Table of Contents CALCULUS REVIEW. Algebra 1 1.2 Functions « 7 1.3 ‘Trigonometry + 16 [TS OF FUNCTIONS Introduction to Limits « 23 2.2 Definition of Limit » 28 2.8. , Techniques for Finding Limits « 33 2.4 — Limits Involving Infinity « 38 2.5 Continuous Functions « 41 2.6 Review Exercises e 43 1E DERIVATIVE .. ‘Tangent Lines and Rates of Change * 47 3.2 Definition of Derivative ¢ 51 3.3 Techniques of Differentiation « 57 3.4 Derivatives of the Trigonometric Functions « 63 3.5 ‘Increments and Differentials © 66 3.6 The Chain Rule « 71 3.7 Implicit Differentiation ¢ 76 3.8 Related Rates « 79 3.9 Review Exercises ¢ 85 PLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE... & Extrema of Functions « 93 4.2 The Mean Value Theorem » 98 4.3 The First Derivative Test « 101 4.4 — Concavity and the Second Derivative Test # 109 4.4 Summary of Graphical Methods « 117 4.6 Optimization Problems « 126 4.7 Rectilinear Motion and Other Applications « 137 4.8 Newton’s Method « 141 4.9 Review Exercises © 1475.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 6 Sie = OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL... 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7 LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION: 71 72 73 a4 76 76 VT 8 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS... 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5. EGRALS.. sasseaases Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration # 155 Change of Variables in Indefinite Integrals © 158 Summation Notation and Area e 161 The Definite Integral » 168 Properties of the Definite Integral « 170 ‘The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus « 173 Numerical Integration ¢ 177 Review Exercises « 183 Area © 187 Solids of Revolution « 194 Volumes by Cylindrical Shells « 203 Volumes by Cross Sections + 209 Are Length and Surfaces of Revolution # 214 Work 220 Moments and Centers of Mass * 223 Other Applications © 229 Review Exercises # 233 Inverse Functions ¢ 239 ‘The Natural Logarithmic Function ¢ 242 ‘The Natural Exponential Function « 246 Integration # 253 General Exponential and Logarithmic Functions © 257 Laws of Growth and Decay « 262 Review Exercises « 265 Inverse Trigonometric Functions « 273 Derivatives and Integrals # 278 Hyperbolic Functions « 283 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions ¢ 289 Review Exercises # 293To the Instructor In the review sections, the solutions are abbreviated since more detailed solutions were given in sections. In easier groups of exercises, representative solutions are shown. When appropriate, only the answer is listed. When possible, we tried to make each piece of art with the same scale to show a realistic and consistent graph. .'This manual was done using EXP: The Scientific Word Processor. The following notations are used in the manual. Note: Notes to the instructor pertaining to hints on instruction or conventions to follow. {} {comments to the reader are in braces} > {implies, next equation, logically follows } o {if and only if, is equivalent to} . {bullet, used to separate problem statement from solution or explanation } * {used to identify the answer to the problem} § {section references} v {For all, ie., Vz means “for all 2”. } R—{a} {The set of all real numbers except a.} n {therefore } ‘The following notations are defined in the manual, but also listed here for convenience. DNE —_{ Does Not Exist} L,I {the original limit or integral } ™s {the result is obtained from using the trapezoidal rule or Simpson's rule} id {increasing, deereasing } CN "_{exitical number(s) } PI {point(s) of inflection } CU, CD {concave up, concave down } MAX, MIN {absolute maximum or minimum } LMAX, LMIN {local maximirm or minimum } VA, HA, OA { vertical, horizontal, or oblique asymptote } QI, QU, QUI, QIV {quadrants I, I, IN, IV}Chapter 1: Precalculus Review Exercises LI O (a) (-6y3 -— 6} = 15 (by |-6\(-2) = -3 IT} + I-A} = B () (\e-71=4 (by 5/l-21 =f (©) ll + L9] = 10 GI (a) Since (4 — x) is positive, |4— x] = 4 — x. (b) Since (# — 4) is negative, |x — 4| = (x — 4) = 4-7. (©) Since ({2 — 1.5) is negative, YS — 1.5) = —({2 — 1.5) = 1.5 ~ £2. GI (a) Since ({3 — 1.7) is positive, {3 — 1.7| = {3 — 1.7. (b) Since (1.7 — {3) is negative, |i.7 — {3| = -(1.7 -— 43) = {8 - 1.7. @ a =l8-Al=#l=-(-B=% Note: Have students substitute a value to test if the expression inside the absolute value symbol is positive or negative first, then generalize. B ite< —3, then 3 +2< 0. Thus, |3 + 2| = —(3 + 3) @ Wr>5, then5 —2<0. Thus, 5 — 2| = —(5 — 2) @ Ife<2,then2—2>0. Thus, |2—2]=2—z We> —7, then7 + 2>0, Thus, |7 + 2|=7+ 2 152? — 12 = —B2 = 152” + 8z — 12 = 0 = (Sz + 6)(32— 2) =O r= —§,3 10] 152? ~ 14 = 292 => 162? — 202 ~ 14 = 0 => (52 + 2)(32— 7) =O > r= 3,4 TH) 22(42 + 15) = 27 = 82? + 902 — 27 = 0 => (22 + 942-3) = 0 + r= -§,3 (12) 2(32 + 10) = 77 = 32? + 102 — 77 = 0 = (24 7)(32— 11) =O 2= —7, 0 MP +4+2-052> eB 21h (Ws -6r-3-9 52-8218 Wg a2 (Blast — se 4-05 = SAM ga i (+ 5r¢1 0522 F pai 7) 22 + 5< 32-7 > —2< —12 + z> 12 & (12, 00) (B)r—8>5r4+3 > —42> 11 2< —U & (—c0, —l) Bs < 229 <7 15 18 <2 < 389 <2 < 19 + [9 19) W-2<#t1 <05 -60> (2+ (c+ 3) 20> 2< —3 orz 2 —1 ¢ (—00, —3] U [-1, 00) (BP -—2r— 5 >3 > 2? - 22-80 > (r— Az +2 >0> z< —2orz> 4 @ (—00, pu 0) ++ Value of x: —2 4 Value of 2: -3 Sign of « — 4 = Sign of z — 7 =T-] + Sign of 2 + 2: -}+]+ Sign of 2 + =-[4]+ (2 -d4r-17 <4 PF —42-21 <0 > (zx -l(z4+3)<0> -3<0<74[-3,7] (25) (22 + 3) > 5 = 227 + 32-5 > 0 = (22 + B)(2- 1) 20> FS hors 1 @ (a -H}U fh oo) 4/3 Value of 2: 5/21 Value of =: -1 Sign of s — 1: = — + Sign of 3 _ + Sign of 2e + 5: | -{+] + Sign of x + =~[+ | + 26) 2(3— 1) <4 = 32? -— 2-4 <0 = (82-42 +1) <0 => -lsss§e@(-L3] Mn gth>25itl awe Deas Get sosgcecho GD Value of = 3/2_1/3 Value of 2: ignof te] +1 +1 — Sign of 2r—~3:_ | —| +] + Chart 27 BEs4 sto tee? son Yat sos a< —2orz > —§ @ (—00, —2] U (—§, 00) L 3 A(z 1) = 3(2 = 2) 2247 Ms -a2 ei > G-Et) 7°? =e??? (00, -1) U (2, 3) Value of x: -1 2 7/2 z values: —8 =3/2 5 Sign of 2247] + [+ [+] - = 6 T= ]-7F Sign of 2— 2 |— |— | +4 [+ Qe 4 3: -~|-|4/4 Sign of 2 +1: + 1+ [+ —2-16 {+4 |-|- |- (thar 23 | (hart 30] 2(z — 5) — 222 + 3) Brn tHe sy $9? eg 9 [-8, —§) U (6, 0) [BD |z + 3) < 0.01 > -0.01<24+3< 0.01 > —3.01 << —2.99 + (—3.01 —2.99) (Ballz — 4) < 0.03 = 0.03 < r— 4 < 0.03 = 3.97 Se < 4.03 & (3.97, 4.03] (BB lz + 2] > 0.001 > 242 > 0.00 ors +2 < —0.001 =>EXERCISES 1.1 3 2 > —1.999 or = < —2.001 (—0o, ~2.001] U [—1.999, 00) (lz — 3] > 0.002 =» 2 — 3 > 0.002 or r~ 3 < -0.002 => > 3.002 or 2 < 2.998 +> (—co, 2.998) U (3.002, 00) (BB) 22 + 6) <4 > -4< 22 +6 <4 > -9<22<-1> wi5 + 32-7 >5orde-7< -5 > > 4orz < 3 e (—00, 3] U [4, 09) Bile — 5:1 < 3 > -3 <6 - 52535 -9< -be<-3S3 6 + -11 —T2>6 or -11—-7#< -6 > z<—Yorr> —§ & (—o0, —Y) U (—§, 09) (BO) (a) = —2is the line parallel to the y-axis that intersects the z-axis at (—2, 0). (b) y = 3 is the line parallel to the axis that intersects the y-axis at (0, 3). {c) £> 0 is the set of all points to the right of and on the y-axis. (4) zy > 0 is the set of all points in quadrants I and III. (e) y <0 is the set of all points below the z-axis. (f) I21 < 2and |y| < 1 is the set of all points within the rectangle such that -2<2<2and-1 1is the set of all points above the line parallel to the z-axis that intersects the y-axis at (0, 1). (f) Izt > 2 and [y| > 3 is the set of all points that are at least 2 units from the y-axis and $ units from the z-axis. AD (o) a4, 8) = (6-4)? + 2 - CaP = 14% = 9 (o) MA, B) = (4$8, =2342) = (6, -) GD A(-2, 5), B(4, 0) « % (2) BF (6) (1,3) (23) Show that d(A, C)? = d(A, B)? + dB, C)*, ie., (1130)? = (198)? + (132)? Area = }bh = 3({32)({96) = 28 ([ZMShow that d(A, B) = d(B, C) = d(C, D) = d(D, A) {each is {29} and dA, CY? = aA, B)? + dB, C)? (aA, 0) = 158} Gy = 227-1 « yo-s? 420 AA ite Figure Figure 46 g24 EXERCISES 1.1 jz=jy » (iz = —2y? « y » 7 % Figure 47 Figure 48 Gly= 2% -—8 « Dy=—s 41 « J T Tt Figure 4 Figure 50 Bly=~@-4 « B)y=dz-4 © ay Ay See HE ee T Figure 51 igure 52 (BB) (= + 3)? + (y— 2)? =9 © Circle of radius 9, center at (—3, 2) 4y 4 [one : y } Figure 53 Figure 54 [Ba)2? + (y — 2)? = 25 © Circle of radius 5, center at (0, 2)EXERCISES 1. SS 5 fie — 2 Gv-f4-2 « y : Figure $5 Figure 56 (Ba Center C(2, —3); radius 5 « (2 — 2)? + (y + 3)? = 25 Center C(—4, 6); passing through P(1,2) © The equation of a circle with center C is (x + 4)? + (y — 6)? = 1°. Letting s = 1 and y = 2 yields 684 (4Parara 4 & (2 + 4)? + (y— 6)? = 4h (59) Tangent to both axes; center in the second quadrant; radius 4 « Since the radius is 4 and C(A, &) is in QU, h = —4 and k = 4. * (2 4 4)? + (y = 4)? = 16 [60] Endpoints of a diameter A(4, —3) and B(—2,7) © The center of the circle is the midpoint of AB. M(A, B) = (1, 2). ‘The radius of the circle is }- ¢(A, B) = 41136 = 34. * (2-1)? + (y- 2)? (61) Through A(5, ~3); slope —4 @ y+3= —4(2— 8) > dr + y= 17 (62} Through A(—1, 4); slope + y—4 = 3241) > 22-3y=-14 (Bi) intercept 4; y-intercept —3 « m= Sand b= —3 => y= }r—3 34 wr — dy = 12 (64) Through A(5, 2) and B(-1,4) © m= -}3 y-2= -}(2—5) > y= —}et+ $42 y= —fe t+ ¥ ke+3y= 1) [BB] Through A(2, —4); parallel to the line 52 —2y=4 © 52—2ya4e y = $2 — 2. Using the same slope, y + 4 = §(r — 2) => 52 — 2y = 18. (65) Through A(7, —3); perpendicular to the line 2x —5y = 8 © 22 — Sy = 8 4 y = Fr —§. Using the negative reciprocal of ? for the slope, y+3 [67] A(3, —1), B(—2,6) © M(A, B) = (3, §) and mgy = y—$= Se —}) > Ty — Y= Se — § + Se — Ty = -15 (G8) A(4, 2), B(—-2, 10) + M(A, B) = (1, 6) and my, = —$ > y— 6 = Xz — 1) = 4y — 24 = 32 — 3 => 3 — Ay = = 21 -{(2 — 1) = 52 + 2y = 29.6 EXERCISES 1.1 Note: The notation E, and Ey refers to the first equation and the second equation. (er + sy= %2-2y=8 * —2E, 4B, y= Ms y= 2 2=4 y 3,3) ¥ Figure 76 (W424 Sy = 13; 324 y=—4 © —5E, +E, > -lle = 33 32 = -3; y= (22+ by = 16;32—-7y = 24 © 3B, - 2B, > Wy=0>y y = (8,0) igure 71 Figure 72 (72) 72 — 8y = 9,42 + 3y = —10 © 4B, — 7B > —53y = 106 > y= [73] Rounding to 6 decimal places and using Cramer's rule yields 10180342 + 0.229577y = 0.447214 18469252 4 4.537949y = 1.414214 oe 104769 2 0.406305; y ms RSLSTAT as 0.146277 [TA] For the smallest root, 2 = 2c fy 1.612 x 1077, =b+ 10? aac” 15,400,000 (75) (a) Surface area of the capsule = 4x(3)* + 2n(})(2 — 3) = $+ Y = x om’. Surface area of the tablet = 2nr? 4 Qmn(}) = Qar? + xr. Equating the two surface areas yields 2ar?.+ ar = 3 => (27 ~ (r +1) = 0 r= ford =lem. (b) Volume of the capsule = $x(3)* + 7(4)°(3) = & + 3 = YY = 0.360 cm*. Volume of the tablet = x(})* (4) = = 0.393 cm’, (7) V = wr7h with V = 3000 and A = 20 = 3000 = 20017 r= {150/7 ~ 6.9 em CM > 3 Gh > 3s 6 > 18 — Bp {since 6 — p> 0} p> 4, but p < 6 since p< f. Thus,4 < p<6.EXERCISES 1.2 7 CH <8 nf) <6 » (nfs) < (I = Abts < J Msince ged > 0} - 2 + 6400 > 32,000 -+ = > 25,600 km dc 5 > vt de? <5 = v? + 200 — 1500 <0 > (v + 50)(v — 30) <0 => -50 < v< 30 and v>0 > O0< v< 30 Berd gh Put pris t>P tds P+ 4<0S(I-Ni- 0, T must be 0°C. Thus, Xp is the resistance when T = 0°C. (b) R= and T = —273 = 0 = Rol — 2730) => {since Ry > 0} 1—273a= 0 a=. (©) R=2, Ry = 125 = §, anda= 5 > 2= {1 + kT) > fait¢ dopa Ao THs 7 = 1638°C. 21(@) J Covling's rule: y= (r+ 19000) () HEA) = BUte) > Friend's rule: 251 + 25 = 48t > ¥ = 8(9(100) 1= 3 years ~ 13 months Figure 82 O i s(2) = {2-4 — 32, find /(4), (8), and f(13). « 12; —22; ~36 © Ife) = By, find f(—2), (0), and f(B.01). * #0; 301 @ f(z) =5s—2 © (a) f(a) = 5a) -2= 60-2 (b) f(—4) = 6(-a) — 2 = —ba—2 (c) —f(a) = —1-(5a — 2) = 5a 42 (a) f(a + h) = Bla +h) — 2 = 5a + Gh—-2 (e) F(a) + f(A) = Ga — 2) + (Bh 2) = Sat BA 4 (9 Let 4 =J@ _ (a+ 5b—2) ~ (50-2) _ gh _ @ (a)3—40 (b)3 44a (c)4a~3 (d)3—4a—4h (e)6—4a-4h (1) -4 @e—a+3 (lr +at3 ()—P®+a—3 (a + 2ah + A? -a-ht3 (arts —a-h+G (2+h—1 A(z) = 22? + 82-7 © (a) fe) = 2(a)? + 3(a) — 7 = 20? + 30-7 (b) f(—a) = 2(—a)? + 3(—a) — 7 = 20? — 3a —7 (c) —f(a) = —1- (20? + 3a — 7) = —20? — 80 + 7 (A) f(a + fh) = 2(a + A)? 4 8(a + kh) — 7 = 2a? + Bah + A*) + Ba4 Bh-7 = Qa? + 4ah 4+ 2h?-4 3a + 3h—73 EXERCISES 1.2 (e) F(a) + f(A) = (20? + 3a — 7) + (2h? + 34 — 7) = 20? + 2h? 4 304 Sh — 14 F(a+ 4) — f(a) _ (20? + dah + 2h? + 3a 4 3h — 7) — (20? + 80 — 7) Qo = PE HA EN tet Da Oe tet) = dht 20? 4 3h M4a t+ b+ 3) _ gs on yg o — 42 = 0 > os + 22-2) =0 & All real numbers except —2, 0, and 2 62! + 132 — 5 =O => (25+ 5)(82— 1) = 0 x All real numbers except =fand} P—bep+ 40s r= 1,4, 28-3205 222 * (3, 4) U (4, 0) W2-4=0>52= 42; 42-3 205228 * [§, 2) U (2, c0) (1 () Az) = 5(—2)? + 2(—2) = —52° ~ 22 = —f(2) ( (0) A=) = |-2|-3 = 1-3 = 10) () A-2) = [8(-2)9 — 3(—2)"]? = (82° — 32°)? = -(82° 4 39)? ¥ + f(2) % (a) Odd (b) Even (c) Neither (EB (a) (—z) = J8(— 2) + 2(-2? — 6 = [oe 4 ae = 5 = fea) (b) (—2) = 6(=2)° — 4(—2)" + 2(-2) = -625 + 425 — 22 = — (62° — 42° + 22) = —f(2) (©) A-2) = (-2)[(-2) — 8] = (2 + 5) # 4) x (a) Bven (b) Odd (c) Neither OD s(2 = |e] + |e =0,1,-3 © (f(z) = |2 — eye = 0,2, -3 « Jy Yy % y Figure 13 Figure 14 (3) s(2) = WF + Ge = 0,3, -2 © TH fz) = {9-28 + Ge=0,1,-9 © y y Hee 7 igure 15 Figure 16EXERCISES 1.2 Osa) = WEG c= 0,1,-2 © (18) (2) = -2@- 96 =0,1,-2 © Figure 17 Osa) = eld c= 1,3,-2 © Oe) = (24+ 9% e=0,1,-2 « - ae Figure 19 BD s(2) = (2 - 0)? + 25¢=0,4,-3 © = Figure 18 Figure 20 y ‘ Oo Figure 21 MD s(2) = (2 = 1)" — ee = 0,2,-1 « (}(a) y= f(z +3) © shift fleft 3 units eo = “ rE Figure 232 (b) y= f(z — 3) igure 22 Figure 236 * shift fright 3 units10 EXERCISES 1.2 (c) y=f(2) +3 © shift fup 3 units (a) y=f(2) — 38 © shift fdown 3 units (c) y= —8f(z) © stretch fby a factor of 3 and reflect through the z-axis 7 " ' igure 230 Figure 23¢ Figure 23d (0) y= —2(2) « stretch fby a factor of } and reflect through the z-axis (eg) y= —f(z+2)—3 © reflect through the z-axis, shift left 2 units and down 3 (h) y= f(z— 2) +3 © shift fright 2 units and up 3 y y iy + + +H HH + + xT Figure 236 Figure 23g Figure 23h (Zi\(a) y= f(z 2) © shift fright 2 units y y 5 ° Figure 24a Figure 245 (b) y= f(2+ 2) © shift fleft 2 unite (c) y= f(z) —2 © shift fdown 2 units (@) y= f() +2 © shift fup 2 units (e) y= —2f(2) © stretch f by a factor of 2 and reflect through the zaxisEXERCISES 1.2 11 y y y Figure 24c Figure 24d Figure ade —(z) © atretch f by a factor of 3 and reflect through the s-axis (e) y=—f(z+4)—2 © reflect through the z-axis, shift left 4 units and down 2 (t) y= f(2—4) +2 © shift fright 4 units and up 2 a oe 7 * Figure 24F Figure 24g Figure 24h e+2 ifz<-1 mary ={2 if jz] <1 » —r4+3 if2>1 if2< -2 BBA) = 4-2 if-2<2<1 —r+4 ifs>1 y x : = Figure 25 Figure 26 eo-1 ; _ mya {eer Nee . GANG) Ly 2 if2=—-1 z+T , fis @ line with @ hole at (—1, —2) and the point (—1, 2). See Figure 27,12 EXERCISES 1.2 igure 28 (2+ Me = 2) nr = 2-2, fis a line with a hole at (2, —4) and the point (2, 1). (28) (a) f(z) = fz - 3) (b) #(c) = [2] — 3 «same graph as in part (2) Figure 298 Figure 296 (©) Aa) = Az) @) f@) = (22) ay «0 1 2 Figure 29¢ Figure 290 (BO) (a) f(a) = [x + 2) (b) (2) = Ee) +2 Figure 30a Figure 30bEXERCISES 1.2 13 (9) £2) = Mel @ f@ = Bal gure 306 3/2) = {e+ 8; (2) = fe +5 & (a) 242 + 5; 0; +5; 1 (b) (5, 00); (—5, 0) 32] f(z) = 13 — 2a; oz) = fe +4 © aw (a) B—2e + 44; WOR - FFG (Owes FSB wlan cag BHA = ee 2 arise x (a) 32 + 62 2 + 10 wats +5) G— 2a +5) G= 4 Fe ea (b) All real numbers except —5 and 4; all real numbers except —5, 0, and 4 igure 30. $4] f(z) oe) = 8s (0) f+ 9G) = Me) + fe) = pg + AE, = I, (90) = 10) ~ 90) = 58g - Ay = SB (102) = (2) 962) = py SEG = a Dey = fd) _ lle —2) (0 = 93 = ahteen = (b) All real numbers except —4 and 2; ‘The domain of f/g also excludes the zeros of g, and henee is all real numbers except —4, 0, and 2. Mote: Let A(x) = (Fo o)(2) = f(ale)) and Ke) = (9 © A(2) = sff(2)- GB) (2) Ae) = (fe +2)? — (fe 2) =o 4 2 Be ED. The domain of (f 0 9)() is the set of all x in the domain of g (z > —2) such that o(2) (the range of g is y > 0) is in the domain of f. Since the domain of fis R, any value of g(z) is in its domain, ‘Thus, the domain is all z such that z > —2. (©) Ka) = [(F@ —32 42 = fF sey 2 The domain of (g o f)(z) is the set of all x in the domain of f (all R) such that f(z) (the range of fis y > —$) is in the domain of g. Since the domain of g is = > —2, we must solve f(2) > -2. 2? — 32 > —2 => 2? -32+2>0> (2—1)(z — 2) > 0 + + € (—co, 1] U [2, 00) {use a sign chart as before to solve the quadratic inequality }. Thus, the domain is (—co, 1] U [2, oo).i4 EXERCISES 1.2 (BB) (a) AG) = (2 + 2x) - 15 = fi? 4 22 — 15. Domain b) Mz) = (fz — 15)? + (fz — 16) = Domain ($7) (a) A(z} = (38) (a) A(z) = oz) $3 (b) Ka) = of g = R. Domain of f = {15, 00). oz) > 15 = 2? 4 22 > 15 > v4 22 — 15 > 0 => (+ 5)(z — 3) > 0 => 2 € (—co, —5] U [3, 00). -16 422-15. of f = [15, 00). Domain of g = R. Since f(2) is always in the domain of 4, the domain of g o fis the same as the domain of f, (15, 00). {z+ 5 —2. Domain of 9 = [—5, 00). Domain of f = [2, 00). (2) 22 {2+5>25245>452> —Lor z € [—1, 00). (b) Kz) = {{e—% +5. Domain of f = [2, 00). Domain of g = [—5, 00). f(z) > —5 = [e—2 > —5. This is always true since the result of a square root js nonnegative. The domain is [2, 00). 3 — {e+ 2. Domain of g = [~2, 00). Domain of f = (—co, 3]. = frtisdar42<9 5267. We must remember that z > —2, hence, -2 < z <7. [{F—= + 2. Domain of f = (—co, 3]. Domain of g = [~2, co). Sz) = -2 => {9 — = > —2. Thisis always true since the result of a square 39) (a) A(z) = Domain (b) Ma) = 40) (a) A(z) = Domain P< (b) Hz) = Domain { root is nonnegative. The domain is (—oo, 3]. - fos — Gz — 3)? = {25 = (= = 3) = (28 =z. Domain of g = (3, 00). hei. 5, 5]. 9(z) <5 {9(2) cannot be less than 0} => fe=3 <5 > 1-3 < 25 > 2 < 2B. [3, 00) M (—00, 26] = (3, 28] {a5 — 2 - 3. Domain of f = [—5, 5]. Domain of g = [8, 00). fe) >33 25 —-F2342-2>942 < 1653 26 [-4,4). 3 — {2 — 16. Domain of g = (—00, —4] U [4, 00). of f= (—0, 9). of) $34 VP - 16 <3 527-16595 = 2 € [—5, 5). But |2| > 4 from the domain of g. Hence, the domain of fo g is [-5, —4] U [4, 5}. (3 — 2)? —16 = {7 -e— 16 = (-e—. of f = (—0o, 3]. Domain of g = (—00, —4] U [4, 00). f(z) 24 ao = @—-te453-c> 16> 2< -13. FD (2) Ma) = WaT = tees Domain 0) H@) = gery = Domain of g = R — {0}. Domain of f= R— {-3}. oe) #-F > 24-2 24-3. Hence, the domain of f o gis R — {—3, 0}. 6c +4 = S234 of f = R — {—3}. Domain of g = R — {0}. fa) £0 => By £0 > #0. Hence, the domain of go fis R ~ {—3, 0}.EXERCISES 1.2 16 (a) A(z) = ways z= yon Domain of g — {0}. Domain of f= R — {2}. oz) #2342324). Hence, the domain of f o gis R — {0, 3}. (0) Ha) = 35 = SE 8. Domain of f= R ~ (2). {0}. f(2) #03 Sey AOD eA. Hence, the domain of g o fis R — {0, 2}. Note: In anticipation of using the chain rule, you may want to think of the Jast Domain of g = calculator operation (if you were evaluating on a calculator) as your choice for y. AB) y = (a? + ay? 6 kus2 43s yeu’? Gy = {2-16 « kus = 16 y= Vi =oy . kus 3,y=1/uh z- @lysi+ {+1 (tly = (24 — 227 4 5)* 0 wus ot 27 45, y= ue = 1 =2 Bye aly = oye . wus +3r—5, y= 1/u aie+4-2 = aus? @s- ya * wee Rhys Th =-—% = =.8 Ohy=s ie ° res ue rty Bye (24) = S(9(2.4)) s F(8.019658) =~ 7.91296; (9 © (24) = o(f(24)) of2.014944) 5.04811 §(0.0001) az WE = 5 x 107? (53) V = dwh = (30 — 22)(20 — 22)(z) = 42° — 1002” + 6002 (Ea) (a) V = lwh => 6 = afl.) + y= 4 y = 4/z (b) S = zy + 2(1.8)e + 21.5)y = af4/z) + 32+ 3(4/2) = 4 + 32 + 12/2 (B55) a? = 100? + (28)? => d = 2{i? + 2500 (5G) $= Qer(10) + 22er*) = 20er + dar? = Aer(5 + 1) BT) (a) r? + y? = (h + 1)? => y? =A? + Arh {y> 0} > y = YA? + hr (6) y = {(200)* + 2(200)(4000) = {(200)*(1 + 40) = 200447 ~ 1280.6 mi. (BB (0) 2? +o? = 157 > y= 205-2, domain for the function is [—15, 15] and (0, 15) will form triangles. () A = Yoh = fel295 — [55] Let y denote the distance from the control booth to the beginning of the runway. ‘Then y? = 3007 + 207 and a? = y? + 2, or solving for d, d = 90,400 + 2°.16 EXERCISES 1.2 (60) $= 2(4)(2) + (4)(a) = 82 + dy; C = 2(82) + B(4y) = 162 + 20y = 400 (2) 16s + 20y = 400 4 y = 20 — fe (b) Vi= dey = 42(20 — J) (ce) = et4 ) = thay = Hy (b) V = fra(y + A) — frbty = 3[(0? — Hy + th] = alte — ct + a] = alle + ye + oF] = Me + dF) (c) 600 = $6? + 6-3 + 37) => A= YP = HP wolfe (I~) Bata vaset-h=dra ha ld Sra 34-7) (b) Vis arth = wr°(12 — 3r) = 34 — 1) Exercises 1.3 Note: Multiply each degree measure by 75 to obtain the listed radian measure. O @) 150°: = AG = F (b) 120° i = FE =F Fah (a) —60"- 55 = — FH = 3 B® (@) 225°- hy = SA = (b) 210°, = Se = (c) 630°-355 = Se = Y (6) -138" Gs = SE = — Note: Multiply each radian measure by $2 to obtain the listed degree measure. Ha) (PY = =eBEY = 120" (AEH) = EY = 180" (6) 3-4 = Ay = 185" @) — FC = Eat = — 630" @ (@) 4-CRy = Gg eey = 330° oe -(90)" = (9B = 240" (©) BE-Qpy = ete = 405 (@) - GY = RY = —480" B) s=ré = (3-16)(50- 35) = Bw «8 BD s=r0 = (4-120)(2.2) = 132 © sins’ = $e ada c= 8 wnat =$ P-fsy=4li ® singe’ =$ Pads 2= 2 tango =f F=f y= Note: Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the remaining side. D cind=2 © (adj)? +9? = 5? = adj = 4; KEEEGES [cosa = & © 8? + (opp)? = 17? = opp = 15; eH SOR BO (tan = § © 12? + 5? = (hyp)? = hyp = 13; *545 22 (cota = 1 © 1? +1? = (hyp)? + hyp = 13} +2 811,86 (Be =4andy = —3 r= fa? + (3) = 5. e-BE Abb GH (iz = -8 and y = -15 > r= {(—8)? + (-15)? = 17.EXERCISES 1.3 Ww [ES] 2y — 72 + 2 =0 & y = Fe— 1. Thus, the elope of the given line ia J. The line through the origin with that slope ie y = $2. If z= —2, then y = —7 and (=2, —7) is @ point on the terminal side of @. s = —2 and y= —7 > ral =a + (- v= ko vas hh -%, -F =3=¥ = f. The line through the origin with slope — J { the negative reciprocal of 8} is y= —f2. If = 15, then y= —8 and (15, —8) is a point on the terminal side of 8. z= 15 and y = —8 = r= {15 + (—8)" = 17; «Bi -8 i -¥ — cong _ Li — sin _ _ GH (0) cote = coef = Vand (b) secd = aby = roi 1 = cos’9 (HB) (a) tang = sing — tL — cos? (8) e808 = ty = Toa [DD] (a) 1 + tan’ (b) sind = {1 — cos’ = 1 i, - tet, |p — sind/cos? _ tang _ sind = ad = Bed = BO} (a) 1+ cot?@ = csc2@ => cot?@ = csc? — 1 => cot = {esc’# — 1 = sec?@ => tan’? = sec?@ — 1 = tané = Ysec?# — 1 cos8/sin® _ cote 8 (b) cosd = = sold — 0 T/sind 3c 8 1 + cot?@ fa) fis — 2? = fig — tésin?o = fi6(1 — sin?) = 4{eos79 = 4\cos@| = 4cos@ since cosé > 0 if a int zs’ _ __9sin?@ h- To = sina Stang Stand Stand = pag = 8 me +a ~ Te + 2%5tan7@ = _]25(1 + tan76) * bleec?@ fee 6 ve {sinee seed > 0if —E <6 0if0 <6 < $} = sing 26) 2° {? — 25 = 125sec%4 {2B eec™# — 25 = 125sec*@ (Stand) { simplify as in Exercise 25} = 625e0c°0 tand18 EXERCISES 1.3 Note: For the following problems, we use the formulas for negatives and then reference angles before evaluating. (Te) sin3z = sing = B ) = —sin§¢ = —(—sing) = FB] (a) cos 160" = —cos30* = — (b) cos(—60") = cos 60° = } (D(a) tanty = -tang = -B (b) tan(—7) = -tang = 3 [Bi] (a) cot 120° = —cot 60" = -% (b) cot (— 150°) = —cot 150" = —(—cot 30") = {3 (BT) (@) sect = —eec§ = -2 (b) seo(—g) = seg = (32) (a) cse240° = —esc 60" -% (b) csc(—330°) = —csc330° = —(—csc 30°) Note: We will refer to f(z) = sin z as just sin (f(z) = cosz as cos, etc.). (33) (a) f(z) = Joins + vertically compress sin z by a factot of 4 (b) f(z) = —4sinz © reflect the graph of sinz through the zaxis and vertically stretch it by a factor of 4 y fr a Figure 53a Figure 336 BA](e) fle) = sin(e — $) shift sins to the right ¥ units (©) A(z) int —F © shift sinr down § units Figure 34a Figure 346EXERCISES 1.3 9 [55] (a) f(z) = 2cos(z + 2) © shift cos r to the left units and vertically stretch it by a factor of 2 (b) f(z) = 2eost+ ro vertically stretch cos by a factor of 2 and shift up 7 units 7 Figure 35a Figure 356 (BB) (a) s(2) = Jeosz © vertically compress cos r by a factor of 3 (b) f(z) = —3cosz © reflect the graph of cos s through the a-axis and vertically stretch it by a factor of 3 1__§__J Figure 36a Figure 366 (BD (0) f(z) = 4tanz « vertically stretch tanz by factor of 4 (b) f(z) = tan(x — 4) © shift taneto the right ¥ unite fl i 1 ! 1 1 4 ! | 1 ! 1 i Fi ‘igure 37a Figure 37620 EXERCISES 1.3 (35) (a) f(2) = jtanz © vertically compress tan z by a factor of 4 (b) f(z) = tan(z + 9%) © shift tans to the left 3 units A 4a Figure 38a Goly= ftan?e pa wKustae+ 4 y= a 40) y = cot? (22) « wus cobls, ys uw? Gy =sec(r+ 9) © weuset hy =secu y=caclr—m « kus (FSF, ys escu ag fe+4) - f(z) = Mele +H) = cote _ cons cosh — sins sind ~ cons — cone soa) = soaz _ singysink — coy2(s0th=1) — sine(siph) mle + i) = JG) _ sin(z + y) = sinz _ sinz cosh + casein = sine _ sinzconh sing 4 cosssind — sinz (#284 —1) + coos 45] (1 — sin74)(1 + tan?d) = (cos?#)(sec"*) = (cos"t)(1/cos74) = 1 B ret ont aiy d= = ing _ ai ‘cos: Asin? 2, ey TT patty = esol = 50878 (#24) = cote 1+ tan7é ~ sec*8 hes = sin?8 cost cost’ tsintt CEB) cot + tant = SO eT ania? *) sin = tanf sinB cos; L+ cso coe 8 cos 8 _ CO) Saag” — cote = shy + eg — cot = cond + Fig — cot = cons (50) 1 -__1 exc + cotz _ esezfcotr _ cscztcotz wer — cots ~ tee — cote cscr+ cot? ~ csctz— cotta = esc z + cobs (5D) sin3u in (Qu 4 i) = sin2u cos + cos2u sine = (2sinucosu)cosu + (1 ~ 2sin?u)sinu = 2sinu cosa + sinu — 2sin®u in u(1 — sin?u) + sinu — 2sin®u = 2einu — Qainw + sinu — 2ein?u sinu — 4sin?u = sinu(3 — 4sin’y) [52] 2sin? 21 + cosdt = sin? 2i + cos(2- 21) = Qsin? 2t + (1 — Qsin?2i) = 1EXERCISES 1.3 21 = (cos?§)? — (1 +.cos8\? _ 1+ 2cos@ + cos”? _ 1 1/1 _+.c0s.20 = (Li gone)? = Lt Renal + eos"? 44. feose + (1+ $0828) = 4+ }cos@ + 4 + Jcos2d = 3 + dco? + Jcos29 (Bajsin* 2e = (sin?22)? 2, a (: = goats)? = L= 2coads + cos*de _ 1 _ boosts + 4 =F. gests) = 4 — Joosds + 3 + Joos8s = 3 — Jcosdz + Acos8z [BB] 2c0820 — {3 = 0 = cosaa = 8 5 29 = 1 + Ben, UE 4 Onn @ = % + wn, YE + on, where n denotes any integer (58) 2sing0 + {2 = 0 + singe = —2 = 99 = & + 2am, YE + an bate 4 n+ Bn (Br) 2sin?u = —sinu => 2sin?u + sinu — 1 = 0 = (2sinu — I)(sinu + 1) =0 > sinu =},-l>u= 4, 3, % {68 cos@ — sing = 1 => cos# = 1 + sin8. Square both sides to obtain an equation in. either sin or cos, cos*@ = 1 + 2sin@ + sin?@ => 1} —sin?@ = 1 + Qsind + sin’? = 2sin70 4 2sind = 0 > 2sinG(sin@ + 1) = 0 => sin? = 0, -1 > 6 = 0, x, 8. Since each side of the equation was squared, the solutions must be checked in the original equation. 7 is an extraneous solution. (50) 2tant — sec?! = 0 = 2tant — (1 + tan?d) = 0 => tan’ — 2Qtant+1=0> (tant 1) =0> tant=l>1=4,% sin? + cos’e 1 = 1 = esez, sine sing (GO) sins + coszcote = sine + cos OSE = This is an identity and is true for all numbers in (0, 2x) except 0 and + since these values make the original equation undefined. (GU) sin 2t + sing = 0 => 2sintoost + sint = 0 => sint(2cost + 1) = 0 => sint = 0 or cost = —} = t= 0, w or Yt, [62] cosu + cos2u = 0 => cosu + 2cos*u — 1 = 0 => (2eosu — 1)(cosu + 1) = 0 => cosu=},-lu=§, ¥y0 (63) tan2e = tans > Qe = 24+ en 2= an x= 0,7. Another approach is: tends = tang = Sings — 38g — sin2z cose = sinz costs => sin2z cos z — sin z cos2z = 0 = sin(2r — 2) = 0 > sinz=0 > r=0,7. GH) sin}u + cose = 1 = singu + [1 — 2sin®(hu)] = 1 = sin}u — 2sin2(Ju) = 0 > sin}u(1 — 2sin}u) = 0 = sinju = 0,3 > fu= 0,3, + u=0, 5,922 EXERCISES 1.3 {55) sin@ = —0.5640 » After pressing LINV_[SIN ] and converting to degrees on a calculator, we obtain —34°20', Since the sine is negative in QUI and QIV, we want the angles in those quadrants whose reference angle ie 34°20" . 180° + 34°20" = 214°20" and 360° — 34°20! = 325740" [65] cos? = 0.7490 » Enter 0.7490 and then press to obtain 41.60" to two decimal places. 8, = 41°30', Ql: 41°30, QIV: 318°30' (FT tan? = 2.798 © G_ = 70°20", QI: 70°20", QUIT: 250°20' GB] cot @ = —0.9601 » After entering —0.9601, use T/z ] and then CINY [TAN]. Op = 46°10', QlI: 13°50", QIV: 313°50" —1.116 ¢ After entering —1.116, use [T/z ] and then INV [OS J. 9p = 26°20, QUI: 153°40", QUT: 206°20" nd then LINV-SiN]. Op = 42°20, QE: 42°20", QU: 137740" TI] The sintercepts ate approximately —0.73 and 0.38. y 69] seco i (TO) esc@ = 1.485 © After entering 1.485, use ‘gure 71 Figure 72 72] From Figure 72, a reasonable first approximation is 2, rs 0.5. ™ Joos, 0438791 my = Jeosz, 0.452633 x, = Jeos zy ws 0.449649 2, = beoszy © 0.450300 x5 = Jeosz, 0.450158 2, = }cosz, x 0.450189 Bq = }oosz, As 0.450182 —z» = Jeosag 0.450184 249 == conzy wx 0.450184 Since zy and 2,» agree to 6-decimal-places, x x 0.450184.Chapter @imits of Functions Exercises 2.1 Note: DNE denotes Does Not Exist. O lim @:— 1) = -2)-1=-7 Bim@’+7=¥+2=n1 line =4 @ lim, (-) =~) =3 lim T= 7 Gl Jig 100 = 100 ral @ Jim (-) = -1 9 —li4 Anger = ego == 4+2_54+2_ i ae gtgf=7 WO tim SE HG-49 yy aad a rvus(z+ 3)(e4 1) evar OB tin, ©F VE HY _ im (2 43) = (1 43-4 OB in, Sf = stg, ADE? = ace + 2) = 4 OJ a8 = CP ENED. ye 4 = OB in go = tim ED = lin ag = 9 Btn, EPS = tm, (EET S = time] = 5H = 4 mie=2 "| ae Him, (k + (TE + 2) = 92 eT tre 12 18) Eo5- = lim =4 eas z Jin ae Fb) Ps Te +5 ~ 10 (2+ h)? — 2? Hig AA = Jy EE = fp 28 +m) = 26 . ay? — 2? (HU ry, EAA — 2 iy BPR Bek? En (Ga 4 Soh 4 AP) = Ba? $B (A+ QAP -2h+4)_ 2 _ OD tin, EP = tim, OSES tn, (2h +8) = . At — Bp (h— 2)(A7 + 2h + 4) w+ 2h+4 _ 12 _ ipa = ta ase = a a =o=3 a = kk 1 . 1 sim, rE apg = arte Sine ty = does not approach some real number £ as 2 approaches —2, the limit DNB.EXERCISES 2.1 4 : =), ew G8) tiey it ae = Hea Since does not approach some real number J as 2 approaches 5, the limit DNE. Tl () Jim B=4! — wlig_(-1) = -1 (0) tim, E=4 = im, @) = 1 aoe eat (c) Since the right-hand and left-hand limits are not equal, the limit DNE. in 245 _ __ b) lim Zt5 = _ BN) iy FH dO = him EG = i = (¢) Since the right-hand and left-hand limits are not equal, the limit DNB. (27) (a) _lim_({= +6 + 2) DNE, since {z + 6 is undefined for = < —6. t- (b) _ lim , {76 + 2) = -6, since {FFG is defined for 2 > ~6. () The Timit DNE, since tz + 6 is not defined throughout an open interval containing —6. (EB) (0) _ py, (A= Be — 2%) = 4, since 1B Be is defined for < §, 48/2 (b) lim 6 — 92 — s") DNE, since {5 — 22 is undefined for z > §. 25/2) (c) The limit DNE, : since {5 — 2z is not defined throughout an open interval containing §. EB (a) elim. (1/2") DNE, since the function becomes unbounded in the negative sense. (b) lim, (1/2*) DNE, since the function becomes unbounded in the positive sense. 270 (c) Since 1/2* does not approach some real number J as 2 approaches 0, the limit DNE. iS (2) (2) stim a DNE, since the function becomes unbounded in the negative sense. (>) lim, 4 DNE, since the function becomes unbounded in the positive sense. sete (c) Since rh does not approach some real number J as z approaches 8, the limit DNE. Was @t ()DNE (a)2 (22 (92 (33) (a) 4 (b) 4 (4 (a1 (®t (91 GB) (a) 1 (b)1 (1 (a3 (23 3 (4) (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) DNE (a) -1 (e) -1 (§ -1 [35] (a) 1 (b) 0 ()DNE (a1 (e) 0 ( DNE GBI~)-1 (b)-2 © DNE (a1 (2) 0 () DNE (7 (s)DNE (b)DNE (e)DNE (a) DNE_—(e) 0 () DNE (2)DNE (b)DNE (<)DNE (d)0 (e) 0 (70 (a) -1 (b)-2 — (@) -1 (@)DNE (2) 1 (f) DNE (20) (2) 0 (b)DNE (c)DNE (a)1 (e)L (j1EXERCISES 2.1 25. (40) () lim f(z) = lim (2? ~ 1) = 0 (b) tim, #(2) = im, (4 — 2) = 3 (c) Since the left-hand and right-hand limits are not equal, ig, F(z) DNE. igure 4 : | . GI (@) lim f=) = tims? = 1 (b) tien, Ae) (c) Since the left-hand and right-hand limits are not ‘cau Jim f(2) DNE. 3) (a) lim f(s) = li (32 = 1) = 2 (b) lim, 2) = lim, (8 — 2) = 2 eat (©) Since the left-hand and right-hand limits both exist and are equal, lim f(z) = 2. Figure 43 Figure 44 GD (a) tim f(z) = Jim_(1— 2) = 0 (®) tim, f(z) = Jim, (2-1) =0 (c) Since the left-hand and right-hand limits both exist and are equal, lim, f(z) = 0. HB) (a) lim fle) = lim (2? +1) = 2 (b) tim, f2) = Him, (e+ 1) = 2 (c) Since the left-hand and right-hand limits both exist and are equal, iin, S(z) = 2 “A ke Figure 5 Figure 4626 EXERCISES 2.1 FBI) lip M2) = lim (-A) = ~1 (8) tim, #08) = im, (@ - 2) = -1 ea (©) Since the left-hand and right-hand limits both exist and are equal, lim f(z) = —1. See Figure 46. dg, 0.152 if » < 20,000 47 (@) Me) = 1 3000 + 0.20(2 — 20,000) if 2 > 20,000 50.15: if 2 < 20,000 = 10.20s — 1000 if z > 20,000 ©), Himayy- 2) = ,_, lig, (052) = 3000 li = it 5 - = ena Mage M2) = lin (0.202 ~ 1000) = 2000 0.26 ifesl _ 0.25 if2<1 BBC) = {595 4015-1) ifzs1 {0104048 fest (©) lim (2) = lim (0.10 + 0.18z) = 0.10 + 0.15" lim, 2) = Jim, [(0.10 + 0.152) + 0.15] = 0.25 + 0.159 HO} (a) lim, F(t) = 2; at liftoff there ia-a force of 2 g's ; just before the second booster is released, the force is 8 g's. (6) , Jim, Fl) lim 7) = 1; just after the second booster is released, the force is 1 g. 143.5 (©) lim_ (i) = 3; just before the spacecraft's engines shut off, the force is 3 4's. lim, (4) = 0; just after the spacecraft’s engines shut off, there is no force. eos (50) limp £(2) = 200; just before the second additional 100 mg dose, the patient has 200 mg of a drug in the bloodstream. tim, 1 = 300; just after the second additional 100 mg dose, ts the patient has 300 mg of a drug in the bloodstream. Note: In Exercises 51-56, answers may vary depending on the type of calculator used. Round-off will affect answers. The values in the tables were found using double precision. Since we cannot enter arbitrarily small values on a calculator, we cannot even begin to use a calculator to prove that a limit exists. a z lta Ys 1+ 2)'/* 0.1 1.10 10 2.5937 =01 0.90 =10 2.8680 0.07 LOL T00 2.7048 —0.01 0.99 —100 2.7320 001 LOOT 1000 2.7109 0.001 0.999 —1000 2.7196EXERCISES 2.1 2 3) £ 1422 3/2 (1+ 22)°/* or 120 30 237.38 -01 0.80 —30 807.79 | 0.01 1.02 300 380.23 =0.01 0.98 —300 428.72 9.001 1,002 3000 401.02 — 9.001 0.998 3000 405.86 0.0002 1,0002 20,000 403.19 — 0.0001 0.9998 —30,000 403.67 0.00001, 1,00002 300,000 403.40 — 0.00001 0.99998 — 300,000 403.45, if} = z-2 3*—9 (3° — 9)/{z — 2 21 0.4 1.0451 10.451 19 =01 — 0.9364 9.364 201 0.01 0.09942 9.942 199 =0.01 = 0.09833 9.833 2.001 0,001 9.009893 9.893 1.999 — 9.001 — 0.009882 9.882 2 s-1 2-2 (QF — 2)/(z - 1) Ll Or 0.1435 1,435 } 09 =0.1 =0.1339 1.339 | 1.01 0.01 0.01391 1,391 0.99 —0.01 — 0.01382 1.382 1.001 0.001 0.001387 1.387 0.999 = 0.001 — 0.001386 1.386 atl g gltt glel 4g glthyiviei e A Ee RY) Or 10 11972146 6.0495. 0.01 101 1,0180874 6.0049 0.001 1000 10017934 6.0005 * Only positive values for z were used since the sign of 2 does not affect the value of any of the expressions. (56) 2 Iz] fea OL OL 0.7943 =0.1 01 1.2589 0.01 0.01 0.9550 —0.01 0.01 10471 0.001 0.001 0.9931 0.001 0.001 1.0069 0.0001 0.0001 0.9991 — 0.0001 0.0001 1.0009 (2) Approximate values: 1.0000, 1.0000, 1.0000; —1.2802, 0.6290, —0.8913 (b) ‘The limit does not exist. (a) 0.04424; 0.02199; 0.00025 (b) The limit appears to be 0, but is actually —0.933.28 EXERCISES 2.2 cercises 2.2 (D(a) Jim o(t) = K means that for every « > 0, there is a 6 > 0 such that if0 <|t— cl <4, then |i) — K] 0, there is a § > Q euch that if tis in the open interval (¢ — 5, ¢ + 6) and ¢ ¢, then v(1) is in the open interval (K — ¢, K+ 6). @ (a) jim f() = M means that for every € > 0, there isa 5 > 0 such that if 0 < |t— 8] < 4, then |f(d) — M| 0, there is a 5 > 0 such that if 1 is in the open interval (6 — 5, d + 6) and 1 # 3, then f(1) is in the open interval (M — e, M+ ¢). (2) ,lim_o(z) = Cmeans that for every « > 0, there is a § > 0 such that if p — & < z< p, then |o(z) — Cl 0, there is a 6 > 0 such that if 2 ie in the open interval (p — 6, p), then 9(z) is in the open interval (C — ¢, C+ 6). (2) Tim_A() = L means that for every € > 0, there is a 5 > 0 such that if a— 5 < 2 < a, then |h(z) — L| 0, there is a § > 0 such that if zis in the open interval (a — 6, a), then A(2) is in the open interval (L ~ ¢, & + €). (a) lim, f(2) = W means that for every « > 4, there isa 6 > O such thatifi< 2< t+ 6, then |f(2) —Ni 0, there isa 5 > 0 such that if zis in the open interval (¢, t+ 5), then f(z) is in the open interval (M — €, N + 6). @ lim, (2) = D means that for every € > 0, there is a 5 > 0 such that if ¢ < 2 < ¢ + 6, then |s(2) — Di 0, there is a 5 > 0 such that if zis in the open interval (c, c + 6), then s(z) is in the open interval (D — ¢, D + ¢).EXERCISES 2.2 29 oO =a = 224 Siz ff. For ¢ = 0.01, use the lines y = 6 — 0.01 and y=6+ 0.01, Hence, 5.99 < 22 + 3 < 6.01, or, equivalently, 1.495 < 2 < 1.505. ‘Thus, 6 must be within 1.505 ~ 3 = 9,005 units of 3. @ wos = 82—2if2 ¢ —]}. Fore = 0.1, use the lines y= —4 — 0.1 and y= —4 + 0.1. Henee, —4.1 < 32 — 2 < —3.9, or, equivalently, 0.7 0. So any & > 0 will satisfy (2.4), that is, 6 can be chosen arbitrarily. (22) Here, f(z) = 3, 2 = 3, and a = 5. Then|f(2) — L| =|3 — 3] = 0 0. So any 6 > 0 will satisfy (2.4), that is, 6 can be chosen arbitrarily. (23) Here, f(z) = ¢, L = ¢, and ais arbitrary. Then|f(z) — L| = tc — cl =O < Ve and any ¢ > 0. So any & > 0 will satisfy (2.4), that is, 6 can be chosen arbitrarily. (24) Here, f(z) = mz + b, L = ma + }, and ais arbitrary. If m #0, then [f(z) — Z| = |(mz + 6) — (ma + 4)| = |m(z — a)] = jmiiz — a}, Thus, |f(=) — L| < € ¢> mye — at 26 (= fe + 6, Lo? = 0) = fa) € (0? — 6, 0 + 6). By (2.5), im? =e. band any 6 > 0 may be chosen by Exercise 23. *. For any small positive € consider the lines y= a? + € andEXERCISES 2.2 31 fx) 22 +1 ma -Vere n= VIO ne Ven~€ = Vere Figure 25 Figure 26 (26) Let f(z) = 2? + 1. For any small positive ¢ consider the lines y = a? + 1 + € and y = a? +1 — cin Figure 26. These lines intersect the graph of fat points with sooordinates a? + cand {a — «. Ifa € (fa? — ¢, fa? + <), then #2) € (a? +1- minimum of ({a? + ¢ — a) and (a — {a? — ¢), it follows that z € (a — 6, a + 6) sree —elete side ti-get+ite. By (2.5), Jim (2? + 1) = a? + 1. (27) Let f(z) = 2°. For any small positive ¢ consider the lines y = a° + ¢ and y = a — ¢ in Figure 27, These lines intersect the graph of fat points with zcoordinates “[a® + cand Yo — e. If ze (a? — ¢, Ya? + ©), then f(a) € (a? — ¢, a8 + 6). Thus, if we choose 6 less than or equal to the minimum of Ya + € — a) and (a — “{a® — €¢), it follows that x ¢ (a — 6, a+ 6) => 2@ (Na? — , fa? + €) = f(s) € (a8 — e, 0? + 6). By (2.8), Jip, a + 1+). Thus, if we choose 6 less than or equel to the (Vat oF a= (Va~ Figure 27 Figure 29 [28] This is similar to Example 2 except we replace a? with a, (7 with 7, etc.32 EXERCISES 2.2 29] Let f(z) = 42. For any small positive ¢ consider the lines y = {a + ¢ and y= Va — cin Figure 29. ‘These lines intersect the graph of fat points with scoordinates (18 + ¢)? and (fa — e)? If © (4a — 6), (4a + 6)?), then Siz) € (fa — €, Va + €). Thus, if we choose 6 less than or equal to the minimum of [(Wa + 6)? = «] and [a — (4a — €)"], it follows that 2 € (a ~ 5, 0 + 6) => FE (a — 6), (+ 0?) > M2) € (TE 6 Te +). By (2.5), Jim VF = Va. (0) This is similar to Exercise 29 except we replace {a with Na, etc. [Bi Since f(z) = 1 for z > 3 and f(z) = —1 for z < 3, it is geometrically evident that no limit exists. Formally, assume the limit Z exists. If ¢ = } then there is a 6 that satisfies (2.4). Let a, € (3 — 6, 3), a € (3, 3 + 6) 50 that f(x) = —1, f(z) = 1. Then 2 = |s(2,) — J(2)| = |[Pe2) - 2] - [H(a) - Ls |f(22) - 2] +) — L] —2, and f(z) = —1 for z< -2. (33) Assume the limit Z exists, For each ¢ < J there is a 6 that satisfies (2.4). Let 2, € (—1 — 6, -1) and 2, € (—1, 1 + 5). Then f(x,) = —3 and f(z) = 3. So 6 =|f() — f(e)| = |[@2) — 2) - [red - 2] se) - 41 4+ (le) - a 0 such that 2 € (—6, 6), 240 = I/x’ € (L — e, L + €). But this is impossible since 1/z* can be made arbitratily large by picking 1z| small enough — that is, 0 < tz] < | i +¢ = 1/z? > L +. This is a contradiction and the limit does not exist. [3B] Assume the limit L exists. Then by (2.4) there is a 6 > O such that if 2€ (4-544 6), 2 £4, then x4 €(L—¢,L + ¢). But this is impossible since gh can be made arbitrarily large by picking z — 4 > 0 small enough— that 1 _ is, pL > ede schEXERCISES 2.3 33 (Dif lim, —t-, = Lexists, then given any € > 0, we could find 6 > 0 such that if-5 — §<2<-5 + 6,24 —5, then L—e< he < b+ eby (25). But this is impossible since wa can be made larger than E + ¢ by making 2 -+ 5 > 0 small enough. (53) The solution is like that of Exercise 35. For € > 0, it is not possible to find a 6 > 0 such that 0 <|z— 1] <6 = ep — L| < ¢ for a fixed number L. ZH (30) There are many examples; one is f(z) = (0ife>3) = stot 5 eat t= sate im Zt1 jm 2+ _ y, z+10 Ga), tn, [e+ 10) eo fee 10] = tn [=e + 17 (e+ 10<0ifz< —-10) = -1 1+ 22-10 _1+0_1 in M16 GD ia eed GB lim “tye = =o GB) (0) Jim Wz = 5 = (b) Jim (== DNB since § — r< 0 for > 5. (c) Jim, 16 — = DNE since the limit in (b) does not exist. GO (s) jim {2-3 = fe—25 =0 (>) lim, 18 — 2 DNE since 8-2 <0ifs> 2. (©) Jig, {6 — = DNE since the limit in (b) does not exist. BD) lim Ve = 1 = MF 1 = (b) Jim, Ve? 1 = fF 1 =0 () Jin TF — 1 = O since the limite in (a) and (b) exist and are equal.36 EXERCISES 2.3 (BB) (a) | Him 27? = (°[=8)? = (-2)? = 4 (b) | Mim 27 = (8)? = (-2)* = 4 (0) jim ,2°/° = 4 since the limits in (a) and (b) exist and are equal. (53) If z+ n-, then zis in the interval {n — 1, n). Hence lim,.,,,-f(2) = (—1)""*. If z— nt, then zis in the interval [n, n + 1), end lim, 4 f(s) = (-1)". Figure 63 Figure 54 {B4) This ia the greatest integer function and the solution is similar to that of Exercise 63. ‘Thus, tim, .—/(2) (Bl Since = A n, lim, , 4-f(2) = O and lim, 4 f(z) = 0. n— Land lim, ,f(2) = 2 ‘Figure 55 Figure 56 BB] For n< z [-2] = -a > lim (-[-2 = lim [-2] = -(-2) = (b) ngecntl > (nt I <—e< ns [-a] = —-@4¢ D5 nga = = tnt -(n D) =aEXERCISES 2.3 3t (n= 1)- n= n-1- Sj (@) lim_(] - 7) (6) tim, ((2f - 2) = no? (Bit -1 sect, theno <2? 0 < [zsin(1/z)| < tai < —Izi < asin(1/z) < lal. Jip, (—121) = 0 and Jim, ist = 0. By the sandwich theorem, L = 0. (GH v2 £ 0, —1 < sin(1/Yz) <1 & —2! ¢ 2 sin(1/4R) < 2 Jip, (—2") = 0 and Jim, 2* = 0, By the sandwich theorem, L = Since 0 < f(z) < cand x? > 0,0 < z*f(z) < a%a lim 0 = 0 and lim cz? = 0. By the sandwich theorem, L = 2h 20 [66] Following the hint, L = 0-M = 0 by (2.8(ii)), which contradicts Z # 0. [G7] Because Theorem (2.8) is applicable only when the individual limits exist, and lim, sind does not exist. 7p, [68] Because Theorem (2.8) is applicable only when the individual limits exist, and lim + does not exist. at GH) im = lim [Vol + fs T)] = Volt + -1) = 0 T-+-273+ (b) If T < —273°C, the volume V is negative, an absurdity. wen (O(a) jlign_m = lim, joes does not exist since the ratio becomes unbounded 1 = (w/e?) in the positive sense. As an object approaches the speed of light, its apparent mass increases without bound. (b) If v > ¢, the mass m does not exist. ayuda dotil =~? = MO Fez erage eazep Me ling since the ratio becomes unbounded in the positive sense. DNE (b) ‘The image is moving to the right and approaching an infinite distance from the lens. [72] (a) Since the lens equation still applies we have lim, M= lim, $= jim [al 5 = lm pot pot? poot PO poo magnification as the object moves toward the lens. (Note: In the lens equation, 4 There is less38 EXERCISES 2.3 is considered to be negative because the image is located on the same side of the Jens as the object. The absolute value is necessary to make the magnification positive.) The right-hand limit is necessary because the object must be between the focus and the lens. (b) lim Mf = lim SG DNE since the expression becomes unbounded in the a. Pe _ positive sense. The image size is increasing without bound. Note: Let LS denote lim_f(z), RS denote lim, f(z), and I. denote lim (2). (a) As2—4-, (x — 4) 40>. Thus, LS = 00. (b) Asz—+4*, (rx — 4) 40%. Thus, RS = 00. (©) L DNE (a) Asz—4-, (4 — 2) 0*. Thus, LS = 00. (b) As z—+4*, (4 — 2) 0-. Thus, RS = —0o. (c) L DNE BB] (a) Asz—+—§-, (22 + 5)°-0-. Thus, LS = —oo. (b) As 2-+ —§*, (22 + 5)° +0*. Thus, RS = 00. () LDNE GD (a) As s—+—$-, (72 +3) 0-. Thus, LS = oo. (b) As s+ —8%, (72 + 3) +0*. Thus, RS = —00. (c) L DNE (a) As r—+ —8-, 32+ —24 and (r + 8)? + 0*. ‘Thus, LS = —co. (b) As 2+ —8*, 32+ —24 and (r + 8)?+0*, Thus, RS = —00, (e) Lb = —00 © (a) As 2-—+$-, 32” + 22 and (22 — 9)? + 0*. Thus, LS = 00. (b) As s—+8*, 32° — 22 and (2s — 9)? + 0*. Thus, RS = oo. ()L= 0 (a) As 2-4 —1-, 227-42 and (2* — z— 2) = (2 — 2)(z + 1) 0*. Thus, LS = co. (b) As z+ —1*, 227 +2 and (2 — r— 2) = (2 — 2)(z + 1) 0. ‘Thus, RS = oo. (QL DNE {Bl (a) As z—+1-, 40-44 and (z° — 42 + 3) = (z — 1)(z — 8) 4 0*. Thus, LS = oo. (b) As 2—+1*, 42-44 and (2? — 4z + 3) = (z— 1)(z ~ 3) 0-. Thus, RS = —oo. () L DNB M) (a) As z—+3-, xz — 3)? 0". Thus, LS = oo. (b) As +3", o(z — 3)? +0. ‘Thus, RS = 00. ()L =o (TO) (a) As z— —1-, (z + 1)7+0*. Thus, LS = —co. (b) As r—+ 1", (2 + 1)? +0*. Thus, RS = —0o. (QL Note: ‘The first step in 11-24 is the result of dividing the expression by the term containing the highest power of z in the denominator. jm SE SE+1_ yp 8 S/et 1s? _ 5 OD Wa ae 7 Rap ape ape 2EXERCISES 2.4 39 OD in, Ae tet = sin SES =f 03) ae eit 227 tn Ee oleae a be 7 IB 4+ 5/et =f=0 im 22 = 243 _ yy, V2 — 12" + 3/2? _ 9 _ TO a1 MR Tae TI 71 i Sate li att2/z_ — q 8 23 ee 2 ae? =e im 2 t2 im FHP moo 08) in = moe =e ° | 8 im B= 8 tim WERE oe) 1m 25 le Gg = SG Betts t dy 3a? + 1/2 + 1/2? - oe rae. p-% i 8 = Jin yet a in, aor = me Verte aM=1 [22] oe ot (itz <0, 2= —I#) = Het | Pa a re Ty fe [23] lim sin DNE since sin does not approach a real number Z, but rather oscillates between —1 and 1 as z increases without bound. lim cos DNE since cos does not approach a real number J, but rether oscillates between —1 and 1 as z increases without bound. n= 1,2,3,4 = z= 10, 100, 1000, 10,000 = ton (§ - 4) = Acot(+) fw 0.996664442, 0.999966666, 0.999999666, 0.999999096; the limit appears to be 1. (26) n = 1, 2, 3,4 => 2 = 10, 100, 1000, 10,000 => lim Fein 0.315700983, 0.099098333, 0.031622771, 0.009999999; the limit appears to be 0 Note: Let VA and HA denote vertical and horizontal asymptote, respectively. The vertical asymptotes are found by finding the zeros of the denominator in the reduced form of f(z). The horizontal asymptote is found by finding lim f(z) and _ lim f(z). B®) = a4 = EF aes a40 EXERCISES 2.4 EBA) = a = arseay pe —tands = HAry=0. (BD (2) = PE 3 No VA; HA: y = 2. (HO) s(2) = BE; No VA; HA: y = . BDA) ayes XeeRGSa VA = —3,2 = 0, and z= 2 HA: y = 0. BIsG) = Bas = ge = tad = deta = = 3s (+ Ile + 2). _ ere Gpaea iy Y= Sandz=1;HA:y=1. —_we-5) _ « -VArn= 8: HAry= Gal A(z) = gat = @G—5 = eepite #6; Vale = 8; HAs y = 1. BB) f(z) = oH 4 = ott = sites =4; VA: c= 4; HA: y = 0. BA f(z) = ‘c. ees 3 VAi c= 4; HA: y = 0. Note: For Exercises 87-40, the waar was plotted using the listed function. BOs) = 2=3 SH sf = 125 BOA) = 4 f 1 q 1 1 it ft I 4 0, jim M2) = kim es = Ife? = f(c). Hence, fis continuous on (0, 00). = peed 5 z—4 Fis disconti _ ne (B4) f(z) = west ees fis discontinuous at —3 and 4 by (2.21)(ii). GE)Ir1 <6 <3, lim f(z) = Jim 1, tin hy = Ay = s0. Henee, fis continuous on (1, 3). Note: For 39-54, each function fis continuous on its domain. (3) f(z) = mths eae we {o2 # —1, 3} mnt) =#=} --ssuers {ez £3) Gis) = G3 +2? 6 2-3 20422} [}, co) G@ =z e s-4 £0544 & {ae #4} lie) = © F-13057 51512131 * (00, —1) U (1, 00) GAIste) = Joong 2 1-2f>051>28 oi01<1 (-1, 1) Ga) =EtM (1, e278 & {az ¢ -9) Ge =3*5 «st 4-1 £0 for all real numbers 2, xR Gi = wi aa *& {22 #0, 1) Az — 7 5 ae CECE Cr CeCe a) fe) = = 9 tes a= © F950 ind 3; 28 — 2? 20 [2] <5j2 44 * [—5, —3] U [3, 4) U (4, 5}EXERCISES 2.6 43 moe = Pos © 9-2>0SrcoHr-6>052>6 * (6, 9] GOs(2) = tans © WA Etna xr ZF + in & (arnt E+ En} DBAs(=) = cotlr © Je xanazF Ban (ai ¢ Ben} BIs(2) =cscjz @ fxn a f2ea * {xin # Inn} Bal f(=) = secds 2 32X¢ P+ ana c XE tin & {arnt E+ En} BAM-l) Svs fQ) 0c v<9 fd =vsePtlswse=Yo-t (BB) f(0) > w > 2) POD w> -8; fd) =u > -Pswace= AG BUM) < w 100. Since fis continuous on [0, 10], there is at least one number a in (0, 10] such that f(a) = 100. (GO) Let f(z) = 2° ~ 32 — 22% — 241. f(0) = 1> 0 and f(l) = —4<0. Since fis continuous on (0, 1], there is at least one number ain (0, 1] such that f(¢) (50) 9(35*) ~ 9.79745 < 9.8 and 9(40°) ~ 9.80180 > 9.8. Since gis continuous on [85", 40°], there is at least one latitude @ between 35° and 40° such that g(?) = 9.8. (G2) 7(4000) -~ 98.0995 > 98 and T(4500) ~ 97.9478 < 98. Since T'is continuous on (4000, 4500], there is at least one elevation h between 4000 meters and 4500 meters auch that 7(A) = 98. Hc) = w= Be 2+ (4-4 Ee 2.6 Review Exercises bs+ 11 _ i =z WL O fn ey = B= B lege 7 @ jim @e- 44 +2)= 4-4 Dim (@ - fie 4) = 4 - a tt te— 6 (We 3et 2 ghd 7 ve HRSG Geo pare) = ER Ab 2? — 10 _ in, EE ED) — him SB = fin S200 - 40, G4 DG— 2) 7 PTET ingtait fi E49 GD ik (+ O(2+2) _ 99 Sa z—2 z+ I) — 2) 2 =+1 3 ‘The limit DNE since the ratio becomes unbounded (+00) as z+ 3*. ‘The limit DNE since the ratio becomes unbounded (+00) as z— 0*.44 EXERCISES 2.6 Din EO Jin CSE sin, Bd = cin, SES} = slip, CF DUH 4 2s FY) = Jip te 422+ = 3 G2) Jin, § = 6 OB tin, =) = tim, = im a2 _ G2 i 1 Dip, “Tad = Bagg tee tp 7 eT OD 4 yf Sy bat ae TB) fi, EFA ng MR Se AO tet (15) tiny (2+ =2% _ 4 SHEN _ =I oh- WF _ -_ 8 8 i, gee US Gee HE So aE + a im (223 ain, (G5 - is eras = Setar 7 =} TS) lim _({5 — Be — 2%) = 0 — 28 = —2, since § — 22> O fore <§ e6/a- OD, Same ay ~~ Ba 20) in ey = in ee = Bao meee arnt =e = e =o am = 0 * Boeeuhs = 00 OB tin, (2 ~ Je) = -20 CBB Jn EES = Bn Ftp OME (28) (0) lim fla) = lim 2? = 8 (b) lim, f(z) = lim, (4 — 22) = 0 27 (a) lign_f(2) = lim 32 = 6 ©) yg JE) = Jim, 3 = 4 (©) Jim Ae) DNE (©) Jim, #2) DNE y Figure 27 Figure 28EXERCISES 2.6 45 CD ee) Bm, f(2) = ting tgs = fh BOC), tim _f(2) = | tim o/s! = 1 (b) | Bien, (2) = lim Ye 2 = 1) | lim, f(2) = lim, (4+ 2) = 1 (©) ,lim, f(z) DNE (©) tim, f() = 1 | y Figure 29 Figure 30 (ED (2) Mp2) = lig 3? = 1 BN (e) lim f(e) = lim (@? + 1) = 1 (b) lim, (2) = lim, (4 — 27) = 3 () Jima J@) = Jim (+) = 1 () jim /@) DNE ©) dsr) =1 | 2 y Figure 31 Figure 32 (53) Here, f(2) = 52 — 21, L = 9, and a = 6. Then|f(z) — £4] = |(5z — 21) — 9] = [5 — 30] = 5/2 — 6]. Thus, |f(z) — Ll <« + 5]e— Gl 0e I> FP ois - 1 AO rH 2 * [-8, —2) U (—2, 2) U (2, 3] aA) = e 2202-14052 441 [0, 1) U (1, 6) (G3) f(2) = [Br G;a=8 © lim fle) =7 = f(8) Gs) = VF - 450527 © tim fle) = 5 = (21)Chapter 3: The Derivative Note: For solutions, the step me = re 2 +) — K(9) 0. its equivalent, is omitted. ? = 4(a = (50? = 40 2 D (0) me = Ji Et Y= Me) ic 49) yah + AY — Ah Jim, (100 + 5A - 4) = 100-4 (b) m, = 16 and f(2) = 12; y — 12 = 16(z — 2) or y = 162 — 20. BD (o) me = fig, Me + NEO — 207) _ gy teh = a8 . jim, (—40 — 2h) = —4a (b) m, = —8 and f(2) = —8; y+ 5 = —8(z — 2) or y = —82 + LL 3s 2, 2 3 (2) me = iy (2 AY 0 gy BoP + Bok? 4 HP Jim, (82? + 3ah + 4) = 30? (b) m, = 12 and f(2) = 8; y — 8 = 12(z — 2) or y = 122 — 16. eon C2 A = ot _ 4a + Ba7h? + dah? + BY _ GB (o) me = jig EAE = ip Abt SIH Hall LE fimo? + 607A + deh? + 9) = 40° (b) m, = 32 and f(2) = 16; y — 16 = 32(2 — 2) or y = 322 — 48. B ( m= fin, (a +4) +2]—Ga+2) = in, 38 = Jiggs = 8 (b) my = 3 and f(2) = 8) y— 8 = 3(2~ 2) ory = 3242. Note: The tangent line to a linear function is just the line itself. tt © (a) m= i jig tet N= = 20) Jim, =P! = tim (-2) = -2 (b) my = —2 and f(2) = 0; y—0 = 2-2 ory = —2e +4, = fim tba eth a _ h © () ma = fig, 5 ‘Torhs a lan ha ae --~t Enya 7 (b) my = 4; y—2 = He-4)ory= 4241. (c) See Figure 7.48 EXERCISES 3.1 Figure 7 Figure 8 im bs = lim a = ina with O= (a+ a)? + Yo+ BAG + (Ya)?. = diye 2 = X24 8) ory= pr §. (c) See Figure 8. (ats) — 1a _ ,. = = -1_ _ = fi AS = bin ate = tae = 72 im i () my = —)y—-}=—He—Qorys—}e4. (6) See Figure 9. y y : : gure 5 igure 10 _ Ifa +4)? — Ife? _ 20h = UD) ma = fing Ba tae ~ bn ettph = - (b) my = -4; y—} = —H(e—2) ory = —de 4 3. (6) See Figure 10. (1) (b) By Example i, ma = 2a. If 2a = 6, then a = 3, and the point is (3, 9). y y : : Figure it Figure 12 12] (b) By Exercise 3, ma = 30”. If $a? = 9, then a = + 13, and the points are (+ 3, + 313).EXERCISES 3.1 49 a) Using (3.2), vay = 9 = dot Wale) With s() = 4? +34, the average velocities (in cm/sec) for each interval are as follows. (1, 1.3}: 2) = tt) = MEST 8 (1, Ll]: oy ty) =SHete us la, 1.03}: sua) =) = LUE =T = 11.04 2 (b) Using (3.3), v0 = iy 4(a + h)? + 3(a + h) | — (40? + 3a) - 2 im Sekt 4 4 BA Hi (Be + 4h + 3) = 80 + 9. n= 11 cm/sec. [1] («) As in the previous exercise, (1, 1.2}: 2) et) = =e) = tt (1, 1.1): op = 3 ~-(-) _ as ti, Lon, CEOS a) _ Shae = (=) = a9 2(a + h) — 3(a + A)” | — (2a ~ 30?) (b) Using (8.8), ve = Jim, im 2h = teh — a = Jim (2 — Ga — 98) = 2 Ga. 4 = —4 cm/sec. ae [160 — 16(a + h)”]— (160 ~ 160”), _gsogh — Gn? _ UB) () » = fp, = iy = jim, (-320 — 168) = —320. v, = —32 ft/sec. (The negative sign indicates a downward direction.) (b) Since s(#) = 160 — 1627 = 0 when t = {10, ve = —32 {10 ft/sec. hy) a? ]— — 160" fe) » = 119(0 + ) — 16(a + 4)7] ~ (1120 ~ 1604) _ 2 imp, 2h = S2ah = JOR — im (112 — 920 — 168) = 112 ~ 320, In ft/sec: v = 48, vy = 16, and 4, = —16. (b) The projectile strikes the ground when s(t) = 112¢ — 160? = 0, tt a or, equivalently, f= 7 for {> 0. (c) ‘The projectile’s velocity at impact is vu; = —112 ft/sec. . [1 + If(at h)] — (1 + 1/2) . - ' _ _ me = fig MO EON Sn at = dina = A (a) At P(1, 2), the equation of the tangent line is (y — 2) = —1(r — 1) or y= —2 43. This line has zintercept 3. The creature at x = 3 will be hit, (b) At Q(, 8), the equation of the tangent line is (y — §) = — {(z — 3) or y= — je + §. This line has z intercept 4, No creature is hit,50 EXERCISES 3.1 (18) = Jim, (a + h)? + 8(a + A) HUE 8) Lg Et Be yg (a) v = 8 m/sec (b) vs = 10 m/sec (c) The athlete crosses the finish line when a(t) =}? + Bt = 100 or t = 10 for 1 > 0. Thus, 49 = 12 m/sec. (19) (a) Using (3.4)(i) with f(z) = 27 +2, a= 3, andh = 3.5 -3 = 0.5, we have yay = £2: 5) = f() _ M25 =U) = 68, (b) Using (34)(), yo = Jim LO * Ap +2} (@ + 2 = ji 2a jim, @a + A) = 2a. Thus, yy = 6. D0) dev = 10s = #2) _ =852 = (- =82 =) gg (8) ve = Jim, (3 2a + y}] 020 -( = 20) ten aaah = 2H? linl-te — 2h) = —40, Thus, yy = —8. LBD (8) po = Jip, ROOD = 00 i eG = Jie ety = ‘The negative sign indicates that the pressure decreases as the volume increases. (b) myo = —200/107 = —2 [EB (a) Use S = Ans? Sem fg, EE AP AA gy Bech Aah ber 48) = Ber (b) Sy = Bde 1 /tt (23) () my —1 (b) fl (4001 = SA) 2, 0.9703 ang £0-8090) © fas) ws —0.9713, y y z = Figure 23 Figure 24 BA (s) mos v 15 (b) So0909) = 08) = f(=0.5) 1 6138; £(—0.5001) — f(-0.5) 1 6140 “=o (c) vy — 2.065 = 1.614(r + 0.5) or y = 1.6142 + 2.872EXERCISES 3.2 51 [BJA = 0.01: et ee .761387164 — 0.762073579 py 9.06864 ft/sec A = 0.001: s2.001) — (2) wy (teza08515 = oen07ss18 ms 0.06426 ft/sec A= 0.0001: » = am) — rs OTSZOGTIOT = O.1G2073579 py 0.6962 ft/ece [28] (b) From the figure, the object is moving in a positive | A= direction when the slope is positive. Hence, the velocity is positive on the following intervals: {0, 0.5), (1.9, 4.7), (7.9, 20]. > ‘gure 26 (Exercises 52 J Note: Use '(#) = fin, 249 = 10) in Exercises 1-4. B @) f= iim, —5(r + A)? + 8(2 + A) + 2] — (—52” + Br + 2) _ Jap, Heh = 50? +h = jim, (-102 — 54 + 8) = —102 +8 (b) R (co) f(-1) = 18; y + LL = 18(z + 1) or y = 182 + 7. @r@=042=$6% @) 7@) = im Se + A)? — Ae +) — 4] — (02 - 22-4) © mm, jin, Sh AM — 2h — ims (62 4 38 — 2) = G2 2 () R (©) (2) = 10; y— 4 = 10(z — 2or y = 10z — 16. @ £@) =0> 2=§ G -¥) * - 2) 2 3 (@) FG) = Jim, (e+ h)* + (244) (PES) = yy Sh Bah +h th jig, (G2? + Szh + P41) = 327 41 ()R (©) J) = 45 y— 2 = A(z — A ory = 42 — 2. (a) f(z) # 0 for any real value of x. @ ©) F@ = fim, (e+ A)? — 4( + A] 8 = 42) i, Sh + Bele WP = ab Him, 2? + 30h 4-4) = 308-4 yR - (c) (2) = 8; y — 0 = B(x — 2) or y = Bz — 16. @f@) =0> c= koi (th, FIR) (a) f(z) (@)R ()y=92-2 (d) None @ F(Z) 4 (b)R (c) y= —42 +3 (d) None @) f(z) =0 ()R ()y=37 (d) None52. (10) a a3) fi: = 250°" = D,z = 45t'/* and D?z = 36¢ EXERCISES 8.2 (a) fe) =0 (b) R ©y (a) f(2) = 28 = 28 = f(a) = —32-* = 3/2" (&) (—e0, 0) U (0, 0) (©) £2) = -B y- b= -Ae—- Dory = —Ar+}, (a) f(z) = 1fat = ot & P(e) = —42* = —4/2* (b) (—0, 0) U (0, 00) (&) Fl) = 4 9 — 1 = ~4(z — I or y= 42 + 5. (a) f(2) = 42°" > pa) = = * () (20, 0) U 0, 09) (©) F(81) = Fi y — 12 = A(z — 81) or y= rt 9. (a) f(z) = 12279 = pe) = 42 7/* = ays”? (b) (—99, 0) U (0, 09) (©) F(—27) = $y + 96 = f(z + 27) or y = ge — 24. f(z) = 32° => f(z) = 182°, f(x) = 902%, fr"(z) = 3602° (d) None (ED) = 62" > f(z) = 242, f(z) = 7227, f(z) = 14d B® = 9% = 02” = p(y = 6, pia) = 22, porta) = Sa) = 82°? = f(a) = 12°, fora) = BAI, pra) = Ba 1/5 GBly m 2-4 6 xt Dey = 8, Diy = 0, end Dis =0 Gy= tps = 4 ao, and £Y = 0 BOs = 0448 = oa? > fF = age" and £F = =12 8/4 [Ei] (a) No, because fis not differentiable at z = 0. (b) Yes, because f* exists for every number in [1, 3). [E] (a) No, because fis not differentiable at z = 0. (23) (a) From the graph we sce that fis not differentiable at (b) Yes, because f* exists for every number in [—2, ~1). (b) f' exists for every number in [—5, 0). y igure 23, igure OF (a) From the graph we see that fis not differentiable at s = £2. (b) f* exists for every number in [—1, 1]. (4) None (d) None (a) None (d) None gesEXERCISES 3.2 53 Wote: It may be helpful to have the studenta graph each function in 25-30. ~2/3| 5) im |7"(2)| = son |e | = co = there is a vertical tangent line at (0, 0). Since ft is always positive, no cusp is formed. ce be Figure 25 Figure 26 BB) Jim [7"(2}| = dap, [f2°/9| = 0 => no vertical tangent line at (0, 0). Since J’ is always nonnegative, no cusp is formed. 2D) Lien [7"(2)| = Jim [fa */*| = co = there is a vertical tangent line at (0, 0). As 0 1 f'(2)— 00. As2-+0*, fi(s) +00. By (3.10), there is a cusp. oo =“ = = Figure 27 Figure 26 [2B] Note: We use a one-sided analogy to Definition (3.9) since = == 0 ig an endpoint. lim [| = lim |i *”4] = co = there is a vertical tangent line at (0, 0). Since f' does not exist for negative values of z, no cusp is formed. rs & lim, |7"@)] = tire -[i2'/7| = 0 = no vertical tangent line at (0, 0). Since /’ does not exist for negative values of 2, no cusp is formed. LLL Figure 29 Figure 30 I»b4 EXERCISES 3.2 BD im |r| = Jim Be” | = 0 + no vertical tangent line at (0, 0). Since Jim, f"(2) =-0, no eusp is formed. See Figure 30 From the figure, it appear that '(—1) = 1, (1) = 0, F(@)ia undefined, ond (8) = —1, [52] From the figure, it appears that /'(—1) = —1, "(1) is undefined, f'(2) is undefined, and f"(3) = 0. [b+ 4 —5[—[5 —5] _ i i Cg AERA = = [B+ A-5|/-5-5]_ , I_ lig BRASS ty Wm Since the one-sided limits are not equal, the derivative fails to exist at a = 5. am (C2tA+A—[-2+27_ | Ih gk tim, = =i = lim b=1 Gil,in. tee = Hk jm zt bt A—l-24+2_ | le gn che stg ESSE S uy Hl = i gt = Since the one-sided limits are not equal, the derivative fails to exist at a = —2. 5) tim BERR A tien OD tim 9 = i lim, 0 = 0 hot nsot ho p-sot lig BERS SD ig Ei 51, which DNE Since the left-hand derivative fails to exist, the derivative fails to exist at a = 2. ma (HAN) Sim CA? = tim 2 = tino = 0 hot hot aot (38) i m (2 + 4] — 2) — (2) - 2) (2+ 4] - im SS P+a-? = lim. = , lim_ 5, which DNE Since the left-hand derivative fails to exist, the derivative fails to exist at a = 2. (BU)If = < 0, f(z) = Band if z > 0, f'(z) = 22. At z= 0, the left-hand derivative is 2 and the right-hand derivative is 0. ‘Thus, the graph of fhas a corner at x = 0. The domain of f' is {z:x 4 0}. fe EE Figure 37 Figure 38 (Bie 2 < 1, f(z) = 2and ifs > 1, (2) = 22. At 2 = 1, the left-hand and right-hand derivatives are equal to 2. ‘There is no corner at 2 = 1. The domain of f' is R.EXERCISES 3.2 55 (us < =1, f() = —2eand if z > —1, f(z) = 2 The right-hand derivative, 2, ie equal to the left-hand derivative at c= —1. However, the function is not continuous at s = —1 and hence, by the contrapositive of Theorem (3.11), cannot be differentiable at that point. The domain of f' is {z:2 # 1}. ae Figure 39 Figure 40 AD] If <0, f(z) = 2x and if z > 0, f'(z) = 0. The right-hand derivative, 0, is equal to the left-hand derivative at z = 0, However, the function is not continuous at z =. 0 and hence, by the contrapositive of Theorem (3.11), cannot be differentiable at that point. The domain of f' is {2:2 # 0}. [AI] fis not differentiable at r = +1, +2, since fhas a corner at these points. igure 41 Figure 42 [43] fis not differentiable et z = +1, since fas a corner at these points. BI (y = (ty = 20, oe 7? ps vod) = s(t) = 127; 12? = 300 > P = Bots +5. (4) C = SF — 32) > F=2C 43; Fo = 2 HG] V = Vo(l + gh) + T= ara ~ 1); Ty = 273/¥0 V=4{nr® = V = dar’, the value of the surface area of a sphere with radius r. ede Care iarah Cadre r= Ging = gh, a constant. (a) A= 9? > A, = Qe (b) r= 500 ft => A = 24(500) = 1000x ft?/ft BD) (a) V = gar? => Ve = Aur? (b) r= 10 ft = V = 4n(10)? = 400% ft°/ft56 EXERCISES 3.2 [BI (s) ‘The formula gives an approximation of the slope of the tangent line at (a, /(2)) by using the slope of the secant line through P(a — A, f(a — A) and a+ A, fla + h))- (6) sin Le +4) —fla-h) _ sin +h - He) = Hla ~h) +s =} ty e+ = Ho) = 4 tim f=) = Ho) Ano hoo = hy) + 4 fim Se +B = 1) {where k= A} = 4y"(a) + 4/"(a) = f(a) () hon: p(n) ve ft ft = ey? = to.” me —2.0406 k= 0.01 fl) x £0.01) = fio.09) = £0.98) _ yg.o1)* = Meo.sey 1/(0-98)" 5 2.0004 b= 0.001: p) a £0001) = fl0.990) _ Ue cory — 10.005)" ws 2.0000 (4) f(s) = 1/2? = f(z) = — 2/2; (1) = -2 HB) $a) =[p(ayy ~ LOH 5 f(a — H) fa+ H+ H)- f+ H—-#)_ fla- H+ H) — fla~ F~ ¥) nw oe oH on — f(a + 2H) — 2f(a) + fa — 2H) w= ee et ee = fet) = 2) +O —%) where h = 2 i ; : (b) Using & = 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively, f"(L) is approximately equal to FLL) = 2F(1) + £(0.9) _ 1/(1.1)? — 2 + 1/(0.9)? 6.1014 (0.1) = Bar " £(1.01) — 2f(1) + f(0.99) _ 1/(1.01)? — 2 + 1/(0.99)? eT 8010 (1.001) — 2f(1) + f(0.999) _ 1/(1.001)? — 2 + 1/(0.999)? (0.001) ~ V.00000T (e) f(a) = 12? > f(z) = —2/2* = fez) = 6/24; fr) = 6 GB (a) c= 3, k=: 3) = #@) 0 +1 A $8 — 1) _ 49.0 = 42.8 — 53.2 A /see (b) @=6,h=1: (6) = s'(6) = we = = 88.3 ft/sec EA) v0) = 93) 94) = ca + s(2) _ 149.0 = 2(89.1) + 42.6 _ 194 fefeec? (b) v(6) = 916) wv MO = cacy + 55) _ $96 = 4908.7) ++ 290.4 = 9.4 ft/ece? # 6.0000EXERCISES 3.3 57 fis not differentiable at z = —0.7 since the graph of fhas a corner there. y y x Figure 55 Figure 56 {has horizontal tangent lines at = ¥ —0.43, 0.54, 2.14. (Exercises 3.3] O y() =6-§-27* = 108” w() = 8-3. 24/? = 121? O@ fl) = -1 4 8s — 2087 Bsr) = —1208 + 2405 @ r@) =o24 42" g(a) = 408 — 354 = (2° — 7)(42) + (227 + 3)(3x") = 102* + 92 — 282 Bl) (2) = (227 — 4x + 1)(6) + (62 — 5)(4z — 4) = 3627 — 682 + 26 fe) = 87 8? a pg = fe? 4 BM? 2? EO) A(x) = 32°72 — 20°! 4 50/9 > (a) = Bah? — Wal? 12/9 AC) = 3° — > $+ Br? => W(r) = 18r° — Br? + Ma (Ea) He) = 20% + vt — 30% = H(v) = —120° + 40° — ov? (3) 9'(z) = (82? — 52)(26z) -+ (1327 + 4)(16x — 5) = 4162° — 19527 + 642 — 20 (1a) H'(2) = (2° — 22°)(Ade + 1) + (72? + 2 — 8)(52* — 627) = 492° + G25 — 1102" — 82° — 482° si(2) = G24 24) — (42 — 58) _ __23 (32 + 2) “G@+9 H(z) = = WUGx ~ 6) ~ (82* ~ 6x + LY) _ ge” — 162 — 5 OH) = @—1 (- 1) Aa) = (2=92(—1 + 62) — (8 — 2+ 32-9) _ 70 4 128 — 27? (2 — 92) (2 — 92)" “) Pan — (2u)(3w") _ 4u® — 14 _ ae fof ot Ie 14 Gary) = -1 (w =7)? (we — 7 (81 GW) = Wt m9 — (v* — G0) ft 74 4 ng) — C= 2t + 3)(8) — (Bt + 15)(2t- 2) _ — 84? — 300+ 54 also = (@ a + 3) =a e+ 8 Blew = SHG oy — (PQ) _ fat - 8) - 9] _ ae g 10 (t— 5)" ‘3(3t — 5)" “3 Att — 5)?58 EXERCISES 3.3 7 (22? = az + 8)(}2-/7) — (2'/)(42 — 4) fare) = GP a +8)? 2 (2+) —Htr- 4) at gas ad ~ (22" — dz + 8) ~ YE (227 — 42 + 8) 2 By the recfprocal rule, f(s) = — 7h OE $f OF, By the recproal le, #3) = ~ pA BES SE (BB va) = 1 oh t+ a? = p(s) = — 27? + (—2)27* + (—3)e* = “poBOs el) = 1[-ts|- rt BHO = aeEhD] APG) = 2 ayn -4 BH) (2) = 2 — apt? ~b (BO) H(s) = Dy (3-4-4) = 3-4(—ds-*) = fe W(s) = D,(8*st) = 34(455) = 904% (i A(z) = Dz (252” — 40z + 16) = 502 — 40 = 10(5z — 4) (32) 9(w) = Du (8u* +.12w? + 6w + 1) = 24w* + 24w + 6 = 6(4u? + dw + 1) ave) = Deal Grae = age where we used Exercise 31 for D-{(5r — 4)". mo = seta] = s(t] __M8r+6 82 +1)_ <6 (2+ 6r+1)) (241)? (@z+1)° nt) = pf #) — G+ Thad - 2) - ge Ayia) aso > Sa) = Ga TF * aBO = 41+ § _ 6 — 201 a1? (247 ~ 62+ 78)" I") = D.(S $53) = [ght |= Gera (BA) (2) = De(2e — 7 + 4a? + 32-7) = 2 = 42? = G2-® a2-4 -4 38) T'(2) = Dy (52 +1 — 227) = 5 +47 ft(2) = } De (3? — 2 + 8) = 16x — 5) (40) a(t) = 3D, (31° + 24 = BCa5t* + 2) Gi] Dey = 67 — 62 — 36 = 6(2 — 3)(z + 2); Dey = 0 > 2 = ~2, 3. (2) Dey = 122" + 402 — 24 = 6(22 — (z+ 4); Dey=0 + a = —4,}, 3) dey = B= Ae + 8) ~ (2a? + 9 ~ NCL = 22" = 8 = 2=4), (e- 2 Dey =0 = = 0,4.EXERCISES 3.3 59 = (e+ 122 + 2) - (eh sb 22 + YN) _ a= 2+ 22-3 _ (F + 3)(F— 1). Hl D-y= e+ 1) Gri Gti Dey=0>e2=-3,1. [BB] Dz y = 242° + 722” — 10802 => D2 y = 722” + 1442 — 1080 = 72(2 + 5)(z — 3); Diy=0 > 2= -5,3. (GO) vz y = 302" — 202" ~ 902? + 1 Diy = 12029 — 6027 — 1802 = 602(22 — 3)(x + 1); DBy = 0 r= -1,0,3. cal - - Ze) x = 7 (3) & DG) _ ase Date (b) a = De[(32 — 1)(27)] = (82 — 1)(—2879) + (27)Q) = ate +2 +S 3a (c) W =D. (3x7 - yee yort= ed 3 bss ayy dy _ 28(22) — (2? + I)(42%) 9.8 gg? _ —2(2? + 2) Ga) (o) f= SON — Gre Ne) _ mast at - He) 0) # = pe[e? + ety] = 2 + (404) + QR) = aaalnd 4 2. i= ae +2 a 2) - -s = —2(2? 4 2 ©) is Bee? tet) = a wae a PS -4= 7G) 2M (an — 3) ~ (8 = 3yGe 9) _ 21" [3e(2e ~ 3) — 2(2" — 3)] oF = le) #=* an? op = te (6) $= De (2? — 30y(e°/)] = ( — 30)(— “ee Moe y= = (zt = 38) = 3.32 _ 42° — 32 _ 42-3 i sh = MB = 8 3 4 - va ars (2) 9 = De ta”? — aM) = ge? Sn an} = ee 3 = dy _ (2) = (20 + 927) 27 [4e — 3(22 + 3) 2 +9 Boi) Y= =O Cet NGF) _ =- * ey as ale (0) # = de[ox + syfe*)] = (ae + 3)(—fo 7) + (2) = 3(2z + 3) Qe 2249 er tain = 2 (0) 2 = pear? 4 32%) = 2 et =60. EXERCISES 3.3 wy _@+0O-Ge+ 90) __ __ ; = (+0) = "Gri F4ael #y_ _f as4+27_ 8 -DeaN-etp pa) HY = C+ OY — EF 9A) =3 = =3 . co (22 4 3)? “(243 a2 + 1a 0 @y_ _f_ 82+12)_ 12 a [eet Gr + 3° “(2) = 2: = ale (—2) = 22. Be) = 9[-—Pon| = a se 2) = BB y Ae + 2) ory=so+ 8 BA) f(z) = 62 — 2/7, pa) = 5 y — 44 = Ele — A) ory = Ya — 50 (BB (a) f(a) = 32? 4 dz — 4 = (82 — (24 2); (2) =O 2 = 5, -2 (b) The given line has slope —4. f'(2) = —4 = $2? 4 d2—4 = 4 => 827 + de = 0 = o(3r +4) 02 -4 BG) Let f(z) = z°. f*(a) = 3a? and the tangent line equation is (y— a*) = 3a7(z — a). If this line has zintereept 4, then (4, 0) must satisfy its equation. Thus, (0 — a°) = 30°(4 — 0) = 20%a — 6) = 0+ a = 0,6. If a were 0, then P would have intercept 0; 80 a must be 6 and Pis (6, 216). (BD) The slope of the given line is 1, y’ = $27? — B47? = sel 3 Now, = 159 — 62415425 (9r—- 12-1) =032=4,1 ‘The points are (2, —2§) and (1, 0). [58] ‘The given line has slope —}, so the desired slope is 2. vag a de soe 84) 2 a05 5(2/°)? — 6(2°7°) +1 = 0 = (52°? — 1)" — 1) =O r= 4 (7, 1. ‘The four points are (t5'5 & = and (1, +2). By =} = ai tim, jet = 00 = vertical tangent line at z = 0. 40 y ¥ Figure 59 Figure 60 = 157/38 _ -ih 1 60) y’ = 3a = Tala = 00 = vertical tangent line at z = 0.EXERCISES 3.3 01 (2) (0 = #() = 2 + 24; 1) = 4, 4) = 10, and o(8) = 18 (ft/eec) (b) () = 50> P+ 28-4 =O t= —-1 4 15; uo(—1 + 318) = 615 ft/sec w 13.4 ft/sec (62) (a) v(t) = s(t) = 61 + 6% (2) = 36 cm/sec (b) oft) = 30 => 67 + 6¢ — 30 = 0 => t= (1 + ADI) & 1.79 sec for t > 0. - =2a", = = Why = *[-cre an] = Fhe Meany = t= —} _ a? + 27)(ab) — (aba)(22) _ ab — abs? _ _ @b ah _ ny = Ne) pee Chi. tenn = batho (G5) Let (a, a”) be the point of tangency. The slope of the tangent line is 2a and (a? ~ 9) = 20(a — 5) = a? — 100+ 9 = 0 + o = 1,9, Thus, there are two such lines: (y — 9) = 2(2 — 5) and (y— 9) = 18(r — 5) or equivalently, y= 2r— Land y = 182— 81. Let (a, 4/a) be the point of tangency. Since y = 4/2, the slope of the tangent line at t= ais —4/a?. Thus, (4fa — 1) = —4/a"(a — 8) => (4a — a”) = —4(a — 3) > a? — 8a+ 12 = 0 = a= 2,6, Thus, there are two such lines: (y — 1) = =1(2 = 3) and (y — 1) = —34(2 — 3) or equivalently, y= or+4and y= —}e+} Ae) F + 92) = FQ) + 9Q) = -142=1 (b) (F— 9)'(2) = FQ) - (2) = -1-2 = -3 © GN'@) = 4/@) = 4-1) = -4 (A) G)"(2) = F(2) (2) + 9(2)/°@) = (8)(2) + (~5)(—1) = 11 1) = DLE) — FO) _ (=) = VE) OO ar 0 W/N'@) = th = — Fh BH) (9 - N'@) = 2) -/@) =2-(-) =3 © (fa) = 1 272) _ (2) A(t) = (408)? = 1600707; A'(t) = 320004 (a) AN(1) = 32007 (b) A1(2) = 64007 (c) A'(3) = 9600x (cm/sec) (BO) v = cp™ and p(t) = 20 + 2t => off) = (20 + 24); 0(0) = 60 > ¢ = 1200. Now u(t) = 1200(20 + 2t)"! = ot and v(t) = ai so v(5) = — $22 = —§ cm®/min. The volume of the gas is decreasing because the pressure is increasing. (FB) dy/dz dy/dzEXERCISES 3.4 63 BD) 170) me FOS) — Lah 50929 = 1.01 (c) fG@) = 82? -2 > f(D = 1. i, is nearly parallel to the tangent line, but [, is not. 64) * Figure 81 Be ro = £01 ae mw L2154 ri 1.2154 _ 9 (6) F"(0) does not exist. @ f(z) = —4sine @ #(2) = Teec?z BD Ge) = 6[(—cec# cot») + cacw-1] = Sesev(1 — veot ») @ f(a) = 3(xcose + sine: 1) = 3(sinz + 2 cosz) B () = 1 —[4(—sint) + 24 cost] = # sint — 2tcost + 1 p'(w) = 2w.-+ w cosw + sinw , (0)(cos9) — (sin 8)(1 _ Bro = ee O) cent = sing g(a) = (eine) — (1 = cos @)(1) _ wsina — 1 + coow (a) a 9 (t) = @ cost + 3¢ sint = P(t cost + 3sint) 10) T(r) = ? secr tanr + 2reecr = reece(r tan + 2) TH] f'(2) = 22(—csc?z) + 2cote + x? sec’s + 2z tans (13) f'(z) = 32” cece tanz + 6xsecz — 2° sec? — 32” tanr 1g) = (Lt c0)(sin 2) — (1 — c002)(—sins) af amg Cem = ctate B 1 + cos 2) (1 —sinw)? (1 — sinw) (14) Re(wy = (= sin w)(—sin w) — (cos w)(—eosw) _ j= sinw, a 15} o(2) = cacz cot z => y'(z) = escx(—csc?s) + cot {csc x cots) = —esca(ese?s + cot?z) = —esca(1 + 2cot?z) K(z) = seca tanz => (zr) = seca(sec") + tana(secs tana) = seca(sec’z + tan?z) = secz(1 + 2tan?z)64 EXERGISES 3.4 17] 9'(z) = (= + cacz)(—cac*s) + cot (1 — cscz cotz) = —sescts — cac®s + cotz — exe x cot*z (18) K'() = D,(sin?é + 2sind cos@ + cos’é) = Dg(1 + 2sin8 cosé) = 2['sin 9(—sin 8) + cos9(coed)] = 2(cos*? — sin*0) (15) pls) = sin z-$98F = cows, so p'(2) = —vine (2H (9 = Di(ghy-sint) = D,() = 0 (a) = (L+ #)fsce*a) — (tam )(22) _ sects + 2 sects — 25 t mur) = wea = sec7e + 2? gects ane (+ 2) (5B) (0) = 1 — sec @)(sec@ tan @) — (1 + secd)(—secd tan@) _ (1 = sec) ~ (1 = seed) (25) Gs) = D.(se82) = (24) (1) = D,[sint: (1/eos#)] = D, (tant) = sec? (5) ¢'(2) = De(—sinz + covz) = —coss—sinz {sine is odd, cosine is even) Dy (cot v) = —csc?v [26] s*(2) = D,(—tanz + secz) = —secs 4 secztanz {tangent is odd, secant is even} (27) Hd) = Dy (1 — coag + secd — 1) = sing + sec tang es es GBS) = yaad tains ~ dine ain cove ~ daalh ews) ~ aes = PF De{f(2)] = De(cse 2) = —ese2 cote (29) f(z) = secz tans = f’(Z) = 12. tangent: (y ~ (2) = {2(2 — 9); normal: (y — {3) = —$-D (30) f(z) = —cscz cot s — csc*z => (7) = —{2 — 2. tangent: ya (1+ 12) = -(12 + 2)(c — $5 normal: y — (1 + (2) = Wale - a 31} On (0, 2x], f'(2) = —sinz + cose = 0 = cosz = sinz = tang = 1 2 = F, HF. The points are (f, 12) and (5%, —{2). (2) On (0, 27), f(z) = —sinz — cose = 0 = sing = —cosr = tanz = —1 > z=, 1%. The pointa are (47, ~{2) and (2, 12). meses cote + seer tanz = 0 => Sing = eE = tints sin®z = cos*z {sin z # 0, cosz # 0} => 2 = §. The point is (§, 242). 4] On (—F, §), f(z) = Yoccz tans — sec’z = 0 = 2tanz — secs = 0 {sec # 0 Vz} =e 2sing =I = 0 = sins =} = x= J. Thepoint is (5, 13). BB) (0) f(a) = 1 - Qsing = 0 => sins =] > a= % + we, 4 len (b) #0) = 2and ((0) = 1; (y — 2) = Ue - O)ory=a42 BB) (e) f(z) = 1+ cosz = 0 => coss= -1 > t= + en @) AG) =F + Land f= y- (G4) = e—Dorya stlEXERCISES 3.4 65 (H2)(@) vf = 2cosz and the slope of the given line is 12; y’ = 12 = cosz = 12/2 > 2a E+ 2en, 2 4 20m (b) Atz= fy =4andy = 3. ‘The equation of the tangent line is (y — 4) = {3(# — §). 2sinz and the required slope is ~{3; y’ = —{3 = sinz = {3/2 => = Ft en, 4 daa y=3andy =0. (a) ¥' (b) The graph intersects the yaxis when = 0. Ats= "The equation of the tangent line is (y — 3) = O(z — 0) or y = 3. (39) fis not differentiable at z 0.9, 2.4, 3.7. y y Figure 39 Figure 40 [ZQ) The »-coordinates of points at. which the graph has a horizontal tangent line are 0.8, 2.4, and 3.9. do t= E+ Qon, 4 Aen (ZI) (2) = (1) = t — 2Qsint = 0 + sint a3) v(t) = s(t) = 1 = Boost = 0 = cost = f= t= F + 2am, F + Den AS] y= 32/7 4.9 = gp 2'/? = 4 > 2 = 16; (16, 96) Dy = §"/? — 10 =5 > 2/9 = 9 > 2 = 27; (27, -27) HB) (a) s"(2) = —sing; {"(2) = —coes; f1"(2) = sing; f(a) = cons (b) Due to the eyelic pattern, every fourth derivative is equal to cos. Since 99 = 3 + 96 and 96 is a multiple of 4, the 99th derivative is sin. (BB) 2) = —coc?e = —(csc2- see) F(z) fq) = [ese2(—cse x cota) + cee x(—csc x cot z) ] = 2esc?z cote [[cec?e( coc?) + cot 2(—2ese”s cota) | = —2esea{ese”z 4+ Qeotz) = —2ese"2(3 cots + 1) (Hl) De y = sec?z = secz-secz Dy = sec x(secx tan 2) + seca(sec 2 tana) = 2sec"# tant D8 y = 2[ sec"e(see"s) + tan 2(2sec7s tan 2) | = 2eec?a(sec?z + 2tan*x) = 2eec?s(3tan?z + 1)66 EXERCISES 3.4 (8) £Y = seer tans fy = sec x(sec?s) + tan z(eecz tan z) = secz(scc*s + tan?s) = sec a(2aecs — 1) % = see 2(2-2eec%s tama) {from Exercise 47} + (2eects — I)(secs tana) = secx tan 2(4eec"z + Qeec*x — 1) = see x tan 2(6sec*z — 1) 29) De cote = o(sp82) — (sinz)(—sin2) — (cos z)(cosz) _ —1(6in?s + cos?z) = sin?s sin?s Ht, = -csc*s sin?e = = 0s .co8e BO) De (ese2) = De(zh,) = Eh = alg SBE = —caez cots (5I] Desin2z = Ds(2sin z cosa) = 2[ sin2(—sin 2) + cosz cos | = 2(coa*z — sin*z) = 2cos2z (52) De (cos2z) = Dz (1 — 2ein?z) = Dz(1 — 2einzeinz) = —2ein 2 cosz + sinz cos2) = —2(2sinz cos 2) = —2ein2z [Exercises 3.5) Note: In Exercises 1-10, the formulas for Ay and dy are obtained using Ay = f(z + Az) — f(z) and dy = f(z) dz. @ (a) Ay = [2(e+ A2)* — 4(2 + Az) +8] — (227 — 42 + 8) = deAr + 2(Az)? — 4Az = (42 = 4) Az + 2(A2)*; dy = (42 — 4) dz (b) 2 = 2and Ar= -0.2 > Ay = 4(—0.2) + 2(-0.2)" = —0.72 and dy = 4(—0.2) = —0.8 BD (@) Ay =[(r+ a4 4]- (8 44) = [2 + ds' Ac + 32(Az)? + (Az)? + 4] - (2° + 4) = 827 Az + 82(Aa)* + (Az)® = [827 + 3eAz + (A2)*]An dy = (324) de (b) 2 = —1and Az = 0.1 > Ay = 2.71(0-1) = 0.271 and dy = 3(0.1) = 0.8 a @®) ar=[ 1 _ |= 5 + do)? _ Qs + Aa)As . G+ ay” A)" Fada? ~ Par de dy = (—2/2*) dz (b) £ = 3 and Ar=0.3 > Ay = 342 = —sfg © —0.01928 and dy = —3(0.3) = —4 = —0.02 = 17 @+9-[(2+ G+ As) @ © a=[reeR TH) = 2+ (+ Anle+a “[PeG+ agora dy = -—1 Y= ayaEXERCISES 3.5 7 (b) ¢ = Oand Az = —0.03 > Ay = 903 = 58, ~ 0.007614 and dy = —4(—0.03) = 33, = 0.0075 G(s) dy =[4 — 9(2 + Az)] — (4 — 92) = —942 (b) dy = —9de (©) dy — Ay = 0 (Recall that Az = dz.) (a) Ay = [a(x + Az) + 12] - (Te + 12) = TAz (b) dy = 7ds (©) dy — Ay = (a) Ay = [B(2 + As)? 4 5(e + Aa) — 2] — G2? + 52 — 2) = (62 + 5)Az + 3(Az)? (b) dy = (62 + 5) de (©) dy — Ay = —3(A2)? (a) Ay = [4 — (2 + As) — 22 + Ax)?] — (4 — 7 — 227) = (-7 — 42)Az — 2(A2)? (b) dy = (—7—~42)dr —(c) dy — Ay = 2(Az)? © @) w=s)m-t= ath () = ~ ae A —(A2)? (0) y= Oy = = 38 EEE + gE i= _ _ —22Ae ~ (Aa)? = —2 We) = ag b- eae || Wa Be =32(Az)? — 2(A2)° (0) dy — ay = =2A2, (+ Aa), Dds + (Aay g YBa aa! t et ds) 2 ee Ae) TH] dy = (2024 — 242° + 62)Az; r= 1 and Az = 0.03 yield dy = 2(0.03) = 0.06; (1.03) % f(1) + dy = —4 + 0.06 = —3.94 (Ta) dy = (—92” + 8)Az; r = 4 and Az = —0.04 yield dy = —136(—0.04) = 5.44; $(3.96) = f(4) + dy = —167 + 5.44 = —161.56 TS) dy = (42")As; z= Land Ar = —0.02 yield dy = 4(—0.02) = —0.085 #(0.98) = f(1) + dy = 1+ (—0.08) = 0.92 (Ta) dy = (42° — 92? 4 82)Ae; s = 2 and Az = 0.01 yield dy = 12(0.01) = 0.12; S(2.01) ws f(2) + dy = 3 + 0.12 = 3.12 (15) dy = f"(0) AP = (2cos@ - -in#)A8; 9 = 30" and Ad = —3" yielu dy = ({3 — })(—3- ;3q) {radian measure must be used } = —0.0645; (27°) & f(30") + dy = (1 + 13/2) + (—0.0645) = 1.8015 (TO) dy = f"(6) Ag = (—cec gp cotd — csc74) Ads ¢ = 45° and Ag = I" yield dy = (—{3+1 — 2)(1+ 7%) & —0.0596; $(46") 5s f(4B") + dy ae (1B + 1) + (0.0596) ve 2.3546 (eeca tana) Aaj il dy = f(a) Aw 0" and Aw = 2° yield dy = (2+ 13)(2+s8) = SS as 0.1209; f(62') & (00°) + dy 2+ 0.1209 = 2.120968 EXERCISES 3.5 WB dy = /(A)AB = sect AB; B = 30° and Af = ~2" yield dy = ($)(—2-s%y) = BG & — 0.0465; (28°) 5s (30°) + dy as 13/3 + (—0.0465) ee 0.5309 (TD) (a) With & = 0.001, f*(2.5) = £2.50). f.ss9 es —0.27315. y = f(2.5) + f(2.5)(z — 2.5) = ym —0.98451 — 0.27315(z — 2.5) (b) When # = 2.6, y = —1.011825. (c) #(2.6) = f(2.5) + dy = f(25) + f'(2.5)Az = —0.98451 — 0.27315(0.1) = —1.011825 (d) They are equal because the tangent line approximation is equivalent to using (3.31). (D(a) f(z) = 32” + Ge — 2; f"(0.4) = 0.88; y= (0.4) + #'(0.4)(z — 0.4) = y= 4.744 + 0.88(2 — 0.4) (b) When 2 = 0.43, y = 4.7704. (c) f(0.43) ws (0.4) + dy = f(0.4) + f(OA)Az = 4.744 + 0.88(0.03) = 4.7704 (a) They are equal because the tangent line approximation is equivalent to using (3.31). (HD) The average error is SY as YF = wash ae aids ate00) = £0.02. The percentage ertor is (average error) x 100%, i.e., (st 0.02)(100%) or + 2%. _ (827 +5)de _ ($0.1) _ . SY a Seay Te = Oth £13.% SY wf = OLE + Dee _ MeN) $0.04; £4% i Ee. Gy = # 0.00125; + 0.125% ‘B) dA = (62 — 1) da; 2 = 2 and de = 0.1 = dA = 110.1) = 11 Delap = (40/9 + 20 dt; t= 8 and dt = 0.2 + dP = 18(0.2) = 3.6 mY = Last = = 3(#) = (415%) = 445% -3/8 way = Bet = 2(4F) = (4 0.08)'= 20.032 uf = weet =| = i 4 = $44 = 40.08 = 40.08 ma ~ Ref = 10)» =P arm — a8 (50) A(r) = a? = dA = Qardr, AA & dA = 2n(16)(+ 0.06) = + 1.920 in? ws £6.03 in.4; A(16) = 256m => a4 ss bLgee = 40.0075; + 0.75%EXERCISES 3.5 69 (BB) Ae) = 2? + dA = 2ede AA dA = AI 4-§) = Aw 0.0104 17; AQ) =13 Based ws £00104 +1.04% Via) = 2° => dV = 32" dr, AV & dV = 3(10)%(0.1) = 30in.’. The exact change ie AV = V(10.1) — V(10) = (10.1)° — 10% = 30.301in.®. [54] 5(r) = av? > dS = Bar dr AS = dS = 8x(1)(0.01) = 0.08% ms 0.251 ft?. If zis the length of the side of the square, then the base of the triangle is z and the total area is y = f(z) = 27 + ({3/4)2". y'(2) = 22 + (13/2)2. 2 = 48 and Ac= + ft = dy = f(a)Ac = (96 + 2413)(+ &) = 8 + 218 w 411.4641 ft. ‘The actual area is f(48) = 2304 + 57613 rv 3301.66 ft. dy roe B) wv 0.00347; 0.347% Let r denote the radius of the cylinder and hemisphere. The volume of the silo is V(r) = mr"(50) + Zr’. If Cis the circumference of the cylinder, then Fiend C= 904058, VG) = 508)? + 3a(E)* = Po? + ae and ¥(30) = Soe FD ns 3808.96 1°, wig = BE +5 25,80 AV we W"(30)(+ 0.5) = a fe + 130.8 f°. x GF ws BAGOR os + 0.0343; + 3.43% GOV = brPhandh = 1 => V= bar’s AV dV = or dr, 2 = x(10)? dr = dr = gh. cm = 0.00637 cm. [BB] Using A = }be sina, we have A = 3(12)(12)sin@ = 72sin and A’ = 72cos6. When @ = 30° and Ad = 9°, dA = 72co980"(3 Eq) = 8191/5 w 3.26 in.?, — Emmy _ =2Gmm; Ba) Ms) = 3 = Pls) = ; P(s)As _ (-26 As _ — (3) As _ (—2Gmym,/s*) As _ =RDs, Ginymg/s Now, ~2A# — 0.1 {10%} and s = 20 + As = de = —Lem. yop cay gg = Ce) -B-T dt _ 4 at 30% = Hl = 2(90%) = 60% increase (2x/{3)! [AI] Let r denote the radius of the arteriole, P the pressure difference, and c the ionati =s Pope AP _ (4c gy \(') — —4( dr proportionality constant. Now, P = § and ag aa ( 4 ar\(=) = 4( dp ). GE -0.1 {10% decrease} => SP = 40.4, an increase of 40%. Ga] Let L denote the wire's length, J the wire's diameter, and c the proportionality constant. Now, R = and SE SE os e =(- ach ap) i) = —2( 9B). Equivalently, 42 = —}48. Thus, HE = 43% => OP = + 1.5%. AE - The average change is AF w ag =70 EXERCISES 3.6 a3) FO) = Sah coat te = pyamb pcos (oince w= 0.2 and W = 100). Pd) = —20l-2eos8 — sin 8) __20sind — 4eosd (0.2eind + coed)? ~ (0.28ind + cosa)* . . 1042 — 212 Sfx When @ = 45° and A@ = 1’, dF = Legis) = 3 0.274 Ib. ( fz i fai 15) 2 a: 3, in’, (HE) ah = Hsing £086 oy and ape = ELosPe = sine) Ja. tf Ace = 90° = oF then Ah ss dh = 100? sing" cos 30" , af = 12555 vs 1.18 fe oy — intan” and AR we dR = 2100)"(co0? 30" = sn? 80) UBB wy 2.79 [45] (6) = 20tand => dh = 20s0c79 dd. Let 9 = and AP = £18-s%, = kyle Thus Ah mw dh = 20sec? G0" + (4 7f5) = 20(4)(4 7X5) = Ew £0.35 ft. {46] In the figure in the text, let A represent the spacclab’s position, C'the earth's center, and B the point of tangency on the earth. In right triangle ABC with hypotenuse AG, the ovation relating rand is iP = appl = = being ana ars a eee ye 0 = 65.8" and AD = £057 a 380 0s 65.8" i drs aoa ayt(*3b0) mt £176 miles. => h = 115tang and dh = 115eec"¢ dé => [Hf] From the text's figure, tan = Tn dg = sfycos"A dh. For dh = cl and ¢ = 62°, we need dp as + 0.0033 my 40.19", HB] Let B= kegel, where & is a constant of proportionality. Then, 4B = (—tsipfas)(p) = —tan oo. $ s With 0 = 21° and do = —1', 42 = tan21°(hy) = 0.0067 as 0.67%. le= i= dp = 5 dv > vdp = —Gdu = vdp + dv = 0 => vdp + pdv = . Bis }sa= ~ fin Rita —han = ray Fanos Rdl + Idk = 0. 2 [BI] dA = 2sAsand AA = (s+ As)?— 3? = 2sAs + (As)%; 4A ie the shaded area and AA — dA = (As)? in as labeled.EXERCISES 3.6 7m Figure 51 (BO av = 3s7As, AV = (9 + As)? — 39 = 357 As + 39(As)? + (As)*, and AV— dV = 33(As)? + (ds)*. Thus, dV is the sum of the volumes of shaded blocks A, B, and C, while AV — dV is the sum of the volumes of the unshaded blocks D, E, F, and G. [Exercises 3.5] OY = Mae = (ouy(aet) = 62'u = 622? — 4) i bi e458 iy ao ak - men oe ie + 69 B ax ae ~ ag ae “ta? Ge = fede = (ou + 2)(4) = 8(3% + 1) = 812% +1) dy = dis = (Sse? 3u)(22) = 62 eee” 3u = Gz sec*(32”) dy 2 M448 — (u con — sina)(3s*) = 32°(c* cosa® + sin) re) = 32” — 32 + 8)°(2e — 3) F(z) = 2(42° + 22? — 2 — 9)(125" + 42 — 1) B g(2) = —5(8e — 7)-°(8) = —40(82 — 1)* (DO) ka) = —3(62” — 22 + 1)-*(102 — 2) = —6(52 — 22 + 1)-4(52 — 1) 1) = C=O) Oe Hien Y= 4) ae Mr) = =F @ 1) @ ay oe) = (z+ 3) «we — 62) = eo Cs + 1))(2e + 3)°(2) _ 2a + 3)(42° — Gz) — (st — 327 + 1)(8) _ 125° + 122” — 182 — 8 (2x + 3) (22 + 3) (5) f(a) = (82? — 22? + 2 — 7)*(24e2" — 42 + 1) () sw) = 4(w* — gu? + 15)°(4u® — 16) = 16u(u! — Bu? + 15)°(u? — 4) [15] F(x) = 1000(17v — 5)°°9(17) = 17,000(17» — 5)°” OG) a(t) = —2(41* — 34° + 2 -*(2014 — 9 4 2) a 0 a2 EXERCISES 3.6 (EZ) (@) = (6z — 7)°(2)(82" + 9)(16z) + 9(6z — 7)°(6)(8z* + 9)* = (6 — 7)(82" + 9)[322(62 — 7) + 18(82" + 9)] = (6x — 7)*(82* + 9)(3362* — 2242 + 162) = 2(62 — 7)*(8x" + 9)(1682? — 1122 + 81) (TB) F'(w) = (2u* — 8u + 194) (Bw + 2)°(8) + (Aw ~ 3)(3w + 2)* = (w+ 2)°[12(2w? — 3 + 1) + (Aw — 3)(3w + 2)] = (3w + 2)9(36u? — 37w + 6) HP® = 6? - 3) (2+ 3) = 122 - 4G + 4) _ - _ y El 9( = a(t + 4 [* 1 = a + 40)) aM 4 4) (BD k(x) = 408? + 27) 8 (24r?) = 8780 + 27.7" Bw) = 402 — 92 + 8) (42 — 9) 4/6 = gfe 950) at (23) P(e) = Gea 2? _4@s— aya) BD KG) = — ay “yao BB ow) = do Lu? ~ au? + sw?) 2 = yw? 4 ou? gut? = ww 9 Bw! (2B) (2) = 4s? + 22 + 37782 + 2) = tt 4c4 422+ 3 _ (4a? + 9)7(2) — (2a + 9)4)4a" + 9)71/7(82) GD we) = 42° +9 _ de + 9)77/7{ (42? + 9) — 22(22 + 3) 6(3 — 22) 42° +9 ae +9) BB (2) = ote + {2 + 3)°[7 +e + aya) |] = ote + fF 49) [re Fr [29] H(z) = cos(s? + 2)- (22) = 2 cos (2? + 2) (30) f'(#) = —sin(4 — 31) -(—3) = 3sin(4 — 3+) [3] #"(0) = Dy (cos38)* = 5(cos30)*(—sin 30) 3 = —15cos* 30 sin 30 (53) (2) = Dz (sinz*)* = 4(sin s*)*(cos2*)(32*) = 122” sin (2°) coa(z*) gi(z) = ec (2z + 1)? tan (22 + 1)?(2)(22 + 1)(2) = A(2z + 1) see (2z + 1)? tan (22 + 1)? [34] H(z) = —coc (a + 4) cot (2? + 4)-(22) = —22 coc(2? + 4) cot(z? + 4) (35) B"(s) = —esc*(s* — 28) - (85? — 2) = (2 — 3s*) ese? (s° — 23) [56] f'(z) = sec? (22? + 3)-(42) = 4x sec? (2z” + 3) [37] F(z) = —sin (32%) - (62) + 2(cos32)(—sin32)(3) = —6z sin (32*) — Gcos3z sin3zEXERCISES 3.6 rE] [38] g*(t) = 3(tanGw)? sec? 6w(6) = 18tan?6w sec” Ow GB) F(4) = 2 (csc24)(—cse 24 cot 24)(2) = —dese” 24 cot 26 A] M'(2) = sec(1/z*) tan(1/z”) (—2/2*) = —(2/z°) sec (1/27) tan(1/z") [GI] (2) = 2? (—cae?52)5 + cotb2- (22) = 22 cot bz — 52? ese” 5x HZ) G'(s) = s[—cac(s*) cot (s?)]28 + (1).cac(s?) = cse (s2) — 28? esc(s*) cot (s?) (43) (0) = tan? (3s0c7@ sec O tan?) + 2(tan 0)(sec7#)(sec?A) = Qtan @ sec™O + Stan°d sec?? 4A) (uv) = w*[9(eec* 4u)(see4u tanda)4] + 2u occ? du = ‘Qu sec’ 4u + 124? sec 4u tan de [45] W'(2) = 5(sin 52 — cos 52)‘ (5 cos5z + 5sin5z) = 26(sin 5z — cos5z)*(cosSz + sin5z) (45) p'(v) = De[(sin 42){1/sin 4v)] = De(1) = 0 FE Tw) = 3cot? (Bw + 1)[—cse? (Bw + 1)(3)] = —9eot (Sw + 1) esc? (Bw + 1) (2B) o(*) = [coa(ar + 3)*](4)(ar + 3)°(2) = 8(2r + 3)° cos (2r + 3)* vig) = GL —sindu)(—4sin4u) — (cosdu)(—4eos4u) _ a e(w) = — sindw) = =4sindw + 4sin?4w + 4cos"4w _ 4(1—sindw)_ ig (I — sin4y) @—cintuy! ~ Taint _ 2 BO) f(s) = (1 tan 2e)(Qsec2s ton2z) — (seca)(2oee? 2s) _ (1 + tan 22) 2eec 2o[ tan2e + tan? 2x — (1+ tan?22)] 2sec2x (tan 2x — 1) (1 + tan22)? (1 -+ tan 2z)* (5) f(z) = Stan? 2z sec” 22(2) — sec? 2x sec 2x tan22(2) = Gtan 2r sec” 22(tan 22 — sec22) (52) i(G) = 3(tan2g — sec24)? (2sec726 — 2eec 26 tan 24) = Geec 2p (tan 2g — sec24)*(sec2d — tan 24) = Gsec AP (sec 2p — tan2¢)® UB P(e) = (con F2)Gx 7") + Yin) cons = SSF + opts 2/8, 8 25 — = (A s"(2) = vec? 5 — Ge[ 416 — 62)°7/%(—6)] = a a BB) #0) = 2(cos {3 = 86)(—sin {3 — 86)[ 4(3 ~ 80)~"/7(—8) | = Beos {3 — 80 sin {3 — 80 3 — 80 (BB) r'(t) = ein 2t — cos21)"/7(2c082t + 2sin 24) = Coit sind sin 2d — cost (2) = {a + i (sce? {2 + 1) [He? + 1)7728)] + [ie + eei]ten (FF) S voce Fi 4 MEF! 7 +1 Sia EXERCISES 3.6 Me) = (167 + 4)(—denc? a) — (cot 4p) CG? + 4726) _ : (14 + 4)? —A4(6? + 4) c2c24g — 4 cotdg w+ 4? (BO) Me(z) = sec {Ge 1 tan [de + 1 (Y(de + 1) (4) = ee ep ie {eri iz (BO) F(s) = H(cse2s)"'/7(—2ese 2s cot 2s) = —S8e28 cob? coc 2s (BD) bi(x) = 44 + ese? 3z)7"/7(2)(e8e 32)(—Sese3z cot 32) = ~4etetes BE] f(t) = (sin* 2¢)f 4(cos 28)” /7(—sin2H(2) |] + 2(sin28)(cos2#)(2) Yeoodt = sin 24(4cos” 21 — sin? 24) cos 2¢ Note: Let y = f(z) in Exercises 63-68. The answers are listed in the following order: (a) f'(z); the slope at P; the equation of the tangent line at P; the equation of the normal line at P (b) the roots of f'(2) = 0 (BB (a) f(z) = 4(42” — Be + 3)°(82 — 8) = 32(2 — 1)(2e — 1)8(22 — 3)°; (2) = 864; y — 81 = 864(2 — 2); y - 81 = —gh,(z — 2) (0) #2) =05 25143 (a) f(z) = 10(2z — 1)9(2) = 20(22 — 1)%; fr(1) = 20; y-1=20(e— 1s y-L= —d(s-1) Iz} (b) #2) =03 25) 74 BV) 1) = (2 + 4)'(1~ 4) = SEEN DEM, f(1) = 0; y — 32 = O(c — 1) or y = 32} the negative reciprocal of 0 is undefined indicating that the normal line is vertical, namely, zr = 1. (b) #() =O 2=h1, (BB (2) $s) = Yee? + (ae) = 29Q22? 41) P-) = — Bs y- G=-Zetdiy- B= Fe+y (b) #(2) =0 > 2=0 (D(a) f(z) = 3 + 3co03z; f(0) = 6; y — 0 = 6(z — 0) ory = 65; y—0=—-K(s—O)ory= —}e (b) f(2) = 0 => cos3z = -1 >} Braet ene c= 5+ Ua (8) (a) f*(2) = 1 — 2sinds, (0) = y—1 = 1z—Oory=z4+h; y-1l=—-l(e-O)ory=—-z+1 (b) f(a) = 0 => sinde = 3 > 2r =F + Own, 4 In c= H+ on, + anEXERCISES 3.6 5 9(2) = 424+ 1)7'78) = —3__ 2(32 + 1)" ay 7 =-3 4@r+ 1)" "@) _ 9 BT “4Q3z + 1S = Xs? “1/3 (96) 5 DR) = He" + 29 aren Rt) = 8 + 4904) — (49) -3- ie +477 (28) 9(s? + 4)" (s+ 4765? + 4) - (45)(3)] fs? + 12) ~ Ws? + 4y7* ~ O(s? + 4) (ZI) (+) = 5(4r + 7)4(4) = 20(4r + 7); HY(r) = 20-4(4r + 7)°(4) = 320(4r + 7)* (FAI F"(2) = Ale + 7) *"(10) = —2_,; (102 + 7) vs yrs) = pe DG _ ___as (102 + 7) (loz + 7)°* (73) f"(2) = 3sin?2 cos x, $"(2) = 3[sin?z+(—sin2) + (cos) 2sinz cos] = 6sinz cos’z ~ 3sin®x [74] G'(2) = 2eecdt(secdt tan 41)4 = Stand sec? 44; Gr() = 8[tandt- Deed secdt tant: 4 + nec? At-see741-4] = 32sec" 4t + 64 tan? At oec” At (ly =f) = E> a= sali When + = 64 and dz = 1, (1) = dy 165) » $064) + dy = 4 + de = Ae dy = 3¢{64)? ily = s(2) = Ne = dr = gh de When 2 = 32 and dz = 3, 4 sal (3) = J. 105) = 162) + dy = 2+ & = (EDK = fro! = YE = M49 ot (TB) Vm fr MY mm Em ar mE = Bi = [att] = ae _300(6400)? (7400) [BD (a) we = OE = AH ab (310.375 1°)[0.18(2 — 2] = 5.6025." (2 ~ 1) (©) We= 10.3762 = 1 = *{W/10.375 ms 1.245 for W = 20 = W" wy 6.56 kg/yr. (BI) 42) = f(o(2)) = F(2) = —45 #(2) = F'(o(2)) 92) = F*(2) 9'(2) = 3-5 = 15 (HZ) »(3) = ar(3)) = of) = —25 p(B) = of(r(8)) r'(8) = o'(8) r'(8) = 6-4 = 24 (4) = #(0(4)) A) = HE) = rey = = Ay 4 A) w(0) = ¥(w(0)) w(0) = wi) = aay = = fy = - At z= 1000 with & =6, ay 6 ~& —0.1819 Ibs/sec.16 EXERCISES 3.6 (LI) = FCG(LD))- (1-12) = F(2.282) - (2.12) ~[& 249) — $2 san [ag = | = (52ug _ $0528) (2.248 = 2-221) = 491 B(—2) = f"(o(—2)) - o'(—2) = f'(—8.48) - o'(—2) -[& 8.43908) — f(— sas}) “o{—1.996) — gota) "—. 2¢oozooay «|| ~——~—=0.00d) = = { 2osssoy ]—s.4s008 = {-s-ato00)) =o (7) (a) Since fis even, f(—2) = f(z). Differentiating both sides yields: F(-2\(—1) = Fa) = f'(—2) = —f'(2) = fis odd. Example : If f(z) = 2* (an even function), then f"(2) = 4s* (an odd function). (b) Since fis odd, f(—z) = —f(z). Differentiating both sides yields: f(-a(-)) = -F@) > F(-2) = FG) = fis even. Example: If (2) = 2° (an odd function), then f'(z) = 32* (an even function). (BB) De coos = Ds[sin($ — 2)] = cos(§ — )-(—1) = —cos(f — 2) = -sin (o) OE = EME & (16d x 10-4) Lae (b) W= (6 x 1075) L774 = 0.5 = L vs 26.975. dW/dt 0. Thus, 4 = Fprap * annem ono ae oTayTA © 7878 cm/month. 4p BO p= owt = P= -1devt = = ah = Sah (0 (s) $(8) = 607, AS x dS = S(h) eee Thus, Sw 28) (4.0.1) = £0.48 w 1.508em?. {36 + 64 (b) %erzor = aj se x 100% = 40.8% arg AT OG at gy _ mat Fe a= dl = 0.021 or J must increase by 2%. Exercises 3.7 Note: For all exercises, we assume is that the denominators are nonzero. Note: In Exercises 1-18, the first equation shown is the result of differentiating the original equation implicitly. 162+ 29 =o y = -% Bias — 6yy =i y= El iy Gz? + 2zy 62? + (yy + 2ay) + Oy’ =O Y= — x + 3yEXERCISES 3.7 7 102+ (229 + 4zy) + 2yy = Om = at 0s ~ (ay! + 9) — Buy = Oy = MEE : : 4s + (@2yy + Bay") — (ayy + 8¥) 42 = 05 y = re 1/2 a a a O74 Py 205 w/e =e ov = — {ile ge Wy 05 vf = 1/4 ov = Yee oa ow ae + Moy (ay + 9) = 0 > aH ate g y= TER 2 — Yay) (ey + 9) + By’ = 0 > po og)y = nt (0 ~ ais) = aig? 9 aaa 2(sin3y)(cos3y)(3y') = 1+ y¥ > ¥ = tansy = Taya C1 = [eos (eg fer'+ 9) + y = + ser 13] v' = [-cot (zy) csc (ay) ev + y) => ¥ + ay/ cot (xy) esc (zy) = —y cot (zy) esc(zy) = af = aia = 1 ___2esecy (4) 2yy. = Alsecy tony) y’ + Qe secy > y’ = 3 efeccpiang OB) 24y = =(—sin yy + cosy => (ein + 2y)y = cosy = yf = SOE (DB) (zy + y) = aec?y 9 => y(2 — sec’y) = —y > yy = —p— aecy — = (1) 2x + Hsin y)"/(cosy) 97 — 2yy/ = 0 => (Blom Fy? y -3 0 > Sly 3 y = SUE 19) 2(2? + 9? + o)(22 + 2yy') — Bes = 0 => yf = oe ze ih a’) At P(2, {2) with a = 2, b= (6, y = —}12. (20) 32? + 859" — Balcy’ + y) =O > -g-% = ie At P(6, 6) with @ = 4, 9 = —1. ae? to (2 + e+ Quy) = ey + y) a = ee. At P(1, 1) with a= 7, y= —1. (22) (y — «(22 + Quy’) + Ay — a)a'(z? + y) = yy => y= =2aly ~ a)? . Dey — a) + 2(y— ale + F) — OPy At P({15, 1) with a= 2, b= 4, 9 = 3{iB.8 EXERCISES 3.7 Note: In Exercises 23-28, you do not need to explicitly solve for y' (see Exercise 26). Bay +y=0>y = —f At P(-2,8), y= 4. Giloyy — 8s =0 + y = AF At (1,3), = -§. 5) 6? — (ey + Ban) + Suh = 0 = y = BSE, At PQ, —8), of = He (Beh lay*y + 4 — (2"y! cosy + zsiny) =O 2=1y=0S4—-yH=0sy¥=4 (Pij27y + y-22 4 cosyy = OS yy = +2 Say At P(1, 2m), yf = —2m. _y BBlz-tyy + + 8y <0 ¥ = pig ALP 3) of = —B (4yy(a) ~ (3ey(ayy __ Y= 12D anja) = (Bayeay) __ YT Tay _ BO) 6 + Byy' = 0 vf = Hy = — 16y 16y' _48y" + 3627 _ _12(9a" + Ay") _ oe = ar “as (eince 327 + 4y? = 4) 10y — 10a(§t 3) = = Be. yw — 2yp(5) — (52)(2v') GO) 10: — dy =O v= Hv — re - ws 502? _ xine —2v)_ ~4 5, (since 52? — 2y? = 4) v Bi): — ayy 0 y= y= v'(22) — P(2yy) _ Qay — 22°(2"/y*) y y 2x(y* — 2°) ¥ = Ye (since y® — 2* = —1) is #@v'y) + s8@s) = 0 + yf =~ 1. _32(2y') ~ 29(3) _ — ry + 6y _ —8- go) +6 — 30zy _ Joy We os 9: ote oe _ _ . sing ¥ Bilesyy ty =v = rE cay Y ~ (1+ cosy) “ara (BH) -siny y = 1 =e yf = —cse y; —(—esey coty) y! = (ese y cot y)(—escy) = —coty cac*y Bot + y'- roe yaHi-toeyatfi-c. = aty/4 if-1<2¢c Let fe(a) = {° for any cin {—1, 1]. (i-a)'“*ife 0 and hence (x* + y*) +12 1>0. [38] None, since (cosz + siny) <1+1<3.EXERCISES 3.8 rt} TE if0<2c for any ¢> 0. Then, fe(2) is a solution of y? = z. mets A typical example with ¢ = 2 is shown in Figure 39. Figure 39 (2? + 9 = a? > y' = ~F. The slope of the tangent line at P(zp, yo) is m = —2, and mop = 2. Thus, m-mgp = —1, provided x # 0, yo # 0. If zo = 0, the tangent line is horizontal and OP is vertical. If yy = 0, the tangent ~ line is vertical and OP is horizontal. In all cases, they are perpendicular. 3 (i) 32? — 2y° + dy = 12 => Gr — (x? -By?y + 2299) + dy’ SO = Fa ae At (2,0), 9 = —3. Then, Ay w dy = f'(2)Az = (—3)(—0.03) = 0.09. (2a) = + ay + y* = 19 = 32 + (xy + + aPy 0m y = EE 7 AE (1, 2) of = —G Then, Ay © dy = fi()Az = ~§ (0.1) = -0.018 + . bx f(Ql) + dy = 2 — 0.015 w 1.9848. 3 Flt) vy = Ete, at (1.2, 1.3), y' & —0.7556. ay ° (1.23) #9 f(1.2) + fi(L.2) Ae es (1.3) + (—0.7556)(0.03) re 1.2773 {b) At (1.23, 1.2773), y's ~0.7548. $(1.26) #2 f(1.23) + f'(1.28) Ae ee (1.2773) + (—0.7548)(0.03) me 1.2647 BA (a) ¥ = yp SOE cag at OL 3.8), of ws —1.08128. f(2:12) a f(Q1) + FQ Ade & (3.3) + (—1.08123)(0.02) we 3.2784 (b) At (2.12, 3.2784), y! ee —0.9604. S(214) ae F(212) + f'(2.12)Az ee (3.2784) + (—0.9604)(0.02) a 3.2592 D A= 2 + tA = aed = a(10)(8) = 60. BD sms my 48 = as? = 9(3%)(-2) = 64. @ p=4when ¥ = —40, = 59°? 4 eV = ig 2? 4 PL 4 V= —Sp oH == FA a te ie 34, dP 3 dw 3 dw dw 5 @ w=} when P=9. Page Ge AG 28 = —Gign dts Gm od 2+ 3y? 4+ 2y = 10> a aede + cyl 4 24 <0 (ay 4 1H = 2s 2 = ay 3 Has,80 EXERCISES 3.8 ay ~ x + dz = ~10 = oy — ande 4 44t = 0 > ap Y = (2-2) > 9-3) = > Hd (Sey + 22 = 82 = 82H H+ Oxy +298 = 0 = (+ nif= 324 2 = -1(-4) + & = 8 aly? — 4 = 44 > -24y Y — 227? 4M oos (Py 4 4 = —2y? nko > ant ='12(5) dy =3. Let denote the diameter. A= fre? > A me bra le = $n(80)(0.01) = 0.158 6 0.471 em? /min. (TO) A = ar? > a ane de oes) = 1800" & 5655 ft?/min. (I) {diameter = 18 in. svi = Qin, = 9 ft.) Ve fre = ay = ante oe aie pot = mp = 22 fe 0.707 ft/min. (12) v= fxr > ay [3] Let x denote the distance between the base of the building and the bottom of the ladder and y denote the distance between the base of the building and the top of the ladder, 2? + y? = 400 => 2 = {336 when y = 8 and aot + ty <0 > Y= pee = Bay [Td] Let denote the distance of the first girl east of A, y the distance of the second girl north of A, and + the distance between the girls. Potato naa sods =1-4 +3). 2 = 10 gi, (120 see) = 1200 ft, y = 8 fh (60 sec) = 480 ft => 2 = 1201116 fe. 95 = 10 and 4 asa f= ipo trrg 20009) + 480(8)} = ie fs 12.3 ftfaec. (5) Let z denote the distance of ‘ihe tip of the shadow from the base of the pole, y the nr dE = Am(10)"(—f) = _20 fe 111.7 in? /min. —RNSI6 mw —6.9 ft/sec. distance of the boy from the base, and z the length of the shadow. nas a By similar triangles, = +34 =» 2 = fy > =44 Ba fe 5.82 ft/sec. Thus, 4 = $f - 4 = Ff wm 1.82 ft/ece, [16] Let z denote the horizontal distance between the bow of the boat and the dock and £ the length of rope between the boat and the my Pastas ud =F = ooh ECL ~Z AGT 2.08 ft/sec (negative since 2 is decreasing).EXERCISES 3.8 81 (17) Let T denote the thickness of the ice and note that the radius is 120 in. ‘The volume of the ice (outer hemisphere — inner hemi.) is V = $x(120 + T)® — 3x(120)® + wy = 2x(120 + rae = 2n(120 + 2)°(—4) = 7442" my —23,880 in.®/br, ince r= h, Vi rth = wht, AY wx oh? GB w= (10)%(6) = 600m as 1885 in.*/min. [19] Let £ denote the length of string and z the horizontal distance of the kite from the boy. L? = x? + 100? => =ordt = de 1289) = obdh = onde = de = ¥ ab Vila) = 1 ws 5.83 fh/sce. (20) Let h denote the height of the balloon and L the ‘eats of the rope. 2 =f? + 207 rm ho hdl 2500 > = = = 5.00 ft, . 2G = ONG) > = BG = span”) = Tega any 800 W/eee pv = c= pit + of soa ha —3% = —15(—2) = 5 in*/min (increasing). Let denote the diameter of the cable in inches. Hence, A = ro) is the curved surface area. =i fi we 12000 92 => e = pi 4 = = pyhog(750) = gh 0.1989 im./yr. = A denote the depth of the water. The area of the submerged triangular portion is i= I= fe vm mio BG ie Suey = ABO = BS 0.81 /min, [24] Using the same notation as in Exercise 23, A = }h? and V = 4h? = W — pnd op ha dav {50 = 48 = 0.9976 ft/min. (25) Let x denote the length of a side. , 2 - = (800) -$% 4 = m0, = (82) and 4a =—-4= a = me = -# 2 —0.2149 cm/min. 3 BO) V = far oe WY = aa aot v= 400, r= 4800, ana Y = 10% = a —apa(-10) = won re —0.038 ft/min. BNC = oar = ME = on dt = 2n(0.5) = x wv 3.14 m/sec, Note: Cis linear in 20 its rate of change is constant. [2B] Let 2 denote the runner's distance from third base and h her distance from home plate. A? = 2? + 607 > dh _ o,dz edz _ a4) = —2h x — 2hdh = 22% = = ff = Pat 24) = fhe 7.59 ft/eec.EXERCISES 3.8 ah, a. =htg > pee -aF - ae 1 Ra Ry = Wand Rp = 90 > R= $F. Beato dR _ af = ~p*[- halt =aes ) = Gi ba] = rts = 0.006875 ohm/sec. p'*=e> Gt MGs os =u dP __ 60 = 45 3 = wap Ft = ~ rag) = id = - 3.22 cm’ cc. (SH) Since a = 16, V = bwA?[3(16) ~ A] => SE = xh(32 — 1) fh = = att WY ns a 257 (100(0.1887) = A831 os 0.038 ft/min. [32] Let » denote the outside diameter of the sphere and Vp the volume of the tank, ‘The volume of the ice io V= {a(fs)® — Vy = OE = $a? ge. We also have £ 4 = H4r()s)*] for some constant k > 0. stds = b[4x(}s)*] = 4f = 2b, two times the constant of proportionality. (33) Let 1 denote the distance between ‘he two stones. £ = [16] — [16(t — 2)*] = 6a — 64. Thus, $f aL = 64 ft/sec, a constant rate. [Ed] Let h denote the length of the rod and s the diameter. “v= = (hth of = g(2enge + od) = [aexanoorn + (0.005) ] = BE x 0.41 cm®/min. (35) Orient the plane as in Figure 35. Lis the distance (VED position of plane 4 intminutes between the plane and the control tower. Using the distance formula, {10,560 ft = 2 miles} L= (4) + (Grey = Fe ake vas Moy? abe ay Ost 21) + = 360(4) = 6 and % = 360 + Figure 35 dt 1806 +18) 0 355.6 mise. a Tro + 3 " (36) Let y denote the number of miles the car is north of P, z the number of miles the plane is west of P, and L the distance between the plane and the car. {26,400 ft = 5 miles} 1? = oP + y 45? = 2bdh = aede + ay. = = 100 — }(200) = 50 and y = 50(3) = 12.5 > L = (2681.25. 4y = soana 4 = —200 = d, 9375 ‘ = —200) 12.5(50) | = — —181.1 ‘he. Gt = agar OC 200) + 12.5(60)] = — mifteEXERCISES 3.8 88 (87) Consider the cup as shown in Figure 37. Let 6 = 1 and a vary with the depth of the water. The equation of line lis y = 6(2 — 1) and thus, A = 6(a — 1) => Ah + 6). V= prh(a? + 0? + ab) = a §ra[ g(a? + 12h + 36) + 14 §(h-+ 6)] = pgh(A? + 18h + 108). AV = (ant + than). Wo 3h ad > = 20 ws —0.5438.in./hr. “a ‘36 s di dt dt im Figure 37 Figure 38 A cross section of water at depth A has the shape of a trapezoid with lower base 20, upper base (20 + 6), and height A as shown in Figure 38. Line thas equation ¥ = Jr andeo y= h => b = 8h. The area of the trapezoid is }h[20 + (20 + 8A)] and the volume of the water is V = 30(}4)(40 + 84) = 600A + 120A? => 4F (600 + 2401) gh. AY — 500 gal/min ~ 68.85 ft8/min and A= 4 = id S686 0.043 ft/min. Let z denote the horizontal distance between the airplane and the observer and @ the angle of elevation. z = 10,000 cot@ => & = =10,000csc"# 42 = 10,000 (-2.)°(1 fa) = —HARPE ws —282.7 ft/sec (toward the observer). [GD] Let 1 denote the rope’s length. £ = Tesed = 4h = —Tescd cot 9 42 = . j @ = —loing tano dh = -yx-a = di = 0.082 rad/sec as 4.7 deg/see. [Ai] Using A = 3be sine for any triangle, we have A = 3(6)(6)sin@ = 18sin 8. 44 — pcos = 18(8)(2- 78) = SAB 0.64 in.2/min. (HB) Let # denote the horizontal distance from the bottom of the ladder to the base of the building and y the distance from the top of the ladder to the base of the building. == Weos6, y = 2eind, and MF ='—(20 sino) 4 = —(y) 4 df — —} de, y= 12 and 42 = 2 = 4 — 1 py 0.167 rad/see ss —9.55 deg/see (decreasing). dt a 8)84 EXERCISES 3.8 Let s denote the distance between the top of the control tower and the airplane and = the distance the airplane is down the runway. # = 2? + 3007 + 20" = 20d = 228 ds ede 2,640,000 ; . HFG = 80, ait (8800 ft/min) = Fanag ~ 0215-6 fe/min me 70.69 mia. 1087 [7/273 => dy 1 aT 1087, = 3261 at > ae [ays t= 303/273") ~ bae|soajava ~ OOT (leche. 5] Let + denote the-horizontal distance between the plane and the observer, and # the angle of elevation. When the plane is 60,000 ft from the observer {9 = 30°}, the constant height is 30,000 fe. += 30,000cot@ =» 4¢ = —30,000csc7# #2 = = 30,000(2)?(0.5 + pq) = —12Q2 ft/sec ss 714.0 mi/hr (toward the observer). Let A denote the missile’s height and @ its angle of elevation. A = 5tan@ => os becctod = 5(RY'O- sip) = FF 0.238 mi/sec as 837.8 mi/hr. [47] Let ¢ represent the angle the wheel turns through when the pedals are rotated through an angle 9. Assuming no slippage in the chain, the length of chain moving 58, ‘ 8, = 24, and s, = 4, => ¢ = §6. The length z that the wheel travels is 144. 146 = 358 = 4 = 359 in fece = YS mishr. [BB] Since 8 = (J — 4), + = 20cecg and J = 100, = 100co9(§ — 4) _ Wein’ = & = = 200sinrg cond a Be 400eec"6 i (D(a) r= Ising and vo? = ry tand = v? =glsind tang. 2v42 = around each sprocket must be equal. Using the arc length formule, 4 ai(sind sec?B + tand cos 6) 42 = g(t sin d)(1 + sec%0) 42 = or{1 +-8ec29) M8. (b) r= Ising + & = teos0 B= i= reap tf Using the result from part (a) yields aude = orl + 20%) ph & = g(tsin9)(1 + 80070) pL # = gtand (1 + vec) dr. (50) By similar triangles, for the filter, g=foraie Vyitter + Veup = 10 = 4x(}2)?x + x(2)?y = 10 => fhx* + dry = 10 > deatdt 4 drt 0 H ‘= hee.EXERCISES 3.9 85 oy ay = $87 = $35 — 6.256 mi/min = 15.36 mi/hr di - emi . # == 4a = £08 = 6.80 — 0.024 mi/min = 13.44 mi/hr Let z denote the distance between the two ships. Att=8,2= {(1.77 — 6.08)? + (8.67 — 1.24)? = {24481 mi. és, dy, = 1.77) 58 + (yy = 1.24) = (ty ~ 1.70)? + (yy — 124)? => = (0 ) > (% ft 6.08 — 1,77)(13.44) + (8.67 ~ 1,24)(15.96) 19 95 mnifhr {e481 . (52) 8.3536 cos(2.662) 42 — abd = =e 1) at stn: 68) de di = 53636 cos (0.560) = Ye 1) * T8G6coa(.56-171) = HiT = 1) ~ ALDBTOG ws 0.419 0 ro = Bedlserhras— seta] all Spe a = ER ace ra) i 7a]7 ap 10) = py ETE TD A ETE ae Fu <7 A” Goes 3 $ie- te 26 —Te f(z) = 627 = 7 = atta ae _ 22” — 1) "OQ = ayy Te Fa a a = 1/26) B 99 =4or+9'"@ = po a niy = Hott 8) 206) _ a rn os CE 2) = Uta? — 42 4 2)? (14e — 2(7z — 2) DFG) = [OF ~ 64 9) 4) = £9) = Lewy 60) = Ban — 4(32” = 1)°(62) _ 42 @ ow =(-9) G1 -attp (OO) (2) = }-4(32” — 1)°(62) = 42(32” — 1)* (OD Pn) = —2(1? — 97?)-8(ar + Oe) = ASS86 EXERCISES 3.9 OD) a(2) = of? — 1)* — 1][5(2 — 1)*(22)] = 50427 — 1)*[(? — a)* - 1] =4 1/8 13) g'(2) = $(32 + 2)°/5(3) = ary (EH) Pa) = 2 + 2 4)(1 — 2°?) = 2(@ + 1/a\(l — 1/4) — 93% - 7 = Bq) = (32. =4ytl 9s me = ee 4)(—2787) = 4(8s? — 4)°(728 — 1084 + 16s) _ 10240(2s? — 1)°(189° — 27% + 4) (i — 985)" (i 985)* 1 —4w 43) _ (vw + 40 + 3)(2w ~ 4) = (wi = aw + 3)(20 + 4) (6) sw) = po( Sete ts) = (u? + dw + 3) = —8u* = 24 8(w? — 3) Pa) = (2° + 1)8(8)(32 + 2)°(8) + (Bz + 2)*(6)(z* + 1)*(624) = (28 + 1)4(32 + 2)*[9(" + 1) + 302%(32 + 2)] = 3(2° + 1)*(82 + 2)7(83z" + 202° + 3) CB) es) = gL + (2 + 9/2) as + 42 + 9 2020)] = a(? +9)? +2 Yes (4972 4 9? 9) H(s) = (2s? — 35 + 1)(4)(9s — 1)°(9) + (9s — 1)*(48 — 8) = (9s — 1)[36(2s? — 35 + 1) + (s — 1)(4s — 3) ] = (9s — 1)°(108s? — 1395 + 39) (20) p'(z) = Ds (22? +3 — 2°) = dz + (2/2°) Biss) = ae + 8 ~ 5 tan reg = EOD = ali (t+ 2) at) — {Zw 5\-172(7w — 9)(2) — (2w + 6)(7) _ —5 Ts) = i734) (Tw — 9) ~ [Qos a7 — 98 24) S(t) = (P+ te 17a = 9)°77°(4) + (at — 9)! + 04 1) t+ 1) = a? + t+ 1) + 3(2t + 1Y(4t— 9) _ 242 — 34t— 19 . dao aoa Pett. o'(t) = AU + cos 2r)7"/7(—2sin 27) = pe (26) o'(z) = —csc(1/z) cot (1/2) (—1/2?) + Ds(cos.2) = (1/2*)cse(1/2) cot (1/2) — sinz a7) f(z) = [PGinds8) (cos 42))(1224) = = 12z7sin 82" (2B) H(4) = 3(1 + sin 31)*(3cos3z) = (9cos31)(1 + sin 31)? BY) h(x) = 5(sec.z + tan z)"(secz tans + sec*z) = Seccz(secz + tanz)®