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    Science 13th June 2008 www.sciencemag.org/webinar

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    12 views132 pages

    Science 13 June 2008

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    Greg_G
    Science 13th June 2008 www.sciencemag.org/webinar

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Science pe Plant Genomes Volume 320, Issue 5875, COVER DEPARTMENTS opresatnvecl drs pais tho ant ing. ra The genomes othe crest abidopsshakana), aes (it vnera,ierza stra, and te es Pyscomrela pater have Seen seauenced, and here ogeing geetic resarhn zone (ais desta, se R930), MO Science Online 121 This Weeki Science 26 Egitors' Choice 428 Contact Science 429 Random Samples {Saimin heopanieun), Gernen diy Gebers yt, 2?" vantens ‘money lone” inal lei course Valeo ewsmaers formosa), maze oa ays neat ic cesar) tip ‘AAAS News & Notes ona (iiedendon alia, onde era Ceraipters New Products ‘chard. Te sedation beaming on sane 465 nce Science Careers ers soies and Pespeciesexlting anton, ecagyeconomeapatatins, and ne ttre ol lant gesomas esearch EDITORIAL ‘Phot tstravon: Kelly Krovse’Since imoges:fupter seacripakasice - ‘nage, Gety images, USLA, Oregon State Vanes, puemner TAL Plant Genomes INTRODUCTION Grean Genes a8 NEWs GIN Cogs: A Wold View 466 Tough lessons From Golden Rice 466 Gm Papaya Takes on Rngspat Virus and ins an Is the Drought Over fer Paring? wa Uncorking the Grape Genome a7 ‘atten cape Sern tie Sods Fr High-Energy Pans a7 PERSPECTIVES NEWS OF THE WEEK Genome-Enabled Approaches Shed New Light on Plant Metabolism 479 ‘New Superconductors Propel Chinese Physicists a32 D.elepenna ond tL Last to Fartont Genomic Pasty andthe Diversty of Poyplid Pants 221 When Hobbits Sow) ted the Earth A fete and Lf tech “ro Geog Clock Finally Keeping the Same Time ‘Selection on Major Components of Angiesperm Genomes 484 B.S. Gout and). Ressibara SciENcESCoPE 435 Syeny ond Coie Pd Gans 406 rope Takes Guesonark Out of Ste Selection 436 nimgetal Rebicing the Injured Vrior 437 “The Epigentic Landscape of Pants 29 X. zhang NEWS FOCUS Extending Genomics to Natural Communities 492 Bypassing thediine to Tea Diabetes 430 and Ecosystems Japanese Experts Steal a Glance at Once-Taboo 44 16. dihithor eta Rojal Tomb from Genotype o Pnenorye: Systems Blolgy Masts 95 Farts Sabet: Picking Up Evolutons Beat aaa Natwral Vartation ‘ARenowned Field Station Rises From the Ashes 444 PLN. Berfey and. Mitchel Olds >> Bil. 425; Sims Expres Repo Bawendi ab; Scome Careers ere hy. Witnsfor oni cater seep 818 orgnty trmacencenag ony panyenone/ CONTENTS continued >> wnwaciencemagorg SCIENCE VOL320 25APRIL 2008 a3 Science SCIENCE EXPRESS www.ssiencexpress.org (CLIMATE CHANGE ‘he Senstinty of Polar Ozone Depletion to Proposed Geoengineering Schemes Sites & Miler, R. Staite Ctealtoneimly ts injection of afr inthe smoephee to counteract ob ‘earning would hesien te ozone ayes; as occured efter the Mount Finabo oe OI 26/cionce.1253966 IMmaunnoLocy Coordination of Early Protective Immunity to Regulatory T Cells JAC lund, Hsing, 1%. Phas, AY, Rudenshy In nice infected wh nerpos virus, a9 usualy immunosuppressve Teal is necessyy {orraoid arial of inmune ces ad elevated ctokine eels the site of infection aoaLz6sciance,1155209 ral Infection by INN - PLANTSCIENCE Cell identity Mediates the Response of Arabidopsis Roots to Abiotic Stress LR Dianeny ol. InArabiopss on tos exons high salinity ron diene, clasts genes rm indscad that 8 usiqae 1 one or both tse sve repant >> Pat Gens section 9465 aise eae PLANTSCIENCE Genome-Scale Froteomics Reveals Arabidopsis thaliana Gene Models, and Proteome Dynamics IK, Boerenfter etal Ie raniop's pate sits ste lant develars, ane pens nat predksed kom gosome asi, some derive rom incon and pz adogens, re agree, 20.1126. 1187956 LETTERS Parsing the Evolution of Language 446 18D. Joseph and SS. Mufwene Response QD. Atancon et al Inspecting Urban Healt E, Thomas Response C Dye ‘he Quest for Stronger, Tougher Materials BO. Ritchie Response ¥ Dzenits TECHNICAL COMMENT ABSTRACTS: OCEAN SCIENCE Comment on “Eddy/tind interactions Stimulate Extzordinary Mid-Ocean Plankton Bieoms” AMahedeven, €. Thomas, A, Tandon 448 Response to Comment on “Eédy/Wind Interactions ‘Stimulate Extr2ordinary Wié-Ocean Plankton Booms" D.}. MeGiiuddy I, J. RLednel A. Anderson BOOKS ET AL. Frits and Plans The Horticutural Transformation of America 2), Pauly, reviewed by 5. Kingsland ‘Most Dangerous Catch D. Eliseo, Divector: FLOW: For love of Water’, Satin, Director Building the Futwre—Energy . Brown, Director Gimme Green/. Scwn and. Fagg, Directors; ‘carted Lands and Wounded Lives: The Environmental Footprint af War A Day and L. Day, Directors POLICY FORUM Harvesting Data from Genetically Engineered Crops AL Maries ot al. EDUCATION FORUM “The Aévantage of Abstract Examples in Learning Math JA Kaminst, VM. Sioushy Heckler wawscencemagorg SCIENCE VOL320 25 APRIL 2008 PERSPECTIVES Enigmas Blood Clot Elasticity 456 LM. Weisel lantfyng ancient Astrolds 457 TH Burbine ‘AOne Sided Signal ase 6.0. Fain and’. Grinstein ‘Carbon Crucible 460 ‘M. Marqus and & Tans RUA Metaboliem and Oncagenasis DLL Johnson and 5.4.5. Johnson BREVIA PALEONTOLOGY ‘Molecular Phylogenetics of Mastodon and Byrannoscurus rex CL Organ etal Fryegonstic nays of eolagenaocin ragnenis rom fssis ‘aad 21extantouenias asp nasiedons wih eeprants and Iyreoocsrus rx vn cs, RESEARCH ARTICLE rocuemisTay Synchronizing Rock Clocks of Earth History WCF Kesper etal Wing an argon dating sands oa section dated with Faris rial ations yields older ages for tne sand and fo thor evens, ineusing te HT oundan, REPORTS MATERIALS SCIENCE Sign Change of Poisson's Ratio for Carbon Nanotube Sheets LL.taitetal ‘When aveened a creeteade ol arboa nanotines centacts ‘expands the opposite direction, desending on how many rmativaled tubes orm alzag nevis 499 500 CONTENTS continued >> 415 Science REPORTS CONTINUED. MATERIALS SCIENC Stretchable and Foldable Si Dod. Kin etal ignertormance,derdabie, ane stretchable elacrenic devices arelabrkcated on an dasticpatc subse by lacing heer stecsonic component in he nesta tending plane. con Integrated Circuits 507 APPLIED PHYSICS Near-field Plates: Subdiffaction Focusing with S11 Patterned Surfaces A Gri L ang, R Mertin ‘asain aear tv fcal lane can ocas microwave radon to acoit size wel below te dracon iit. PLANETARY SCIENCE ‘Ancient Asteroids Enviched in Refractory Inclusions 514 JA Sunchine etal Spce da ily thot ore ates conan higher Concentration of ear soir sem gains nd materia ‘nan ae foand in any sampled mets CUMATE CHANGE Human-Induced Arctic Molstening 518 SAC Min, X Zhang, F.Zurers Covparion 022 cimate maces to observations stow thet aman acy a mace srocgkaton tthe Ack over the ast 50 yen, aering ks timing and ctnution slocHemistaY Effient Inhibition ofthe Alzheimer’s Disease 520 B-Secretase by Membrane Targeting L Rajendran etal Tetheing a inhibitor toa membsane anchor ender elective girs menbraneeneyme tha creaes tre aro fragments esos i lherners disease, even vio. Plastin 3 Isa Protective Modifier of Autosomal 524 Recessive Spinal Muscular Atrophy 6.£. Opreactal. xression ofa ootela tat roms aconal got can compensate forthegene deletion in spinal muscular atrophy, neering hat onal gt delicionis cause the diene. CELL Biowocy Rola of C elegans TAT Protein in Maintaining S28 Plasma Membrane Phosohatidylsrine Asymmetry M. Datland-Ranscrn etal. 2 phesoolcidtanslocase anayne eas ical menbrae lipid locale ote inner elle of tecel menbxaneso i doesnot tigger engine by amano cl CONTENTS L 458, 528, & 531 virovos: ‘Vaccinia Virus Uses Macropinecytosis and Apoptotic 531 ‘Mimicry to Enter Host Colls J. Alercer and A Helenius Toinlect hs cele, vaccinia vit expeespasphaidlerine ont surloces, vc signs hostels toecognize he vss 9s cela ‘tee and ate up forcearance CELLBIOLOGY Encocing Gender ané indWvidual Information in the ‘Mouse Voreronaéal Organ 2. He (Ma, S. Kim, J Nakai, CR. Ya ‘eo can ecagnve he phorerwanes indvidual mice trough unique patterns of cette acvation nthe veneronasal gan GENeTics Rare Structural Variants Disrupt Multiple Genesin 529 Neurodevelopmental Pathaays in Schizophrenia T Walsh eal Fations with shiophroia carry mutpl sal dsetions ane uglkavonsia tel DNA thacareasadted nonrandom wth neuronal signaling and ran deveicpen: satay EVOLUTION ‘Metabolic Diversification—Independent Assembly of 542 ‘Opecar-Like Gene Clusters in Different Plants B. Field and A. Osbourn ‘Tough song sean seetar clases of gens forte pene biowathesi have aisenindependentyteugh gene duction and neoancinalication in sever! pla ines. ‘Machanizm of Selt-Sterity ina Hermaphroditic 542 Chordate Harada etal. The 20 squis preven el fertleaton with Sno genetical, acho whch ede a igh ine spe-meng reesto-oand fi, asytem i arto tht flowering pane AVAAAS wnwsciencemagorg SCIENCE VOL320 25APRIL 2008 CONTENTS continued >> a7 worw.sciencemag.org SPECIAL Plant Genomes ‘ONLINE FEATURE: Plant Genomes >> An interactive presentation eating inormaional graphics, vdeo commentary ané an animation nmuscercenegerppanoecmesfeture nd TION SCIENCECAREERS nm sriencecareesargicareer-develapment cat Plumbing the Green Genome 5. Wiliams Plant genomics sees several ol the werl’s mst pressing prolems SCIENCENOW TON Researeh carer on the fast trac, musciencenaw.org 0 RAG eS SCIENCE CAREERS vovnsciencecareersrgharcer development ‘Muration Makes Good Medicine ‘Gene variant works ice haat sping drugsin many Abican Ameiars, Sleep Deprivation for Gems Young Swedish Scientist Reveals FastTrack Career Secrets Study suggests new ny to tage! perstent bacteria btausen Gene Studies Tell Placenta's Tale 8y age 38, Thomas Heady washeading labs in two counties ‘eters fine ecived roma combination of 4206 wiming several vars. ancient and new gees Educated Woman, Postéc Edition, Chapter 15: This Strange, Funny Feeling MP Delihyse {Coula ices re fing be ey? 10 Yeats Ago This Week: Oystunctional Advisee-Adviser Relationships BFiske Stusons know the nature of an acvsn'sostem and tha risks ‘oftoo mucheander. T.gondi escaping trom host cells, SCIENCE SIGNALING vewmclencosignallng org PERSPECTIVE: Notch Signaling in Osteoblast E.Candis SCIENCEPODCAST ten signaling plays ale In done redting oy inating Download the 25 April Science ‘he ciferenation cf eseobats and escocast Podcast to hear abot haw rice PERSPECTIVE: Back fiom the Dormant Stage—Second process pheromones, future Messenger Cycic ADP-Ribose Essential fr Toxoplasma directions for plant genomics, ‘gondii Pathegeniciy ~<, a radical treatment for diabetes, AH, use and more The grotaoan parasite gona uses a planttiesigrling patsy ‘spaced ooungebo. toesthostcals. i i Separate inividual or nctitutonal subscriptions te these products may be required for fultert eects wowscencemagorg SCIENCE VOL320 25 APRIL 2008 419 : g i : Dating Fish Canyon Tuff ‘major uncertainty inaccurate dating using the common Att method i that ects a sane ard, and erent unc taints inthe standards themselves ae about 1% (or Lilian years ina 200-milion year-old age). One way to improve te cairation is caliration against an aso= nomically dated rock section in which many ‘rita eyes ate preserved ina cya y= cre sediment sequence. Kuiper et al ($00; See theres soy by Ket do his comparison forthe Fish Canyon Tf in Colorado, one ofthe inain geochronolgic standards, reducing ts age Uncertainty to about 0.1%, which reveals an cles pimany age fr the iandatd. Ths finding ‘changes the age estates of several meteorite ard the KT boundary. Arctic Rain Global nav ning is expected tafe the amount and pattern of precipitation all ovr the ‘world, but such changes ae ifcal to deve 2rd to attibie to human infuence. One 2 in which precipitation fs atipated ta change imo dramatically i in the Arti. The Acie also of particular interest because oft cont bution fo the Meridional Overturning Ccula- tiom ofthe North Alani Ocean, which itself cots fundamental contol or chat. Mint a (p. 518) compare observations of precipitation vith simulations from 22 coupec-cimate mod- els and conclude thet the mount of zine in the northem high latitudes (above $5*N) has increased considerably over the lat 50 years ‘The anthropogenic ifuence scone th earlier pete increases in etic ver discharge wensciencemagorg SCIENCE VOL320 25 APRIL 2008 and sez-suface wate freshening, and confirms ‘one more way that human activity has modified ‘he environment. Exploring Space Dust Grains teh in calcium and aluminum oxides (CA) ae thought tobe seme ofthe fist materials to ave condensed nou solar nebula, The oldest retorts contain about 10% ofthese gains Sunshine ea. p51, published one 20 Met; se the Perspective by Burin) compare Inbovtay spectra these rans specta tained from several asters anc shaw tat theseaserids ray contain 30% (Ns. The igh abundance of CAs might india tht these tes forme extemely eatin our solar sytem and, if 0, maybe worth earining further or «ther matefal electing this time peso Beyond Carbon Paper ‘Asa coms stetched ox compressed there ave canly minimal changes in shape inthe radial direction, which is due to cort’s near-zero Peivzon’s ratio, Most material have 3 postive Foisson’s ratio, while a few like some polymer foams have a negative rato, so that they actu= ally expand inthe laterldvetion as they are stretched, Hall eat (p. 500) now desenbe the creation ofa pape-ite material from mites {fsingle and mutialled carbon nanctubes By Naryng the fraction of rutivlle tubes, hey ame 4 (Sg (Gs EDITED BY STELLA HURTLEY << Bend Me, Stretch Me Floxible electronics have been developed using conduct- ing organic materials, but their performance is much poocer than that of inorganic materials. Kim ef al. (p. 507, published o ‘way to combine nanoribbors of silicon with thin plastic or rubbery substrates tocreate robust, flexible, and bendable clectronics without sacificing electronic performance. A key feature of their design isthat the electronics layer lies inthe nautral bending plane which experiences almost no stain, even when the overall device is very bent. 1¢27 March) have developed a oul change the in-plane Foison's ratio from positive to negative values, Tis tunability wes fdueto changes in the bending and siretching of the paperswith compesition, which could be described by a simple model Location, Location Aattonal rug design often vobes the production of small mleul ibibo speci sepsin 2 pathological pha. Rajendran eta. (9 520) deserve the design ofinhibtrs of key ever in Abeimers disease pathology, an event tat occurs ata particular intacluar iembrane the rscretase~edkated cleavage ofthe amybi precasor pict APY n endosomes. rans ‘on -te inhibitothatinhbit pur ‘ied Bsecsetase alle init - secret inthe cellar contest. How ere anchring the very same inkibitorto the membcare, which ro- mated its deer tothe endscmes, cabled tt init Becca eee ‘tively both in cultured cells and in two animal mre sens, mouse ane Dezepia Plastin Protection in SMA Spinal uscular atrophy (SAA) is 2 neuremuseu- lac isorder that Leads to death eatin cil ood in more than al ofthe patients. caused by the homozygous deletion ofthe sur= vival motor neuron gene 1 SUN2), but the severity ofthe diseases influenced by the cay Contiued on page 423 421 This Week in Science Continued from poe 421 number ofthe highly homelogous SANZ gene. However in care instances, siblings with identical SANZ rntatons, identical SUIN2 copy numbers, and identical haplotypes have completely diferent phenotypes: Some are affected while others ave ful asymptomatic. Ths discrepancy suggests the {influence of independent miying factors capable of protecting agzinst SM. y iftental expres- sion analysis tsing RNA from six SMA discordant failics, Oprea eta. (p. 524) identified plastn 3 as a cancidateprctective moder against SMA. The influence of plstin 3 upon the SMA phenotype was mainly due to expression viability, which soften tiggeved by transacting facto Distinctive Individual Smells Pheromones at critical for social communication in many animals Alot of information about an animal’ status is epresenein the complex phererane components in urine. In mice detection csc complex chemical signals by the voretonasal organ (VNO) plays important rol in tricgesing endocrine changes and oicingserorypeinnate behars. He etal. 535) developed a system to probe neu- tonal receptor dynamics sing genetically encoded fluorescent sensors, They observed dine popuia- ‘tors cf WNO neurons that esponded specially to male andto female urine signals. use sain and individual recognition were determined by combinatorial activation across a population of neurons. Such combinatorial activation was unique, allowing each indica animalto be dkcriminated and recegizd. Exploiting Surface Phosphatidylserine ‘any animal .se the presence a the phasphalii,phosphatidykerine (PS), onthe ater eae ofthe slasma membrane as 2 way to recognizeand destoy apopteic ells by phacocrc engulfment. In this {sue to papers ilstate the difese mal roles played by PSin normal cel an dug is feton (sc the Perspective by Fairn and Grinstein), Daland Ransom etal. (528) identified anenzyne in Caenorhabditis eegars, aminophospha pid tanlocase 1 (A), hich appears narmalyo rete to the innersige ofthe plasma membre, Animals lacking TH: had increased P5 onthe cll surface and random cell ere lest from the anal ina process thet cepensed on FSR, aS receptor voted in the clearance of apopttc cells. Mereer and Hetenius (p.531) wed ie cell imag- D ing to fellow vaccinia vis entyinto tissu etre cls Vises fist bound to actne rich cell-surface protrusions, filopodia, along which the vimuse surfed tthe cll body. At the cll body the incoming vs stimulated its ann uptake, cue the presence of PS cn the viral membrane, mincking the uptake of apoptotic cell corpses Genetics of Schizophrenia ‘Athugh complex dsorers such as chlo phtenia have a betadle component, dentiying the genetic componcrts a:cocited has been very ficult. Walsh et al (9. 539, published online 27 iach ound that mpl, nda ave, stwvecural mutations (Genomic micxeetions and inerodupkcatiens occured more requenty in 150 individual with ehizephrenis than in cont “he enrichment was more than thicefoll arian schizophrenia cases genealy ane! more than fou fold among schizophrenia cases th ont by 2g¢ 12. The genes erupted by the genomic break- pein of mutations in the schizophrenia patients were na andom, bu Here Usproprtontely mem bers of pathways centring neuronal gnating and brain development. Animal Self-Sterility Genes Selt-sterility is widely observed among hermaphrotc plans and animal. though insights have been maul for se-incompatiity ystems of plants, elatvely litle is known about animal mechar risms. Harada etal. (p. 548, published entre 20 Marc) now show that sll-tvlty nthe hermaphro sitc chord Ciona intestinalis contolled by two genetic io. The selfronselFtscriminating gamete interaction takes place cn the basi of allele-specific molecular intrzctons between fbrgerike i- ‘gan onthe gg coat and sperm-boine plyystnI-Like receptors, which are homologs ofthe E caatve gene ofa nereitary man disease, Genes forthe receptors and ligands are inked and are potrmorphic similar to seftesity genes in lat. Travel with AAAS! Explore China this Fall! Xinjiang & Legendary Hunza September 7-24, 2008 Xinjitng Province in ar western Chinahas exracrdtnary landscapes, ffom bountiful doeerts just below sealoval to eomne ofthe hist peaks in the world, Hunzas tnique~isolated and pr Sper sit memorable days inte Fina Valley surrounded by loty peaks ofthe Karskoram range. Ssi005 ai. Backroads China &Angkor Wat October 3-19,2008 Thisis ourclassic adventure in Yunnan Provinee (southwestern China). Many ethnic cultures are found hore, atracted by the Burma Road and mild climate, against a backdrop of Himalayan peaks From Kunming visit ancient E] towns like - SS Weise, Dall Lijiang. and Zhongdian. Free tipextensin to renowned Angkor Wat $3,605 ain China’s Unique Heritage November 6-23, 2008 Discover the exciting natural bistory’of China as wellas lasek Sati ull ste. gona Be tothe giant pandas” Xian tothe feathered dinosaurs, -the dawn rTedkroods ton cruise on the Yangtze River and Shanghai. $3,095 sain Toradetailed brochure, please call (800) 252-4910 AAAS Travels 17050 Montebello Road Cupertino, California 95014 lemaf Aasinfosbetcharexpediians.com & wensciencemagorg SCIENCE VOL320 25 APRIL 2008 423 ina Fedora isthe Sciece and leenolngy Adve 0 0 US ‘Secrearyol Sate and ‘he adminictatorof ve US. Age orn Seeds of a Perfect Storm DEMAND FOR PLANT PRODUCTS HAS NEVER BEEN GREATER. MORE PEOPLE, RISING AFFLUENCE, and exparxiing biofuels programs are rapidly pushing up the prices of grain and edible oil, ‘Boosting supply isn't easy: All the best farm land is already in use. There's zn acute need for another jump in global agricultural produetivity—asecond Green Revolution. Can it happen? ‘Will ithappen? My careerhas spanned astounding leaps in our ability to decipher and use genetic informa~ tion to understand and improve crop plants. DNA sequencing methodology was just breaking ‘open when Iwas a postdoctoral fellow in the mid-1970s, [was able to sequence a complete ‘gene, a goal that had seemed unattainable just afew years earlier, though today its a routine part of a biologists toolkit. A chance encounter with the legendary plant geneticist Barbara ‘MeClintock drew me into the wonderful phenomenology of maize transposons. I decided to study the molecular behavior ofthese jumping genes, although there \were doubts that plant DNA could even be cloned ‘The doubts are gone. We've accumulated vast amounts of plant sequence data, ranging fram the complete genomes of rice and the ‘model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to extensive collections of gene and ‘genome sequence data frem many agricultural plans, including maize, ‘wheat, and soybeans, as well as plants across the plant kingdom, fom ‘mosses to tees. Sequence information has profoundly transformed! plant genetics and increased its power. Repid advances in the ability to ‘add gones to plants have made it possible to improve and protect plants in very specific ways. Our growing understanding of how plants handle such stresses.as insufficient water and toomach heet, salt, ortoxiemet- alspermits directed genetic modifications that enhance plants’ ability to remain productive under adverse environmental coneitions So the techniques and knowledge for a new Green Revolution are in hand. The Green ‘Revolution of the 26th century was driven by genetics (matations that changed plant archit ture) and chemistry (fertilizers that increased plant 'ability tormake sugar out of air and water) Tiwas accomplished by just handful of plant breeders working on the worlds few major grain ‘crops: com, wheat, and rice. Perhaps the agricultural successes, even excesses, ofthe pastcen- luny gave us a false sense of food security. Last December, the New York Tinee quoted a top United Nations food and agriculture offi- ‘falas saying that “in an unforeseen and unprecedented shift, the work! food supply is dwin-

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