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And with your continued feedback driving ongoing improvements and innovation, wwe lke to think of you as the brains behind Bio-Rad. With @ comprenensive line of products for a complete blotting workflow we are your trusted source for quality instrumentation, reagents, and consumables. Bio-Rad is first in the world in blotting because we've been behind you from the beginning. Visit www.bio-rad.com/ad/bbbglobal/ and see how Bio-Rad's “Protein Blotting Guide” can complement and advance your research. Research. Together. To tnd yeur ce sa ofes, vat wwwble-ad.comveontact) Inthe US, eat ro at -S00-SBIORAD (800: 824-6720) ‘waht reise BIO RADGE Healthcare 360° Service r busines: ind out mo with us today, Visit www gelifesciences.com/360service AKTA | Amersham | Bigcore | IN Cell | Whatman | GE Service imagination at workEDITORIAL 1067 Great Teachers for STEM Moin Singer NEWS OF THE WEEK 1054 Cash-Starved deCODE Is Looking for a Rescuer fr is Biobank 1055. Confronting a Toxic Blowback From the Electronics Wade 1057 Changes a Berkeley Raise Fears of Shrinking Commitment to Diversity 1058. Sequencing 40 Stteworm Genomes Unravel History of Cultivation >> Science Byres Report by . Metal ing Forces to Pump Up a Variable Suns Climate Effects Sees 1059 From Science's Ontne Daly News Site 1060 Warning: Dont Let Your Elders Brainwash You 1064 Researchers Prevent Inheritance of Faulty Mitochondria in Monkeys 1061 From the Science Policy Blog NEWS FOCUS 1062. Going tothe Dogs > Scene Podcast 1087 The Large Hadron Collider Redux: Hoping fora Long, Hard Slog ow to ake acolner LETTERS 1074 tnfluenza: Accounting fr Prior Immunity MAC eta Influenza: HINA Goes to School 2 Paterson ea Influenza: Making Privileged Data Public CE Omsby and 6. ReyesTerda 41072 CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS, 1072 TECHNICAL COMMENT ABSTRACTS BOOKS ETAL 4074 Thetink (Tudge ith Young. reviewed by 8. Kay 4075. Science and Decisions vont Research Coun. ‘evened by 6D. Breer 4078. Browsings EDUCATION FORUM 1077 Introducing Modern Science ‘no Schools Lingle teu PERSPECTIVES 41079 Flourishing After the End-Permian Mass Extinction CR Marsal ond. Jcobs >> Reprtp. 1118 41080 Chasing Ares in Cuprate Superconductors MLR. Norman >> Report. 1099 1081 Using Taste to Clear the Airways) 5G Kinamon and. D. Reynolds >> Reportp. 1131 1083. Blocking Aitvity .F Resto and &.A Hemmings >> Report. 1134 41086 Coupling Strongly, Discretely J. Hlane and. Deshpande >> Reports pp. 1103 and 1107 1085. Antarctica’s Orbital Beat Pars REVIEW 11089 Antibiotics for Emerging Pathogens page 1062 on candace tian vie CONTENTS continued >> st cover DEPARTMENTS Tole emi fans iran Omri joe Thee isc Pon he stsl mows etet sng ct Leones fered eee ae eee eng oo econ are microvi from a nonciated cell. n human airway epithet, 41053. Random Samples Geaie dl watts alga we one 1007 Arse tes 1147 New Products signal the iat increas th hythmic eat equency th a ff = a 1148. Science Carers clear noxious substances tram the lungs. Seepage 1131. ‘Image: Tom Meninge (epithelia generated by Phi Kar) wwwsciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL325 28 AUGUST 2009 1037Automated sample and assay technologies by QIAGEN ‘Automated solutions from sample to result: The widest choice of sample processing protocols Low-, medium-, and high-throughput automation Leading solutions for molecular diagnostics Plug-and-play automated sample preparation Quantitative, real-time PCR detection Automated analysis of DNA fragments and RNA High-resolution sequence-based DNA detection and quantification OOOO : HPV testing 2000 Making improvements in life possible — wwrw.giagen.com Tey lM we Cea tail ele oeBREVIA 1094 Gene-fr-Gene Resistance in Striga-Compea Associations Jana Tinko ‘A gene thought to defend plants agalnst Infectious bacterial pathogens also supplies efense against a parasite plant. RESEARCH ARTICLE 1095. On the Origin and Spread of an ‘Adaptive Allee in Deer Mice GR tien eal {samutation selected fr its adaptive value foriving in sand ils REPORTS 1099. Spectroscopic Fingerprint of Pase-Incoherent Superconductvity {nthe Underdoped 8,51,C2CU0,5, lee ta Scanning tunneling spectroscopy reveals the pseudoga regime af the cuprates to ‘bean incoherent ¢ ave superconductor. 1103 | strong Coupling Between Single-lectron ‘Tunneling and Nanomechanical Motion GA Sto ta 1107 | Coupting Mechanics to Charge Transport in Carbon Nanatube Mechanical Resonators B.tasoane tal. Indvidual electrons tunneling ont and cat of ‘carbon nanotube can be urd to tne ite ‘ellatory mation 1910. The Chemical Structure of a Molecule Resolved by Atomic Force Microscopy ros etal Deviation of atomic fore mlrocope tps wit carbon monoxide mlecle allows atoms to be resolved within adsorbed molecules, 1914 Amplifying the Pacific Climate System Response to a Small 11-¥ear Solar Cycle Forcing GA Mech ‘combination of mechanisms explains the large response of Sea surace temperatures cused by the 11 year solar cle >> Mews story p 1058 wwnusciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL325 28 AUGUST 2009 ie 1124 1128 naa 1a Good Genes and Good Luck ‘Ammonoid Diversity and the End- Permian Nass Extinction A Byard eta In contrast o other groups, ammonold versity recovered within 1 milion yeas ofthe end-Permian extinction to levels higher than before. Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecoryste Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-Analysis, 1M Rey Benes ead Restoration, biodiversity and ecosystem services ae positively inked tn a wie range of ecosystem ypes across the globe, Unprecedented Restoration ofa Native Oyster Metapopulation B.A Suite ea ‘The height of ester ret above the riverbed promates their restoration inthe Chesapeake Bay, USA Functional Characterzation ofthe Aotibotc Resistance Reservoir inthe Human Microflors M.O.A Sommer etal Large numbers of previously unidentified anit resistance genes ocut gut bacteria Motile Cla of Human Airway Epithlia ‘re Chemasensory AS Shah etal ‘Airway eithela directly sense and espond tonorous substances, o> Perspective p 1084 ‘The E3Ligase TRAF6 Regulates Akt Ubiquitnation and Activation WL ange. Location and activation of signaling proteins in cancer cls are conraled by bial abeling >> Perspective 1083 'SDHS, a Gene Required for Flavination ‘of Succinate Dehydrogenase, Is Mutated ‘in Paragangtioma Hak Hoo etal. Analysis of yeast mitochondrial poten revealsa human tumor suscepby gene. os Mediates Foxp3-Dependent Gene Silencing in D4" Regulatory T Celis Pon etal supeesion a regulatory lisse. CONTENTS continued >> CONTENTS pages 1079 81118, popes 1084, 1103, 1107 a 1039‘Antibodies and Related Reagents for Signal Transduction Research XMT™ enables the development and production of XP™ monoclonal antibodies with eXceptional Performance. eptional stability and reproducibility This revolutionary and proprietary technology provides = eXceptional Perfo us with access toa broad. of antibody-producing B cells unattainable with traditional monoclonal XMT coupled with our extensive antibody validation and stringent quality control delivers XP monoclonal antibodies with eXceptional Performance in the widest range of applica tions. And as with all of our antibodies, the prodict will work the fist and every time used. ies, allowing more comprehensive screening identification of XP monoclonal antibodies with vee ro | “4. Phospho-Ats ($0473) (09E) XP Rabbit mab #4060 sea ‘demonsrates eXcepional Performance ina wide « Batt ‘ange of applications. « ‘See wi. celsignal.com for full validation details. for more information on XMT™ visit... www.cellsignal.com ia Gell Signaling Order aloe) 87516-2085 | Ted supp lee 67-5528 suporalsinscom | Ings nstelsgelcom | Envtonmentl Commitee ecocesonl omSCIENCEONLINE CONTENTS I SCIENCEXPRESS vrwaciencenpress org Starvation Protects Germline Stem Cells and Extends Reproductive Longevity in . elegans G Angelo and mR Yan Gist During starvation, germ tem cls are saved foc regeneration when food i restored, M.ARRslence 1178243 oat Variation inthe Domestic Dog Is Governed by Variants in Tree Genes E Catena. Huge variations inthe coats of purebred dogs of anly three genes. IARR6fcence 1177908 Complete Resequencing of 40 Genomes Reveals Domestication Events and Genes in Sikarm omby2) O.iiaetal Silkworm genomes show signatures ot oan2sfcence 1176820 >> News sty. 1058 Nitrous Ovide (N,0):The Dominant (Ozone-Depleting Substance Emitted inthe 2134 Century AR Rovishankra Nitrous oxide cauzes more stratospheric oxone estrution than any ater azene-eplting substance .a126/cence 1176905 Chiral Organic lon alr Catalysts Assembled Through a Hydragen-Bonding Network D. vague [small duster of hyroger-bonded molecules ace 2a highlyslecve asymmetric catalyst. aL2sfcence 1176758 TECHNICALCOMMENTS, ‘Comment on “Floral Irdescence, Produced by Difractve Optics, cts as a Cue for ‘imal Polinatrs” 8 1 Morehouse nd tonal ful text at womuscencemag.oricgicontentull325 peso 2 SCIENCENOW ‘wwvmsciancenow org Highlights From Our Daly News Coverage Where Did You Get Those Lovely Spirals? § reseachers figure out how galaxies ike 5 the iy Way formed ‘Upward Lighting No Flash in the Pan Some powerful ots each fram cloud tops tothe edge of space. Why We Walk in circles onfeming a common belie researchers find that people relly do walkin circles when ost SCIENCESIGNALING wwvnsciencesianaing.org The Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment EDITORIAL GUIDE: Reviewing Peer Review m8 Ye Cente mh ay tee eer review. RESEARCH ARTICLE: The VDAC2-BAK Rheostat Controls Thymooyte Survvat Ds fer eta 23 proapoptotic poten determines thymocyte responves to death signals PERSPECTIVE: Controlling the Number oF Tooth Raves ML Mibole {mp4 distribution nthe mouse jam frextricad fo paver hdc of sperma) teh PERSPECTIVE: Epac2—A Molecular Target for Sulfonylurea-Induced insulin Release SA bike pac ean ntracelaar ceptor for a commonly PRESENTATION: The Mechanatransduction Machinery of Hair Ces rie ta ‘Studying genes inked to deafness enti: campanents ofthe es mechentransduction apparatus. TEACHING RESOURCE: Training for Per Review NR Gough Graduate students and postdocs may benefit from formal traning in peer reviewing, SCIENCECAREERS wv scioncocareersorg/caroor magazine Frao Careor Resour for Scents: Deating With Debt tHe Education debt can make tific for physian-sclent to stay on a research couse Winning Strategis: Advice From the PECASE Winners 5. Gai bbuttheseprinclples can be counted on. Science Careers Blog Siience Carers Staff links to other career-related resources SCIENCENOW Milky way myst SCIENCESIGNALING Ronan rou ol shat teeth SCIENCEPODCAST wn sciencemag.org/mutimedia/podeast Free Weeldy Show Download the 28 August cence Podcast heat bout global ozone depletion by nitrous oxide, dogs ae a behavioral sence mode, eters to ORIGINSBLOG blogs scencemag.org/origine A History of Begrnings SCIENCEINSIDER blogs sciencemag.org/scienceinsider Scions Pobey News and Anais MV AAAS wonusciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL325 28 AUGUST 2009 1041Restriction Enzymes from New England Biolabs ‘With 35 years of experience in enzyme technology, New England Biolabs offers unmatched convenience when selecting a restriction ee ee ee Ce eee eee eee ee eee ee ee ee eee Bee en eer eee See ee ‘The convenience of NEB Restriction Enzymes Advantages: + Convenience — Optimal activity for over 160 GLAND In: aching wcities Pen rang eres Sea ctatao aN PCR Rebels ANALYSIS Pest eeEDITED BY CAROLINE ASH << Hidden Pockets of Resistance Groups of bacteria indulge in gene swapping at frequencies correlated with prevailing election pressures and phylogenetic relatedness. When assaulted by antibiotics, antibiotic resist- ance genes become favored currency for exchange among bac- teria. During sequencing of human gut microflora, Sommer et al, (p. 1128) found a very large reservoir of distinct genes that, when put into Escherichia coli, conferred resistance to a wide range of drugs. By contrast, analyss ofthe culturable aerobic ‘gut microbiome, which constitutes a tiny fraction of the entire ‘gut flora, revealed resistance genes highly similar to those har= bored by human pathogens. Although there is a risk of novel modes of antibiotic resistance emerging from this reservoir, because they are evolutionarily distant, gene transfer between pathogens and the poorly known majority of the microbiome Toward New Scaffolds Most existing antibiotics are derived from a small umber of core molecular structures or scaffolds. As more and moce pathogens emerge that are resistant to existing antibiotics, Fischbach and Walsh (p. 1089) review why renewed efforts must be made to find nat only new antibiotics but new safflds. Approaches inthe areas of natural products, synthesis, and target-based liscovey are all yielding promising antibiotics ‘candidates. The battle against resistance should also involve researching narow spectrum antibi ‘fics and using combination therapies to extend the usefulness of drugs with high intrinsic resist- ance rates. Adapting Coat Color ‘Simple phenotypic changes can often be the tar- lighter color was found tobe due to de novo changes at the Agouti coat color lacus. Thus, rapid adaptive change does nat always rely on preexisting genetic variation Mind the Pseudogap Below the tration temperature, an eneroy gap opens in superconductors, which efectvelypro- tects the superconducting phase. Above the tran- son temperature the gop cases, creating exc- tations anda loss ofsuperconductvity. Inthe high-temperature superconducting cuprates homever, the gap petsss above the transition temperature, Understanding the electronic struc: ture ofthis peeudogap region is important in understanding the mechanism of superconduc- tivity in the cuprates, Le etal (p. 1099; see the Perspective by Norman) use high-resolution, temperature dependent scanning tunneling microscopy to reveal thatthe pseudogap regime ‘isan incoherent (or phase-dsordered) d-nave superconductor Atomic Imaging Within Adsorbed Molecules ‘Scanning tunneling microscopy provides atomic resolution images of surfaces and adsorbed atoms, but lacking i the tates that determine the tunneling ‘utrent. Atomic force microscopy shouldbe able to resolve atoms through changes in short range cheeical forces, but resolution is lost if the scan- ning tip undergoes modifications or it moves the molecule. Grosset at (p. 110) show that in situ functionalization of the tip—for example, vith CO—can dramatically improve the resolution ‘of images of pentacene molecules adsorbed on ‘conducting surfaces, ke copper, and noncon- ‘ductors, he NaCl might actually be quite restricted. More Than the Sum of the Parts ‘The radiative output ofthe Sun varies distinctly vith the 12-year cyte of sunspots, although the change in energy output is small—tes than a tenth ofa percent in magnitude. Nevertheless, that ‘smal variation produces changes in sea surface ‘temperatures two or three times as large a it should, and the mechanism by which this occurs has remained uncear. Meehl et al. (p. 1114; see ‘the news story by Kerr employ thre global, cou- pled climate modesto simulate ths phenomenon. ‘wo mechanisms appear to actin conjunction to ‘cause this oean response: a change inthe abun- dance of srataspherc azone owing to fluctuations ‘of shortwave solar forcing; and a coupled surtace ‘ocear-atmasphere response This combination of cffects enhances precipitation maxima, reduces low-latitude cloud cover, and lowers ge of selection for example, variations in coat_| imaging the temperature of surface waters n Coloc that provide protection against detection | atoms within the opal Pace Ocean, esting in by predators. Linnen eta. (9. 1095) explore the | an organic the larger warm-1o-cold vration underying molecular machanisms behind the | molecule production of pale deer mice living onthe ight- | adsorbed ona bps hia «colored Nebraska Sand Hills. The mice that ive | surface is dif Rapid” Recovery onthe sand aresgnfcamlyighterin color than | ficult because ‘The Permian-Tassc extinction 252 canspecticstving nearby on darker ois. his | contrasts milion years ago was Earth's most severe biotic crisis since the Precambrian and is ‘thought to have depressed diversity in its wake for millions of years. Brayard etal. (p. 1118; see the Perspective by Marshall and Jacobs) show, honever, that ammonoids, a large group ‘of marine organisms that were severely affected, recovered remarkably quickly. Only 1 milion years aftr the extinction, ammonoids had recovered to levels higher than in the Permian, wonnsciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL325 28 AUGUST 2009 1043xCELLigence RTCA DP Instrument Discover What You Are Missing! ‘The RICA DP Instrument’s E-Plate 16. Unique gold microelectrodes for measuring elecisical impedance cover ‘approximately 80% of each well bottom, maximizing sensitivity, Cel activity is monitored by measuring impe- dance across the eletrodes, Well characteristics (size, shape, volume) to those of the E-Plate 96 usod with the RTCA SP and MP Instruments. SO\scea Now there are even more choices to monitor your cells. The new RTCA DP Instrument is the latest addition to the xCELLigence Real-Time Cellular Analysis product line, offering additional throughput, format, and pricing options to meet your workflow needs = Generate data continuously using up to three E-Plate 16 independently or in parallel. = Perform a broad range of applications to assess short-term and long-term cellular effects. Go beyond endpoint analysis. Focus your research with the xCELLigence System — now with expanded versatility View updated product information, appli at www.xcelligence.roche.com jon notes, and more Roche Diagnostics GmbH Roche Applied Science Werk Penzherg 182372 Penzberg, GermanyThis Week in Science Continued from page 2043 ‘compared withthe 10-million-year biotic recovery period for other benthic organisms. The Triassic recovery seems to include several cycles, but the immediate recovery of ammonoids may have left them as one ofthe most diverse groups in the earliest Triassic Restoring Oysters Populations and wid fisheries of native oyster species have collapsed worLdvide because of overfishing and habitat destruction, esuling in severe ecosystem alteration and degradation. Expensive restoration efforts have met with itl success, lading tothe introduction of non-native oyster species in an attempt to recover lost economic and ecological benefits. nthe Chesapeake Bay onthe US. East Cast, caste oyster landings and population abundance have plummeted to approximately 1% of historical Levels, despite considerable expensive attempts to restore the fishery Schulte eta. (p.1124 published conkne 30 Ju present ld evidence ofa succesful restoration ofa age metapopulation of native os ters in he Great Wicomico Rive, tributary on the western share ofthe Chesapeake Bay. The metapopu- lations composed of a network of ref complexes sparing 35 hectares and comprises an estimated 185 milion ve native oysters of -year-ldjveriles and 2-and3-year-old adults. Treg Responses to Eos D4 regulatory Tells a) ate ctl or keeping our immune system in check: The prevent ‘immune esponses om geting ou of hand and sep autoimmunity a bay By activating the expres- sion of some genes and turing off expression of others, the master regulatory transcription factor of Tye Fox, endows these els with the appro ofiate gene expresion program to mediate thee suppressive effects Pan eta (p 1142, published online 20 August) now dermon- state thatthe transcription factor Eosis selectively required for Foxp3-mediated gene suppresin in mie. Genes normally Suppressed by Foxp in Ty remained “an” when Eos expression was suppressed, vinereas genes activated by Fxp3 wee unafeted. Ty function was al atfected by Eos suppres sion. wih a ther genetic program dsute, these cel resembled an intemedtatebetNeen Ta, and conventional CD4*T cell—unabe to suppress immune esponses properly and partly respon sito cel-actatng stimulation. Beat It Primary cli ae specaied organelles that serve important sensory functions in many diferent is sues and cel, and defects in thei suture and function undetea variety of gent diseases. In Contrast to primary ca, motile cia sera mechanical function. For example the cla on away epithelia remove inhaled mata rom the ung. hah etal. p. 1131, published online 23 July; see the cover see the Perspective by Kinnamon and Reynolds) now show that these classe mati cia are abo chemosensory. The motile ie on airway epithelia contain biter-taste receptors and their associated signaling machinery. Moreover, application of bitter substances triggers an elevation of intracellular C* levels and increases cla beat frequency Thus, in airway epithelia, biter-aste receptors may be able to detet noxious substances entering the arnays and initiate an autonomous defensive mechanism designed to accelerate elimination ofthe offending compound. Tapping the Mitochondrial Proteome Aitochondia produce the eneray that cls need to survive, function, and divide. A groning lst of human disorders has been traced to defects in mitochondria funtion. About 300 mammalian mito- chondrial proteins ae functionally uncharacterized, and Hao etal (p. 1139, published ontine 23 July) reasoned thatthe most highly conserved proteins within this group might provide insight into human disease. combination of bioinformatics, yeast genet, biochemist, and human genetics vas used to show that a previously uncharacterized mitochondrial protein (dh) is required fr the activity of rspiratory complex nactvating mutations inthe human gene encoding SDHS were found in individuals wit hereditary paragangioms, a are neuroendocrine tum. Thus, analysis ot a mitachondrial protein n yeast has revealed a human tumor susceptbity gene. www sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL325 28 AUGUST 2009 Man Lene Cold Submit your work to Science Translational Medicine today! This fall, ARAS and Science willlaunch Science Translational Medicine, a new journal focused on applications of basic research knowledge that wil Improve human health. Papers inthe following areas willbe reviewed and considered for publication: + Anima & Human Studies + Applied Physical Sciences + Behavior + Bioengineering + Biomarkers * cancer + Carciovasculat Disease * caliculture hemical Genomics/DrugDiscovery ata Minin rug Delivery Mesiea informatics Mecieal Nanotechnology Metabolism/Diabetes/Obesity Neurosclence/Neurology/Psychiatry Pharmacogenetics Policy Toxicology & Pharmacokinetis ‘And other nteraiscplinary approaches tomedicine ‘Submit your work for consideration at: ‘www.submitasctransime, a Translational MedicineWHaTS Next Introducing Stemedia Culture Stem Cells With New Media From Stemgent. Stemedia“, Rationally Designed. Affordable. 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And the future of stem cell research is accelerated. ‘Come to wwwistemgent.com/sciS for more information. Or call 877-228-9783 (toll-ree) (or +1-617-245-0098 (international) STEMGENT™ “ae REPROGRAMMING THE REAGENT” BOSTON | www.stemgent.com/sci5 | SAN DIEGO ‘alin Maigl TaD Benner lanesaie Singer is prsi- dent emeritus ofthe Carmegie institution of, Washington in Wash ‘ington, OC. Great Teachers for STEM MANY COUNTRIES ARE STRIVING TO DEVELOP THE HUMAN RESOURCES REQUIRED TO ADVANCE science and technology. Suecess requires a system of education that prepares young people for life in today’s complex Socicties. The Obama administration has recenty stressed the need to strengthen seience, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education inthe United States. US. Secretary of Education Ame Duncan clearly understands that the quality of STEM teaching sof singular importance to the success of students, requiring “great teachers, who know the content” Herein lies a major challenge: How to develop and cultivate great STEM teachers? US. schools currently fail to teach STEM effectively. Evidence includes the law standing of US. students in international comparisons; for example, in the 2006 Program for Interna- ‘ional Student Assessment (PISA, conducted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), American 15-year-olds ranked 24th out of $7 countries in scienee and 32nd in mathematics. Other distressing indicators are that only 40% of Americans accept the fact of | biological evolution, and less than half of American adults can provide minimal definition of DNA.t Thanks to the First Amendment t0 the US. Constitution, creationism and intelligent design may not be taught in US. public schools. But evolution isnot generally taught adequately, even when included in school curricula, ‘Some scientists, nationwide, have for decades provided professional evelopment in content and pedagogy to teachers of math and science, from early through secondary (precollege) education. But test data and experience indicate that, with some remarkable exceptions, even inten- sive professional development isa filed experiment that eannot make up for the poor quality of the teachers’ own STEM educations. Many elementary school teachers studied no science or math beyond high school and may remember only that they disliked the subjects. Second- ary School STEM teachers who were educated decades ago are unlikely to be familiar with modem scientific knowledge. Most troubling, many secondary school classes ae taught by teachers with no STEM qualifications at all. The US, scientific community has largely ignored the problem of ill-prepared STEM teachers, except perhaps when troubled about their own children’s school experience. Now this community must ‘energetically engage this challenge by spearheading several initiatives -Execllent undergraduate students who are not dedicated to research should be encouraged by their science faculty to become STEM teachers. Graduate students ina research field gener- ally receive tuition grants and stipends; those who pursue advanced degrees and certification for STEM teaching should be offered fellowships as well. The US. National Science Founda- tion’ new Teaching Fellowships program should he expanded so that it ean more widely pro- vide funds to support tuition, stipends, and academic programs for those with undergraduate degrees in STEM subjects who comunit to teaching in high-need school districts. This program can attract people with STEM skills who are now jobless into teaching careers ‘The science community needs to participate dircetly in improving teacher education pro- grams, Scientists should work to help develop STEM teacher education programs that are Figorous and relevant for teaching students who have grown up in the Internet era. Successful models, such as UTeach at the University of Texas, Austin, are already being replicated at 13 other universities across the United States through the National Math and Science Initiative (www.nationalmathandscience.org). But this type of program should be expanded with fed- eral funds, as recommended in the landmark Rising Above the Gathering Siorm report of 2005 fiom the US. National Academies. Last butnotleast, STEM professionals must engage atively with prevollege-level STEM teach ers ina sustained way. In is memoirs, physicist and Nobel Peace Prize recipient Andrei Sakharov eseribes his father, a high-school physics teacher, asa physicist. STEM teachers must similarly be ccansidored vital members of the professional scientific community Maxine Singer ao 112iece3176999 aa See 324 59 200. 1D. li, EC Sea, 5 lamas Scene 313, 785 2006) wunwsciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL325 28 AUGUST 2009 10471048 EDITED BY GILBERT CHIN AND JAKE YESTON SA [At present, there are 174 characterized impact structures on Earth, ranging from the largest—the 2-bilion-year-old \redefort that stretches 300 km across South Afria—to about 20 or so structures smaller than the 1-kr-diameter Barringer crater in Arizona; most ofthese are less than 1 millon years old. Although these structures represent only the preserved fraction of the overall series of asteroid impacts on Earth, their age-size relationships might aid in, assessing the impact flux or the relation of impacts to events such as extinctions (for example, that marking the Cretaceous Paleogene boundary). As pointed out by Jourdan eta, however, many ofthe craters are infact poorly doted, About half have only approximate ages based on stratigraphy. Moreover, although 25 of the craters have ages reported with uncertainties of less than 2%, many of these reports, on investigation, contain generous or misleading estimates inthe authors’ assessment, only 11 ofthe 25 craters have been asigned accurate ages. Thus, itis difficult to infer much from the current crater data about periodicities a changes in impacts through time. — BH Earth Planet, Sc let, 30.1016/,eps2009.07.009 (2009 Geocuemistay iron-educing bacteria at depth, the degree of | cytoplasmic extracts fom Xenopus laevis were fractionation is also dependent upon the reactivity | applied, which made it feasible to look at many Remy Down Salen of Feoxide minerals Defining the controls on sta- | individual spindles assembling simultaneously. Many chemical and biological processes skew, or | ble isotope fractionation in sediments ill not | When chromatin (blue) was deposited as circu- fractionate, atomic fsotope ratios in products ela~| only aid in understanding modern biogeochemi- | lar spots 15 pm in diameter, typical bipolar tive to thei initia relative abundances For exam | cal processes, but wil also alow for a more accu- | spindles (re) were observed, and larger spots ple, mos ofthe ion in Eath’s crust exists as Fe, | rate interpretation of Eath’s story based onso- | tended to produce spindles with additional bout con that undergoes reduction/oxdation topic signatures found in the rock record. — NW. | poles. In contrast, for chromatin patterned in a (edox) reactions ison average stghtly lighter Geology 37,751 (2009). | chromasome-tke rectangle with dimensions of (thats, enriched in ™*Fe—even by just afew parts 618 um, atypical bipolar spindle orthogonal per thousand). ceLt BioLocy to the long axis ofthe chromosome was seen. To determine the extent of contemporary Fe Longer chromatin arrangements generated redox cling in different marine set ‘multipolar, disorganized spindles, which also Homoly eto. compared Fe isotope: The mitotic spindle, which pulls apart the dupli- | generally crossed the ong axis ofthe chromo {rom pore wate collected on a shallow continental| cated chromosomes during cel division in ani- | some, and thicker arrangements generated mul- shelf to those from pore water associated with | mal and plant cells, i composed of micro- ‘ple haltspindles along one side of the patch sediments as deep as 4222 m below sea lve, at tubules that have been found to | of chromatin. Thus, the size and shape of chro- Size Matters the bottom ofthe Southern Ocean The sign sel-assemble inthe presence | mosomes can define microtubule spindle shape ‘cant fractionation of Fe isotopes in shal- ‘of chromosomes. Dinarina et | and orientation. — SMH low sediments indicated extensive Fe ‘al have developed a cell- et 138, 502 (2009) reduction by active communities of bac- free system in order to teria; in conta the Fe satopesin the monitortheeffecs of || pLanr science deep sediments showed almost no fac chromosome size and i " ttionation, thereby suggesting that deep shape on spindle mor- Adidirig. Oreganoito Com, marine sediments undergo ver litle phology Microscopic chro- | Many plants emit signals to auament their redoing. Although iting organic smatin-coated beads were | defenses agains attack by insets; some of matter is expected to esti the activity of arrayed on a glass slide to which | these signals are known to work by attracting 28 AUGUST 2009 VOL325 SCIENCE wwwsciencemag.orgpredators ofthe attackers. Maize rots under ‘threat from larvae ofthe western corn rotworm ‘normally emit te terpenecaryophyllne, which sees to mobilize nematodes that then Kill these larvae, However, mast cultivated maize has lost the capacity to produce ths terpene. Degenhardt et l.have engineered trans- genic maiz plants that cary acaryophyllene synthase gene from oregano. This manipulation ‘restored the production of tis compound, with the consequence that nematodes reduced the ‘number of rootworms by more than hal, result- ’ing in much less root damage. Tis Finding con- firms that nematodes can be recruited effec- tively by canyophyilene and provides te basis {or a pest biocontrol strategy to improve culti- vated plants. — LZ Proc Nott Acad. Sc USA, 106, 13213 (2008) BioMeDICINE Blood Relations The mortality rate for pancreatic cancer approaches the rate of incidence, in part because early stages of the disease are aympto- ‘matic and diagnosis at later stages remains if- ficult. As with many cancers, a fail history of oe s ; Genetic associations with pancreatic cancer (orted by chromosome). the disease Isa known risk factor; identification ‘of genetic variants associated with pancreatic ‘cancer might improve early detection Amundadottr et ol, have performed a genome § wide association study to identity common genetic variants found specifically in patents suffering from pancreatic cancer. Ina Manhat- tan plot, they found within the firs intron of the ‘ABO blood group gene variants that were assoc- ated with susceptibility to the disease. The ABO gene encodes a alycosyltransterase that modi= fies a cell surface antigen. The three alleles (A, B, and O) ofthis gene determine blood type, hich was first associated with gastric and pan- reatic cancer more than half a century ag. What pathways might mediate tis association? Variants within the same intron of the ABO gene have also been linked with circulating levels of the eytokine tumor necrosis factor c, whichis EDITORS'CHOICE {involved inthe inflammatory response. Other possible factors contributing to tumorigenesis include alterations in cell adhesion and immune surveillance, — HP Not, Genet 42, 10.1038/na 429 (2009) Delivering to the Senses ‘Though nerve ces can be stimulated externally by electrical impulses, controlled delivery of molecular neuratransmitters would enhance the seectvily ofthe activation process across cell types. Simon et al. useé conducting organic polymers to create an encapsulated device for delivering neurotransmitters suchas glutamate ‘neither continuous or pulsed fashion under electronic control, The device was initaly con structed in a planar geometry fori vito test- ‘ng, which achieved glutamate-induced spikes ‘in intracellular Ca?* concentration in astrocytes. For in vivo testing, the device was reconfigured into asyringe-tike geometry in order to deliver