1-17 KN) oa isto be applic to any sng Fire sprinkler support point bat not simultaneously to all suppor outs ‘TABLE 16-C—-MINIMUM ROOF LIVE LOADS! WETHODT werioo? “Fay aged Area Square Feat or . i Scrat Meter aa same ar ones EE ole | asst | me Uaiomindtpanerprssinet | Sees | Rana | Sane peor re Ta oe eta | teiton rr sp otic eegeae | a | ow | om fom | oo | Ci ee tts Sametehn span Rised unis vertical totes than 12 units ‘eisai 12 units horizontal 63% co Jess han 100% 16 4 n 6 06 2s slope). Arch or dome tuihrice one eighth fof santo less than ‘ge eights of span 3 Rise 12 units vertical in 2 gms horizontal (ods slope) and feaer Archordome | 12 2 n 2 ‘wise three eights of span or sreuer “Arn except cloth covered 5 5 No reductions peemited 5. Greenhouses, ah houses and agncutual baling” "Where snow loads ose the roof sracore shall be designe for such loa as determined by the building official ‘See Section 160544. For spetal purpose roofs, se Section 1605.5 2gee Secon 1606 for lve load reductions. The ate of reduction in Section 1606 Formula (6-1) shall bes indicated ihe able: The maximum reduction K sha ot exceea he vale iacated 1h the tle. 3a far ool i any roof witha slope of less tha nit vertical in 12 units horizontal (2% slope). The hive lod for ila on sin ation othe ponding Toad required by Section 1605.6 “as defined in Seetion 3206, See Sean 160 5 for concentrated load requirerents for greenhouse roof members, 0 0 0 © 23116-0-16-6 1994 UNIFORMESSLDING CODE ‘TABLE 16-D—-MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE DEFLECTION FOR STRUCTURAL MEMBERS? UEUBER LOADED WH LIVE LOAD ‘one ch vont te ROL Tree oF MEMBER Roof member support Dhiser a oor mem L360 120 "Salficienr slope or camer sal be provide for a rosin ascordanco with Section TOUS. LL-tive toad DL — dead lo. factor as determina by Table 16 {Llength of member in same ants as deflection. ‘TABLE 16-€—VALUE OF “K’ Uosessanea [Seasonal REINFORCED CONCRETE? sree 10 as THLSp 6 "Seasoned nborkomboy avg anor one os an 1 pect aie af son and wun tycoon etch ss nerve trot 2sav al Seton 1909 fo tins rn oer queen, 1 shal be the value al midspun for simple and continuns spans, an! at support fr cantilevers. Time depen factor T for sustained loud may be taken ex 1 Fixe yearsor more 20) twelve months 2 sixmonths Va thee months vo ‘TABLE 16-F—WIND STAGNATION PRESSURE (q,) AT STANDARD HEIGHT OF 33 FEET Boric wind speed (mph! O< 1.61 forkminy | 7] 8 [99 | 100 | 110 | 120] 130 Pressure (ps) (20 O09 for KN) 136 | 16a | 208 | a0 | 31.0 | 369 | aa Wind sped fom Ssetion 1615 7 TABLE 16-G—COMBINED HEIGHT, EXPOSURE AND GUST FACTOR COEFFIGIENT (C.)' ere fonNG GROUND fee) 7 Otter mm exrosune 0 exrosune ¢ exrosune 8 ws | To 083 ™ Las 13 007 2s so 119 on x0 sa 123 07% 0 12 13 ost « in3 183 ns. x is 133 Lot v0 1s Lot 3 20 19s 167 120 160 202 9 134 200 210 187 1a 00 238 205, 193 400 264 219 180 ‘Nias Tor inermediat eighis ahve 19 feat S72 man may be mpl 2321994 UNIFORM BUILOISSRODE 16H TABLE 16-H—PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (Cy) SRURTIRE DEPART Senor DESCRIPTION FACTOR 17 Panay famevand’ | Matiod Tort Force metxb sens ‘Was Windwaed wi 8 nwa Leeward wall 15 outward Roost ‘Wind peepeniculr sides Uocwad rot or it 0 0:7 oad Windward rot iesethan 312 016.7% 607 oaward Shope 212 (i624) a tessdhan 9120756 [09 ouwaed or (ward Slope ¥I2 1786) 101242 U0) od inward Shape > 12:12 1012) 03 award Wind pall f ee ad at os 07 oaewand Method 2 (Projecied asa mets 1. horizona any Onveaieal pojset ten civecton iv2mmy or tess nbc | 1.4 horizon any rocturesnet 40 fect 12132 umn) oheght | rection ‘onhorizoea prota srs 0: upward Tr Biemenisand ‘Wall clmens Components na ja aeas. | ~All stuctores 12 inward ‘SFacontinity? Enclov and unsnsosed stacey 13 outa Pav enclose svctares Vicar Parapet walls 1S} ward 0 ouward Roof elenens? TElowed and unenclosed seuetres Slope 712.58 9) Slope 2:12 (98.3) 1212.00) 13 ouward 13 outward or inward Pagal enetosed seuctares Slope 21211675) 1.7 outward Clay T1288.80) Us outward oe OB inward Slope > 7:12 58.35) 1212 1005) 1.7 eutard oe ina 37 Bienes and Wal eomes TS ouivant or omponeats gas of ‘nwa aeomunuttesse | Roo eaves, rakes or ridges without ‘ethanas Slope 212.1674) 23 upward Slope 212 (16.0%) to 712 58.3%) 2 outward Slope > 7.19 58.34) 101212 1008) 1 outward For slopes ess tan 212116.) ‘Ovefhangs arovi caves. sakewor gs. and_——_ | 05 added to ales ‘aropies sore I Gimeys, ae and] Sate or earn Tl any disstion sold tere Tibsagonal or atanal 1:1 any direction 8 ay direction 5 Open ame owen ead ean Diagonal 40 Normal 38 eangslar 33 5 Tower acessnes ach] Cyineial ars as lade conduit, Finches (31 mint ores in dameter 10 iighsanttevator) — | Over? ches 31 mm im dmetr ox Fis or angular members 1 7 Signs, Magpoks ahipolesminoe sutures L.any direction ‘Coninedi 2-3316HA6-J 1994 UNIFORM BUSING CODE FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 16-4 "Far ome story the top story of multsiony partially enclosed stactures an adiional ealoe 0. sll he ade the outward Cy. The nos critical onnbinaion sal be used for design. For definition of open structures, se Seution 1613. lcs list ae for D-squarefoot (0.93 n?) tary areas. Por ributary areas of 1M quae fet (9.29 0), the ‘ate of U3 my be sahirated from C, excep for ares a dseontnites wh slopes les than Tunis vertical T2enitshorivortal (38.3 spe) she he value D maybe subtracted from Cy. Interpolation may he used for fributaryaregs tigen 1 and TInt square Tee (D 98 mad .29 me} Foe Wibutaryaneas Prete than 1 ON qe eet (029), use primary frame values “For slopes greater than 12 units vertical in 12 units boeizontal (100% slope), Local pressures shall apply overadistance trom the discontinuity of 10 feet (3048 my or 0,1 tes the least wi ‘the siractre. whichever salle Spscontinuities st wall comers oro ridges ae dined as scontinuous breaks in the surface where the ile interior angle messes 70 dees oF les. Load isto be applied on ether side of discontinuity but aot simultaneously on both sides Wind pressures shall be applied 0 the Teal normal projected arca ofall elements om one fee, The forces shal be ‘sss tet parallel to the wind ection Factors fr eylindrieal elements are two thirds of shox for Mat or angular elements. ‘TABLE 16-_SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR Z 7 7 7 t Zz ‘07s oy 030 030 a0 “The Zone sal be determine fom the seismic vone map in Figure 16-2 TABLE 16-J-SITE COEFFICIENTS! 3 ‘vol profile wih her To (a) A rocklike material characterized hy shear-wave velocity srater than 2,500 feet por second (962 mvs) or by other suitable means ot ‘fasfication, oF (©) Mediun-dense to dease or medium sift xf soi conditions, where Soi depth es than 200 fet (60 960 ran), % ‘sol prite with predonrinanily mediam-dense to dense or median 2 ‘Sif to SUT sil eostions, where the soil dept exceeds 200 feet (60 960 mm. Ss 1A sol profile contining more than 20 feet (6006 mm) of somo 1s ‘esis tf elay ul mot more than 0 fet (12 192 mm) of saclay. 3 ‘A soil profile containing more than 40 fest (12192 ram) of soft clay 20 ‘haacterized by a shear wave velocity lest than SO fet per sscond UUsza em "The sie factor shal be established rom properly substandated peotecnial data. Tn localfons where ihe ol proper ies are not known in suficent detail fo determine the soi prot type, soil profile Sy shall be used. Sail pile Sneed ot be asamest unless the bling offical deters hat sl rate Sy may be present athe st a the event that sol profiles establisoa hy geotechnical data 2381994 UNIFORM BUILDIKESy ODE ‘occurancy (OCCUPANCY on FUNCTIONS OF STHUGTURE _TABLE 16-K OCCUPANCY CATEGORY sersc FACTOR 16K Group. Bision TOscapancie fv tierEeny reaent ree ‘ansety si Fie ani police stations ‘Garages and shells for emergency vehicles a somergeney avert Structones ad shelters in emenpeney-propaedness Aviation contr towers Structunes and equipment in government ‘communication ceaters and other Hiies required for emergency response Standhy power-generating equipment for Category 1 Facies Tanks or ogherseuctres containing housing or ssipporting water oer fre-suppressin meri oF xen reed forthe rato of Caen Fiavandoos facilities ‘Group H, Divisions 1,3, 6nd 7 Oscapanciov and ssructres therein housing or Supporting Coxe explosive chemicals or substances [Nontuiling snactures housing, supporting oe contsining quantities of toxic or explosive substance ‘which f contained within x building, would cause that building 1 be classfiod ass Group HL Division 1.2 or TOseupancy Spicer Stren “Group A, Divisions 1, 2 and 2.1 Occupas Builings housing Group E, Divisions 1 and 3 ‘Occuspancies with capacity sveater than 300 students Buildings howsing Group B Osexpancies used Tor college or ada ection witha espaeity greater han SOx students Gro 1 Divisions 1 and 2 Oxcupancies with 80 oe more resident incapacitated patiens, but not ieluded InCategory 1 Group |, Division 3 Oscupancies All siructures wih a aecupaey gears than 5.000 pense Structures an equipment in power generating stations and other public ity facilities not neluded in Category For Category above, ad equi for Soniinued operation i To Sandal ‘Ail races housing aoeupncies or having Funvions pot ised in Category for I and Group U ‘Oceupansy tower To To To ‘Group U Oceupancies excep for tower To To 70 "Tian of 7 or pana conics we Seon TOOT2A sa eT. ort ene onmector 2structurl dhservation requrements are given im Secons 108, 1701 and 1702, 2Foranchorage of machinery and ogpnent required or life-safety systems the value off shall beaker as 5 2-35TABLE 16-L—VERTICAL STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES eM 1994 UNIFORM B\BSNG CODE Bina eeguarig— sory AAvoltsory hone mh he tral sie ses thn 7 percent of hatin ‘AeGnry above bras an Ho prcem a he avetape tne oF the Mee es Hove 162783, kom 2 Weight (mass) irregularity ‘Mast iepularty sll he consicered to exist where the effective moss of any story ismore than 15D percent ef the elective macs of an adjacent stor. A roof ‘which is Tiger than the Toor tows ned not be cone 162783, hem 2 3. Vertical geometric irregularity ~ erica geomet reglanty sal he considered exist where the horizontal simensian of the lateral force resting system in any storys ore than [20 percent ofthat in an adjacent sary, One sory penthouses ed mot be considered 1627.8.3, lem 2 ine discontiouty in vertical lalera-foreeresisting element plane offet ofthe lateral ioad-eisting elements gree Ua the length of 1628.7 ‘5. Discontinuity in capacity —weak story ‘Avweak story spe in which th story strength sess than 80 percent of that in the story above. The story suength i the (otal strength of ll sels resisting clements sharing the story shea Tor the dreetion ander consideration, TABLE 16-M—PLAN STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES. 16794 IRREGULAR TWPE AN DERITION ‘REFERENCE SECTION 1. Torsional irregularity—to be considered when diaphragms are not Rexible ‘Torsional regulary shall be considered to exist when the mans Ory computed including sceidenal sion, a one cid ofthe srctute tenses toa smote tha 1.2 times the average of the sry dis of he two es af he 1631.29. tem 6 2 Reentrant corners themaior orthogonal axes of the stra ereremaitng syste Plan configurations of a structure and its ate oece-fessting system contain 1631.29, reentrant corvers, where both prcections af he structure heyon a remnant tems 6 and 7 ‘omer ave greater than 15 peréeri ofthe plan dimension ofthe uct the shen direction. 3. Diaphragm discontinuity Diaphragms with abrupt discontbuites or variations in stiffness, eluding those 1631.29, having cutout or open areas gree than 50 percent of te gros enclose Trem 6 the diaphragm, or changes i effective diapragm sffess of move than 0 escent rom one sary to the nes 4 Outotplane offsets Discontinites in lateral force path, such a6 out-of-plane offsets af the verte 628.1: clement, 1631.29. tem 6 2s 5. Nonparailel systems ‘The vec laterl load-essting elements are not paaliel wo or symmeteie about 63 2.36+1994 uNtroRta BUILOIGSpODE 16N TABLE 16-N—STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS Teasing wall | "Light tramed walls wih shea pansls system | a Whoa uctral panel walls for sraetures hee toricsoriess | 8 65 Altos Highton walls 6 fs 2, Shar walls a Conersie 6 on Masonry 6 re 3. Light tel Framed bearing walls with tensionnly bracing 4 “8 {UB frames whose braving cies rely Hal as 6 ve 1 Coneretet 4 © Messy timber 4 5 3 Buiing |] 1 See eecentricaliy braced fame (EE) 10 2a frame 2. Light framed sepals system 2." Wood sructural panel walls forsiactres tive sores ar ess | 9 6s bh Altoter Hehitramed walls 7 6s 3. Shar walls 4 Conerste 5 20 | hh Masonry 5 iso | 4. Granary braced Feames a Steel ® 1 I Conereret 5 = Heavy timber 8 05 5. Special eoaceuially raced frames a Steel > 240 Moment’ [Special moment resisting rams MRP) resisting ans nl NL frame b, Concrete Bl NG system | 2. Masomy momentressing wal rane 9 rai) 3 Comore inermediate moment resisting frames (MRE 8 4 Oudinary moment-resisting Tees (OME) 6 160) © Dial r systems 2 © with SME nfo. ‘with steel OMRE 6 190) © with concrete IMIRPS 3 tet 4 Mtsoney with SMR 8 et © Masonsy With ste! OMRE 6 tt £_AMacone ith concrete MRE 7 2. Stee EB 3. With sco! SMIRE Ble fh Wihstcel OMRE « 1 3. Ordinary aces anes 40" Stel wih tcl SMIRE wm] xa Ih Steet with stcel OM 6 Io Concrete with concrete SMRES 5 “ IMR & 44. Special comeenrcaly trace! frames 2 Stel wih steel SMRF " NL. I Stel With steel OME 6 1 3 Undefined | See Sections 1027 AH ane 1627S = = systems de _ NL—No limi Miave sioctral systems are fined in Section 1627.0, ee Section T6283 for combination oscars system, Sif Flight init applicable ta Selsmie Zones and, Soe Section 1627.7 ‘Prohibited in Seismic Zones 3 aa Prohibited in Seismic Zones 8 ad 4 execpt as permitted in Seetion 16322 23716-160 1994 UNIFORM BUIG=SG CODE FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 16-N—(Continued) Otinary moment-resistng frames in Seismic Zone | meeting the requirements of Section 2211.6 may use aR Value of 1, “prahbted in Seismic Zones 2A, 2B, 3 and 4, See Section 1621.27, ‘TABLE 16-0—-HORIZONTAL FORCE FACTOR, Cp YaAIUE ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURES, NONSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND EQUPMENT! WE | roomate 1. Blements of structures 1 Wall including the following 4 Unbraced (eantlevered) parapets 2.00 i Other extenoe walls above the ground floor ars | 22 ¢ Allinterior bearing and nonbeasing walls ad partons os | 3 ‘Masonry or cometee fences over 6 feet (1829 nm) high O78 2, Penthouse (except wen famed by an extension of tne structural frame) 07s 3. Connections for prefabricated sirctral elements ofer than walls, with force Spplied ut cemer of grvily 4 4, Dupree 5 ‘Nonstructural components [Exterior and atrior ortamentations and appendages 200 2 Chimneys, stacks, tossed towers and tanks on Teg: |” Supported on or projecting 36 an unbraced cantilever above the oot more than one fal thet ol height 2.00 bb Alters, including those supported below the roof with wbraced projection shove the rot less han one hall its 07s Fright or braced or goyed to the souctural fame ator above their centers of 3. Signs and billboards 2.00 44 Storage racks (include contents) i mse 53 ‘Anchorage fr pennanent oor supported cabinets and book stacks more than Sect (1524 mm) in eight (include contents) 075, 6. Anchorage for suspended ceilings and Hight hxtures os | sent Teves flor systems ons | 3. Equipment {Tbs and vessels incl contents), including sappont systems and anchorage | 0.75, 2. Blecrcal, mechanical sn plumbing equipment and assisted conduit fdutwork an piping, an ackinery os | "gee Section 1630.2 fortems supported ator below grade, See Section 163] 2.4 and Section 1630.2 5 Where flexible dlaphrapms ae defined in Section 1628.6, provide lateral support for walls and partitions, the value ‘of Gp for anchorage shal be increased 50 percent fr the cater one hall ofthe diaphragm span ‘ignplis to Sesie Zones 2, and 4 onl. See Section 1631.29) Ceiling weigh shal ince al light Gixtres and other equipment or pattions which are laterally supported by the cling. For purposes of determining te seismic force, cling Weight of pot les than 4 pounds per square foot (1955 lm’) shall be used “cetings constructed of lath an plaster or gypsom board sew or nail attached to suspended members that support ‘ celling a one level extending {ro wall fo wall need nov be analyzed provided the walls ste not over 50 fect (15.240 mm) apart "edguipment includes, but snot inited to boiler, chile, beat ecchanger, pump, at-handing unit, cdoling tower, con Tro panel, motor switch gear, tansformer and ife-sferyeqapment it includes major conduit ducting and piping Serving sich machinery and equipment and fire sprinkler stems. See Section 1630,2for additional requirements for determining Cp for nonignd or exibly mounted equipnet ip for access hor"sjstem shall be the dead lad ofthe access floor system plus 25 percent of the flor live lood Blus 210 pst (0.479 kNin?) partion hoa allowance of cu of he tabulated vals, tet storage racks may be designed in aecordance with Chapter 22, Division VL "ight ituresangd mechanieal service installed in metal susfension systems for acoustical tie and yin panel ceil- ‘ngs shall e independently supported from the siucture afove ay specified in U.B.C. Standard 25-2, Part 281994 UNIFORM BUILDIGECODE 16P ‘TABLE 16-P—Ry FACTORS FOR NONBUILDING StHUGTURES ‘SHRUCTURE TPE Vere, incloding tanks and paessrired spheres, on braced ar wibraced es 2. Castinplace concrete silos and chimneys having walls continupos tothe funtion, 5 5. hated man cnet stats sacha ks hiya itp vereal | 4. Trussed towers freestanding or guyed), guyed stacks and chimneys 4 5. Inverted pendlum-type structures. 3 66. Cooling owes 5 7. Bins and hoppers on braced or unbraced ess 4 Storage racks 5 9, Signs and billboards. 5 0. Amusement siractures and monuments a 1,_All other self-supporting stuetures not otherase cover a] 2-8164 1994 UNIFORM BUIG=G CODE FIGURE 16-1—MINIMUM BASIC WIND SPEEDS IN MILES PER HOUR (x 1.61 for krm/h) 240uroRM uILDIGBtODE jeuo xipuaddy 996 ‘saves pamun ay) Jo apisin ‘SalVLs G3LINT 10 d¥WW 3NOZ OINNSI3S—2-94 a