Page 1 of 9

2016-PSEC-0683

Stability Improvement of a Two-Area Power System Connected with an

Integrated Onshore and Offshore Wind Farm Using a STATCOM
Li Wang

Che-hao Chang

Anton V. Prokhorov

Senior Member, IEEE

Department of Electrical Engineering
National Cheng Kung University
Tainan City 70lO1, Taiwan
liwang@mail.ncku.edu.tw

Department of Electrical Engineering

National Cheng Kung University
Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
haofd7211@gmail.com

Member, IEEE
Institute of Power Engineering
Tomsk Polytechnic University
Tomsk 634050, Russia
antonprokhorov@tpu.ru

Abstract

--

This paper presents stability-improvement

results of a two-area power system connected with an integrated

onshore

and

offshore

wind

farm

(WF)

using

static

synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The onshore WF of

19.8 MW is based on dynamic-slip induction generator (DSIG)

while the offshore WF of 100 MW is based on doubly-fed

induction generator (DFIG). The q-d axis equivalent-circuit

model is derived to establish the complete system model under

three-phase balanced condition. A lead-lag power-oscillation
damping controller (PODC) of the STATCOM is designed by
using the phase-compensation method based on modal control
theory to damp low-frequency oscillations of the studied two
area power system. A systematic strategy using a frequency
domain approach based on eigenvalue analysis and a time
domain

approach

based

on

nonlinear-model simulations is

performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed control

scheme. It can be concluded from the simulation results that the
proposed STATCOM joined with the designed PODC is capable
of improving stability of the studied two-area power system
connected with the integrated onshore and offshore WF under
various disturbance conditions.

Index Terms--Dynamic-slip induction generator, doubly-fed

induction generator, two-area power system, static synchronous
compensator, power-oscillation damping controller, stability.

I.

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, wind energy has been one of the fastest

growing renewable-energy resources in the whole world.
Nowadays, mature variable-speed wind turbines (VSWTs)
have become more attractive because of their inherent
advantages such as increase of energy capture, improvement
of power quality, reduction of stress on mechanical
components, etc. Two different types of VSWTs with power
electronics converters are very popular in wind-energy
conversIOn
systems:
permanent-magnet
synchronous
generation (PMSG) and doubly-fed induction generation
(DFIG). The latter one uses a wound-rotor induction
generator (WRIG) as a wind generator while a WRIG can
also be used as a wind dynamic-slip induction generator
(DSIG). The rotor speed of a wind DSIG can be regulated up
to 10% above synchronous speed by controlling the rotor
equivalent resistance [1]-[3]. A wind DFIG is capable of

achieving decouple control of active power and reactive

power by using rotor-side converter (RSC) and grid-side
converter (GSC) for better grid integration [4]-[6]. In order to
study the performance of a practical power system connected
with wind farms (WFs), a two-area power system connected
with an integrated DSIG-based onshore and DFIG-based
offshore WF is studied in this paper. However, due to the
inherent intermittent characteristics of wind speed and the
increasing penetration of WFs, the interaction between the
WF and the connected power system has given rise to
following challenging problems such as protection, voltage
stability, transient stability, etc. Hence, the reactive power
control in normal operation conditions and fault ride-through
capability during fault conditions are both necessary. Another
problem is the inter-area oscillations caused by interactions
among synchronous generators and it will limit power
transmission in power systems [7]-[8].
In the above case, a static synchronous compensator
(STATCOM) is considered for this application because a
STATCOM can provide superior voltage-support capability
using a voltage-source inverter. The STATCOM is one of the
shunt devices of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS)
family using power-electronics converters to control power
flow and improve dynamic/transient stability of power
systems. In [9], a STATCOM was connected at the point of
common coupling (PCC) to maintain stable voltage and
improve power quality by protecting DFIG-based WF
connected to a weak grid. In [lO]-[II], a STATCOM with a
lead-lag type damping controller was used to damp out
oscillations of a power system.
For the purpose of improving damping of the studied
power system connected with a WF, this paper proposes a
STATCOM connected to the bus where an integrated onshore
and offshore WF is connected to a two-area power system.
The STATCOM is for compensating the reactive power and
maintaining voltage profile at the connected bus. The main
contribution of this paper is to propose a STATCOM joined
with a lead-lag power-oscillation damping controller (PODC)
which is designed by using phase-compensation method

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Page 2 of 9

2016-PSEC-0683

Gl

2U/230 kV

10 knl

110

km

"

10

11

20/230 kV

G3

Area2
--j-- 4

"-IV
19.8 M'"
Onshore Wind Farlll

.lUOMVAH
STATCOM

G2

16

17

Offshore Wind Farlll

Fig. I.

Configuration of the two-area power system connected with an integrated onshore and offshore wind farm with a SATTCOM.

based on modal control theory to damp out oscillations of the

studied two-area power system.
This paper is organized as below. System configuration
and the employed models for an integrated DSIG-based
onshore and DFIG-based offshore WF fed to a two-area
power system using a STATCOM are introduced in Section II.
The design procedure and the corresponding design results
for the PODC of the proposed STATCOM using phase
compensation method based on modal control theory are
depicted in Section III. Steady-state results of the studied
system under different wind speeds of the integrated DSIG
based onshore and DFIG-based offshore WF are described in
Section IV. Comparative dynamic and transient responses of
the studied system with and without the designed PODC
subject to disturbance conditions are examined in Section V.
Finally, specific important conclusions of this paper are
drawn in Section VI.
II.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS AND EMPLOYED MODELS

A. System Configurations
Fig. I shows the system configuration of an integrated
DSIG-based onshore and DFIG-based offshore WF fed to a
two-area power system [12] using a STATCOM. The DSIG
based onshore WF of 19.8 MW and the DFIG-based offshore
WF of 100 MW are connected to the common Bus #16
through the connection lines of 2 km and 10 km, respectively.
Bus #16 is connected to Bus #7 of a two-area power system
through a step-up transformer of 33(Y)/230(L1) kV and a
connection line. A STATCOM of 100 MVAR is also
connected to Bus #7. Bus #1 of the two-area power system is
considered as the swing bus. The onshore WF is represented
by a large equivalent aggregated DSIG driven by an
equivalent aggregated VSWT through an equivalent
aggregated gearbox (GB). The offshore WF is represented by
a large equivalent aggregated DFIG driven by an equivalent
aggregated VSWT through an equivalent aggregated GB. The
two-axis equivalent-circuit synchronous generator (SG)

model is used for modeling the four SGs (GI-G4) shown in

Fig. 1. The associated block diagrams of rotor dynamics and
torque dynamics of the two-axis SG model by omitting the
subtransient response can be referred to [12-14]. The base
values and employed parameters of the studied system shown
in Fig. 1 can be referred to Appendix. The mathematical
models used for the studied system shown in Fig. 1 are
described as below.
B.

Wind Turbine Model

The mechanical power produced by a typical wind turbine

(WT) as a function of air density, blade impact area, wind
speed, dimensionless power coefficient, tip speed ratio, blade
angular speed, blade radius, and blade pitch angle of a WT
can be referred to [15]. The cut-in wind speed, the rated wind
speed, and the cut-out wind speed of the studied WT used in
Fig. 1 are 4 mis, 15 mis, and 25 mis, respectively.
The simplified equivalent mass-spring-damper model of a
WT coupled to the rotor of the studied wind generator can be
referred to [16]. The inertia constants of hub and wind
generator, the mechanical damping coefficients of hub and
wind generator, the spring constant between hub and wind
generator, the rotor angle difference between hub and wind
generator, the mechanical input torque of hub, and the
electromagnetic torque of the wind generator are also
considered in this paper.
C.

DSIG-based Onshore Wind Farm Model

Fig. 2 shows the one-line diagram of a wind DSIG, where

the stator windings of the wind DSIG are directly connected
to the low-voltage side of the step-up transfonner of 0.69/33
kV and the rotor windings are connected with an external
resistor of rex through a rotor-resistance controller.
The value of the equivalent resistance seen by the rotor
windings is determined by the active-power reference (PSJej)
of the wind DSIG. The value of PsJej depending on the value
of slip can be expressed by

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Page 3 of 9

0,

slip <0%

PSJef = (PsJa,e /5%)XSliP'

in which

0% < slip < 5%

(1)

5% < slip <10%

S _IVIed

(2)
_( OJe - OJ S)
OJe
where PSJGled is the p.u. rated active power of the wind DSIG
while OJs and OJe are the p.u. rotor angular speed of the DSIG
and the p.u. electrical angular speed, respectively [1]-[3].
Fig. 3 plots the control block diagram of the rotor
resistance controller shown in Fig. 2, where Ps is the output
active power of the wind DSIG. The difference between PSJe/
and Ps is passed through a fust-order lag to obtain the
external-resistance deviation I'lrex that is added to the nominal
operating external resistance rexO to determine the value of rex.
The final value of rex is limited by the output upper and lower
limiters shown in Fig. 3.

slip

Connected Bus
0.69/33 kV

isS
f'Jvs

,....---'-J.....L.--,

External resistor

Cs

l':
+

VII!.

I--',IXI\,---t rex

considered while the subtransient response is neglected. The

control block diagram of the IEEE Type STlA excitation
system, the governor model, and the steam-turbine torque
model of each SG and the associated p.u. differential
equations for each SG can be referred to [12-14].
F.

STATCOM Model

The p.u. q- and d-axis output voltages of the employed

STATCOM shown in Fig. 1 can be written by, respectively,
VeST
1 A

= Voc

/anCOS()7 +a)

(3)

VdSTA

= VDCJfA /ansin()7 +a)

(4)

STA

where VqSTA and VdSTA are the p.u. q- and d-axis voltages of
Bus #7, respectively; km and a are the modulation index and
phase angle of the DC-to-AC inverter of the STATCOM,
respectively; fh is the phase angle of the voltage of Bus #7,
and VDC STA is the p.u. DC voltage of the DC capacitor of the
STATCOM. The control block diagram of the employed
STATCOM including the proposed PODC is shown in Fig. 4.
The DC voltage VDC STA is controlled by the phase angle a
while the voltage magnitude of Bus #7 can be varied by
changing the modulation index km [16]. The PODC shown in
Fig. 4 will be designed in next section to improve the
damping of the oscillation modes of the two-area power
system.

Fig. 2. One-line diagram of the studied wind DSIG

\-+--km

Fig. 3. Control block diagram for rotor-resistance controller of the studied

wind DSIG

D. DFIG-based Offshore Wind Farm Model

For normal operation of a wind DFIG, its stator
windings are directly connected to the low-voltage side of a
step-up transformer while its rotor windings are connected to
the same low-voltage side of the transformer through a rotor
side converter (RSC), a DC link, a grid-side converter (GSC),
a step-up transformer, and a connection line. The normal
operation and the associated control schemes of the RSC and
GSC of the wind DFIG can be referred to [16].
E.

Two-Area Power System Model

The two-area power system shown in Fig. 1 is widely

used in multi-machine power-system stability studies. The
complete parameters of this power system can be referred to
[12]. In this paper, the four SGs (GI-G4) shown in Fig. 1 are
represented by the two-axis model whose block diagram of
both rotor dynamics and torque dynamics can be referred to
[20]. The transient response of the SG model dominated by d
axis field winding and q-axis damper winding is solely

VDC_STA_l'ef
VpODC_1I/0X
.-----,

amill

-8
VPODC_min

Fig. 4. Control block diagrams of the modulation index km and the phase
angle a of the DC-to-AC inverter of the proposed STATCOM including the
designed PODe.

III. DESIGN OF A POWER -OSCILLATION DAMPING

CONTROLLER FOR STATCOM
This section explains the design procedure and the design
results of the PODC for the proposed STATCOM to achieve
stability improvement of the studied two-area power system
using phase-compensation method based on modal control
theory.
The nonlinear system equations developed Section II are
fust linearized around a selected nominal operating point to

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2016-PSEC-0683

obtain a set of linearized system dynamic equations which

can be expressed by the matrix form of [16]

pX = AX+BU+VW

(5)

Y = CX+DU

where X is the state vector, Y is the output vector, U is the

external or compensated input vector, Wis the disturbance
input vector while A, B, C, D, and V are all constant matrices
of appropriate dimensions. To design the PODC for the
STATCOM, Wand U in (5) can be properly ignored by
simply setting D V 0, where 0 is a zero matrix or a zero
vector. The state vector X can be properly partitioned into
[XDS1G, XDF1G, XMECH, XSGs.
four substate vectors as X
XSTATCOM]T, where superscript T denotes the transpose of a
matrix or a vector while XDSJG, XDF1G, XMECH, XSGs. and
XSTATCOM are referred to the state vectors of the DSIG-based
onshore WF, the DFIG-based offshore WF, the mechanical
systems of two WFs, the four SGs of the two-area system,
and the STATCOM, respectively. Since the wind speed of the
two WFs seldom reaches the WT's rated wind speed of 15
mis, the wind speed of 11 mls is properly selected as the
nominal operating point for two WFs to design the PODC for
the STATCOM.
The eigenvalues of the studied two-area power system
containing the DSIG-based onshore WF, the DFIG-based
offshore WF, and the proposed STATCOM are listed in the
third column of Table I.
=

TABLE

I.

No.
A

(rad/s) OF THE STUDIED SYSTEM UNDER WIND SPEED

OF II m/s
System with the
System with the
STATCOM and the
Subsystem STATCOM but without
PODC
designed PODC

EIGENVALUES

can be improved by adding the designed damping controller

to the control loop of the proposed STATCOM.
The geometric measure of observability [17]-[18] is
utilized in this paper to determine the suitable feedback signal
for designing the PODC with respect to the inter-area
oscillation mode of the studied two-area power system. The
geometric measure of observability can be expressed by

(6)
where I-I and II-II denote the absolute value of - and the
standard 2-norm of -, respectively; c; is the j-th row of matrix
C; (A is the k-th right eigenvector; and fl,tA, c/) is the angle
between c; and (A. Table II lists the values of geometric
measure of observability using eight different feedback
signals for designing the PODC of the STATCOM. It can be
found from Table II that the deviation of the active power
flowing from Bus #7 to Bus #8 (tJ.P7_S) can have the largest
value of 0.982 for gmolk) in the eight selected feedback
signals.
TABLE

II

VALUES OF GEOMETRIC MEASURE OF OBSERVABILITY USING

EIGHT DIFFERENT FEEDBACK SIGNALS

Feedback signal

gmoik)

6.w"

0. 568

6.W,2

0. 521

6.Wd

0.774

6.w,"

0.712

M6-7

0.856

6.Q6-7

0. 205

-67.004 j2422.5

-67.030 j2422.5

M7-8

0.982-

-15.32 j373.15

-15.55 j373.08

6.Q7-S

0. 283

-4.154 j36472

-4.621 j36472

-6.3057 j375.68

-6.9925 j375.84

-3.1851 j45.847

-3.3645 j45.841

-1.5829 j2.1332

-1.5838 j2.1334

13.14

-0.7624 j3.6019

-0.7631 j3.6008

15.16

-1.594 j9.155

-1.711 j9.171

-1.681 j9.307

-1.783 j9.318

19.20

-0.162 j6.175

-0.404 j6.183*

21.22

-96.21,-110.17

-96.47, -110.42

-5. 51 jO.785

-5. 72 jO.778

-14.092

-14.306

1.2

3.4

5.6

7.S

XOS1G
XOF1G

9.10

11.12

XMECH

17.18

XSG

23.24

Page 4 of 9

25

XST.4

denotes exactly assIgned eIgenvalues

It is seen that the eigenvalues }.15,16 and }.l7,IS relate to the

rotor-angle modes of local oscillation Area #1 (G1 against G2)
and Area #2 (G3 against G4), respectively, while the
eigenvalues }.19,20 refer to the mode of inter-area oscillations
between Area #1 and Area #2. It is clearly seen from Table I
that the inter-area oscillation mode of }.\9,20 is the one located
closest to the imaginary axis of the complex plane in all
system eigenvalues. This inter-area oscillation mode of }.19,20

-denotes the largest value.

The control block diagram for modulating a of the

STATCOM including the designed PODC was shown in Fig.
4. It is seen that the PODC employs the just determined
signal M7-S as the feedback signal to generate a damping
signal VPODC in order that the damping characteristics of the
poorly-damped inter-area oscillation mode }.19,20 listed in
Table I can be effectively enhanced.
Hence, the output signal in (5) is Y
tJ.P7-S while U
VPODC is the input signal. The transfer function H(s) of the
proposed PODC for the STATCOM in s domain shown in
Fig. 4 is given by
=

where T w is the time constant of the wash-out term, KSTA is

the gain, and T\ and T2 are the time constants of the lead-lag
compensator of the designed PODC. The parameters of the

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2016-PSEC-0683

Page 5 of 9

lead-lag compensator can be determined by using phase

compensation method given as below [10]-[11].
. LH(Ak))
1-SIn
(

o
.& -0,05

,}

(8)

m
s

/3,k - 0. LH(A )
1+sine
k )
_

(9)
(10)
where LH (Ak) is the phase angle of the transfer function H(Ak)
of the PODC, OJk is the is the angular frequency (rad/s) of the
mode to be damped, and ms is the stage nwnber for the lead
lag compensator. The designed results using phase
compensation method are given as below: Ak
-0.404
j6.183 rad/s, OJk 6.183 rad/s, ms 2, KSTA 0.5, TW 10.0 S,
TI 0.6824 s, and T2 0.0303 s.
=

VWD(rn!s)

(a) Active power of DSIG WF

; :1
t
' 2l20

10

15

20

25

Vws(m!s)

(b) Reactive power of DSTG WF

'

,-0

1J100 _
0 0

VWD (m!s)

00

,...----

__

10

<-;; 25

25

Vws (m/s)

(c) Voltage of DSIG WF

51

VWD (m/s)

1520

00

25

vII'S (mls)

(d) Active power of DFIG WF

IV. STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS

Fig. 5 plots the steady-state operating conditions of the
studied system when the wind speed of the onshore WF ( VWD )
and the wind speed of the onshore WF (V WS) are varied from
the cut-in wind speed of 4 rnIs to the cut-out wind speed of 25
mis, respectively. Conventional Newton-Raphson algorithm
is properly used to calculate the power-flow results of the
studied two-area multi-machine system shown in Fig. 1.
As shown in Figs. 5(a) and 5(d), the output active powers
of the onshore WF (Ps) and the offshore WF (PD) are kept
constant values when the wind speeds reach the rated value of
15 rnIs. When the wind speeds are between the cut-in value
and the rated value, the output active powers of the onshore
WF and the offshore WF are proportional to the cubic of the
corresponding wind speeds.
For the reactive powers of the two WFs, it can be seen
from Fig. 5(b) that the reactive power of the onshore WF (Qs)
changes from a low negative value to a larger negative when
wind speed V ws is changed from the cut-in wind speed to the
rated wind speed. In Fig. 5(e), the reactive power of the
offshore WF (QD) changes from a small positive value to an
approximate zero value when wind speed VWD is increased
from the cut-in wind speed to the rated wind speed. Such
output zero reactive power of the DFIG-based offshore WF
could be due to the operation of the GSC of the wind DFIG to
achieve unity power factor at its output terminals.
Both plots shown in Figs. 5(c) and 5(t) demonstrate that
the voltage magnitudes of the onshore WF ( Vs) and the
offshore WF ( VD) can be kept at the rated values by the
corresponding control systems of the two WFs.
The active power of Bus #16 (PI6) shown in Fig. 5(g)
describes that the total active power variation of the two WFs
are mainly dominated by the output active power of the
offshore WF since its total installed capacity is much larger
than the one of the onshore WF. However, the total output
reactive power of Bus #16 (Q16) shown in Fig. 5(h) is mainly

.(II

2520

15 10

Vuv(m!s)

00

25 20

15 10

Vf)(m/s)

Vws(m/s)

(e) Reactive power of DFlG WF

() 0

(f) Voltage of DFIG WF

0.04

-;

0,02

VWD(m/s)

00

V,,,,(mJs)

(g) Active power of Bus #16

Ji

WD

(m/s)

00

10 15

20 25

Jiws(mls)

(h) Reactive power of Bus #16

(i) Active power of G I

(j) Reactive power of G I
Fig. 5. Steady-state results of the studied system under different wind
speeds of the integrated onshore-offshore wind farm

determined by the onshore WF because larger reactive power

is generally required for the wind DSIGs.
Figs. 5(i) and 5(j) also show the variations of the output
active power (PGI) and reactive power (QGI) of G1 shown in
Fig. 1, respectively. These values must be determined by
power-flow calculations under different wind speeds of the
two WFs.

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V.

DY NAMIC AND TRANSIENT SIMULATIONS

This section is divided into two parts to simulate the

dynamic and transient responses of the studied system subject
to wind-speed changes of the two WFs and a three-phase
short-circuit fault at one bus of the studied system,
respectively, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the
STATCOM joined with the designed PODC on damping
improvement of the studied system.
A.

System Dynamic Performance

Figs. 6(b)-6(1) compare the dynamic responses of the

studied system without STATCOM (blue dashed lines), with
the STATCOM but without PODC (red dashed lines), and
with the proposed STATCOM and the designed PODC (black
solid lines) when the two WFs have the same wind speed
speed change shown in Fig. 6(a). The wind-speed change
contains the following components: (a) a base wind speed of
11 mls and a noise wind speed exist from t 0 s to t 60 s,
(b) a gust wind speed with magnitude of 2.5 mls is suddenly
applied at t
20 s, and (c) a ramp wind speed is suddenly
applied until t 40 s.
=

14

13

"I

OI

-0.06

"-'"

20

40

1(5)
(a) Wind speeds of two WFs

OJ

0.12

01

60

-0.07
0>

09
. 8'

'"

-0.075

40

20

60

I (s)
(b) Active power of DSTG WF

-0 08

20

40

60

I (s)
(c) Reactive power of DSTG WF

x 1 0-'
4

..... WiOSTAICOM

. 8 5
'" 09

=i -0.065

80. 4
1

- II

0.99 ------

t..

-0.055

0.1 6

'"
"

12
'"
""-

Figs. 6(b)-6(d) show the comparative dynamic responses

of the active power, reactive power, and voltage magnitude of
the DSIG-based onshore WF, respectively. It can be clearly
seen from the comparative three curves that the active-power
response is related to the wind-speed change only. The
dynamic responses of the reactive power and the voltage
magnitude can be quickly damped out by the STATCOM
joined with the PODC since they have the lowest magnitudes
during wind-sped changes.
Similar characteristics can also be discovered from Figs.
6(e)-6(g) which are the comparative dynamic responses of the
active power, reactive power, and voltage magnitude of the
DFIG-based offshore WF, respectively. Again, the active
power response is related to the wind-speed change only
while the responses of reactive power and voltage magnitude
can be fast suppressed by the STATCOM joined with the
PODC because they have the smallest magnitudes during
wind-speed changes.
Since the proposed STATCOM is connected at Bus #7,
the comparative dynamic responses of the voltage magnitude
at Bus #7 shown in Fig. 6(h) demonstrate that the voltage

0.18

Page 6 of 9

09
. 75,-----='=-=---:
60
20
0
0
4:":-

1 (s)
(d) Voltage magnitude of DSTG WF

0.99,------

0.9915,-------,

---WithSTfl.TCO'"
-WithSTATCOM+POOC

0.988

0.8

80.6

f-----'

"'I

0)

0.4

0.2

'"
0>

-:- 0.98 6
8

,,:--098 4

0.9 905

0.98 2

'---60---2:'::0--...,40::---

(s)
(e) Active power of DFIG WF
5

X 10
4

""'W/OSTAKOM
---WilhSTATCOM
-Witl,STATCOMtl'()!X:

20

40

099 -'
-='=-'--:":------:"
20
0
60
40

60

(s)
(f) Reactive power of DFTG WF

(s)
(g) Voltage magnitude of DFTG WF

0.126----,--"
..... W,O STATCm.l

0.98
0

0.124

0.4

-0

039

___

0.12

I (s)

40

60

(i) Speed deviation of G1

Fig. 6.

40

60

WilbST .I,.TCOf
ithSTATcmH'OIX'

-W

0.575

.574

0.573

038

20

60

0.576-----,---"
. ... WjOSJ..l,TCOt

0.41

"",

20

40

"-

0122
-2

20

(s)
(h) Voltage magnitude of Bus #7

-WithSTATCOWPODC

-0

,,
-<l

0.991

---

0.572

20

40

60

20

40

60

1 (s)
(s)
1 (s)
U) Rotor angle difference of G1
(k) Rotor angle difference of Gl to
(I) Rotor angle difference of Gl to
G3
G4
to G2
Dynamic responses of studied system subject to wind-speed changes of the two wind farms.
t

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2016-PSEC-0683

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magnitude is the lowest one during wind-speed increase

condition when the STATCOM joined with the PODC is in
service. However, when the wind speed is decreased, the
studied system without and with the STASTCOM can have
the lowest and the highest voltage magnitudes on Bus #7,
respectively.
To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
STATCOM joined with the designed PODC on damping
improvement of the machine oscillations of the two-area
power system, Figs. 6(i)-6(1) draw the comparative dynamic
responses of speed deviation of G1, rotor angle difference of
G1 with respect to G2, rotor angle difference of G1 with
respect to G3, and rotor angle difference of G1 with respect
to G4, respectively. It is noted that the rotor-speed deviation
and rotor angle between SGs are important indices for
stability evaluation of multi-machine power systems. These
four plots show that the proposed STATCOM joined with the
designed PODC can result in the lowest magnitudes on these
stability indices under the selected wind-speed changes.
B.

System Transient Performance

For transient simulations of the studied system, a three

phase short-circuit fault suddenly applied to Bus #8 starts at t
5 s and is cleared at t 5.1 s. Bus #8 is just the midpoint of
the transmission lines connected between the two areas of the
studied system shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 7 plots the comparative
transient responses of the studied system without STATCOM
(blue dashed lines), with the STATCOM but without PODC
(red dashed lines), and with the proposed STATCOM and the
designed PODC (black solid lines) under the three-phase
fault. Assume that the wind speeds of the two WFs are kept at
a constant value of 11 mls.
Figs. 7(a)-7(c) show the comparative transient responses
of the active power, reactive power, and voltage magnitude of
the DSIG-based onshore WF, respectively. It can be seen that
three comparative responses suddenly drop to low values
when the fault occurs. When the fault is cleared, these three
responses stably return the original steady-state operating
conditions. Two oscillatory decaying responses can be clearly
observed at t
5 s and t
5.1 s. It can also be discovered
from Figs. 7(a)-7(c) that the three comparative responses can
have the smallest amplitudes when the studied system is with
the proposed STATCOM and the designed PODC.
Figs. 7(d)-7(f) show the comparative transient responses
of the active power, reactive power, and voltage magnitude of
the DFIG-based offshore WF, respectively. It can be clearly
seen that the reactive-power responses of the offshore WF are
quite different from the ones of the onshore WF because the
reactive-power control strategy of the wind DFIG is quite
different from the one of the wind DSIG. Again, it can be
seen from Figs. 7(d)-7(f) that the three comparative responses
of the studied system can have the smallest amplitudes when
the studied system is with the proposed STATCOM and the
designed PODe.
=

Figs. 7(g)-7(i) show the comparative transient responses

of the active power, speed derivation, and voltage magnitude
of G1 (swing generator), respectively. It can be seen that the
voltage magnitude of G1 decreases suddenly and starts to
oscillate when the fault occurs at Bus #8. The active powers
of G1 also drop to low values and the speed deviations of G1
begin to oscillate during the faulted interval. Again, it can be
discovered from Figs. 7(g)-7(i) that the three comparative
responses can have the smallest amplitudes when the studied
system is with the proposed STATCOM and the PODe.
Figs. 7(j)-7(1) draw the comparative transient responses of
the rotor angle difference of G 1 with respect to G3, the active
power flowing from Bus #7 to Bus #8, and the reactive power
of the STATCOM, respectively. It can be seen from Figs. 7(j)
and 7(k) that the proposed STATCOM can supply proper
reactive power to the studied system to damp out the inherent
inter-area oscillations and mitigate power-flow variations
from Bus #7 to Bus #8 of the two-area power system. Fig. 7(1)
also shows that the STATCOM joined with the designed
PODC can supply larger reactive power to damp out inter
area oscillations of the studied system than the STATCOM
only.
It is observed from the comparative transient simulation
results shown in Fig. 7 that the proposed STATCOM joined
with the designed PODC can offer much better damping
characteristics to the studied system under the severe three
phase short-circuit fault than the STATCOM without
damping controller. The proposed PODC is required for the
STATCOM to offer adequate damping characteristics to the
studied two-area system connected with the integrated
onshore and offshore WF.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has presented the stability improvement of an
integrated DSIG-based onshore and DFIG-based offshore
wind farm fed to a two-area power system using a
STATCOM. The STATCOM is proposed to connect to the
bus where the integrated wind farm is connected to the two
area power system. To supply the adequate reactive power to
the system, a lead-lag type of PODC for the STATCOM has
been designed by using phase-compensation method based on
modal control theory to improve the inter-area oscillation
mode of the studied two-area power system. The steady-state
operating conditions of the studied system from the cut-in
wind speeds to the cut-out wind speeds of the onshore and
offshore wind farms have been carried out. Comparative
dynamic and transient simulations of the studied system
subjected to wind-speed changes of the two wind farms and a
three-phase short-circuit fault at the bus have been
systematically performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of
the proposed STATCOM joined with the designed PODC on
suppressing the inter-area oscillations of the studied system,
respectively. It can be concluded that from the simulation
results that the proposed STATCOM joined with the designed

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2016-PSEC-0683

0.2

0.6 r----r=
...=;;
..
/
W"'
O"'
T
S A ;; TC""
.
O'7", ===j
--wilh S1A1COM
-With STATCmf+POf)(
0.4

1.2

WiOSTATCOM

---With STATCOM
-With 51A1(,01l11 l'OIX'

0.1

Page 8 of 9

.e

---WithSTATCOf
-With STATeO.'.!

1.5

.. w/o ST t\TCOM

I'ODC

II

""'\\'IOSTATCOM
---WilhSTATCOM

-WithS1 ArcOH'()I)C

-= 0.5 -lllIJlll6\lO-

0.8'

---1

0.6

5.2

'rS)

5.4

(a) Active power of DSIG WF

:
A.r\
O

co
01

.Oi.8

5.8

3. 8CC ---:---'-.S 2 -.S 4 --'-.S -'-6 --"S.8

(b) Reactive power of DS1 G WF

(c) Voltage magnitude of DSIG WF

5.8

5.6

-WithSTATCOM
-WitbSTATCOMtPOOC

0 I
4.8

,
5.2

5.4
(s)

5.6

IA.
I'

5.6

'"

-=

eel
4

0.8

0.7

OJ

10
(s)

20

15

(i) Voltage magnitude of GI

Fig.

7.

10
(5)

15

X 10.3

'

-4

.60

(s)

---WithS 1 AK mi
-WilhSTATCO:-'{t-PO

--1

__

15

10
(5)

'"
C)j

o,-----mll,tr'.fIIV-----J
0.5

20

15

10
(5)

20

are listed in Table III below.

TABLE Il l .

EMPLOYED SYSTEM PARAMETERS

System Bases

Vbase= 0.69/20/33/230 kV, Sbase= 100

MVA,ffibase= 2njbase,

DSJG-based Onshore Wind Farm (Base:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Financial supported by Ministry of Science and

Technology (MOST) of Taiwan under Grant MOST 1043113-E-006-009 is appreciated_
The authors have an immense gratitude to Buddhist
Grandmaster Sheng-yen Lu (Dharma King, His Holiness
Living Buddha Lian-sheng) (Address: True Buddha School,
17012 N.E. 40th Court, Redmond, WA 98052-5479, USA)
(E-mail:
(Web
site:
webmaster@tbsseattle.org)
http://tbsn.orglenglish2/) for his paramount wisdom of
Buddha, kind suggestions, and precious tal ks [19] on the
related research topics [17-18, 20-24].
VIII.

0.5

0
2

U) Rotor angle difference of GI

(k) Active power of transmission
(I) Reactive power supported by the
proposed STA TCOM
line from Bus #7 to Bus #8
with respect to G3
Transient responses of studied system subject to a three-phase shortcircuit fault at Bus #8.

PODC is capable of improving the damping characteristics of

the studied two-area power system connected with the
integrated DSIG-based onshore and DFIG-based offshore
wind farm.
VII.

15

10
I (s)

(h) Speed deviation of G1

1 : WIOSTAfl'OM

20

5.8

i'

2
;,;-::,

"'-- 4---f\IIIML""""""
W
:

5.6

..... WiOSfATCOM

=,
IO ----r==o=cc===

'"

",,:::O.4 I-_lIur...._
.
__...;

5,4
(s)

-WithSTATCO\!+PODC

(g) Active power of G I

---WilhSTATCOl
-V,"jlb STATCOt POOC

05

---WithSTATCO\!

\A'

..... WiOSTA'It'OM

0.6

I --Wi lhsTATCml
1 -Witb STATCO.\ttPOOC

-10-1520

(t) Voltage magnitude of DFlG WF

]'

0.9

5.8
.4---:5:'":".6----="
OJ.8=-----::--5:-.2:--5:"-:
t (s)

WIOSTATCOM
--'WithS'JA'I'COM
-WithSTATCOM+PODC

,,-0.95

5.2

(d) Active power of DFIG WF

-r==o
=o:==
=,
10,-----:''''WIOSTATCOM

"co

0
. 3.8

I(s)

-= 0.9

Ll ,-------cc===cc===
"'il
LOS

5.4

5.8

(e) Reactive power of DFlG WF

I(S)

Ll ----==_

J r--
'=
"" \WO
'=
srC::C
A TC=
OMc====J

5.2

ApPENDIX: EMPLOYED SYSTEM PARAMETERS

The complete employed parameters of the studied system

andjbase= 60

Hz

19.8 MVA)

I) Wind turbine:
CS1 = 0.22, CSl = 116.0, C" = 0.4, CS4 = 0.0, CS5 = 0.0, CS6 = 5.0,
CS7 = 12.5, Css = 0.08,
2)

and CS9 = 0.035

Wind DSIG:

p. u. ,X'sS= 0.1274 p.u. ,r,s= 0.00625 p. u. ,

p. u. ,X;"s= 5.808 p.u. ,HhS= 3.5 s,and Hes= 0.5 s
DFIG-based Offshore Wind Farm (Base: lOO MVA)
I) Wind turbine:
CDI = 0.34, CD2 = 128.0, CD3 = 0.4, Co. = 0.0, CDS = 0.0, Coo = 11.0,
CD7 = 10.9, CD8 = 0.08, and CD9 = 0.01
2) Wind DFIG:
rsD= 0.00706 p.u.,X,sD= 0.171 p.u. ,rrD= 0.005 p.u.,
X',D= 0.156 p. u. ,X;"D= 2.9 p. u. ,HhD= 3.5 s,and HsD= 0.5 s
STATCOM (Base: lOO MVAR)
R", = 125 p. u. ,C",= 375 F,RST.4 = 0.05 p.u. ,and XSTA = 0.05 p.u.
rss = 0.00749

X,rS= 0.1686

IX. REFERENCES
[I]

Z. Chen,Y. Hu, and F. Blaabjerg,"Stability improvement of induction

generator-based wind turbine systems," JET Renewable Power
Generation, vol. I,no. I,pp. 81-93,Mar. 2007.

978-1-4799-8397-1/161$31.00 2016 IEEE

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[2]

L. Lin, F. Sun, Y. Yang, and Q. Li, "Comparison of reactive power

compensation strategy of wind farm based on Optislip wind turbines,"
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[5] F. Wu, X.-P. Zhang, K. Godfrey, and P. Ju, "Small signal stability
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[6] H.-S. Ko,G. -G. Yoon, and W. -P. Hong, "Active use of DFIG-based
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[7] N. Mithulananthan, C. A. Canizares, J. Reeve, and G. J. Rogers,
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[9] B. Pokharel and W. Gao, "Mitigation of disturbances in DFIG-based
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[10] G. Cakir and G. Radman, "Placement and performance analysis of
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international Cotiference on Electric POlVer and Energy Conversion
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[11] W. Yao, L. Jiang, J.-Y. Wen, Q.-H. WU, and S.-J. Cheng, "Wide-area
damping controller of FACTS devices for inter-area oscillations
considering communication time delays," iEEE Trans. FOlVer Systems,
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[12] P. Kundur, POlVer System Stability and Control, New York: McGraw
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[13] P. M. Anderson and A. A. Fouad, POlVer System Control and Stability,
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[14] P. C. Krause, Analysis of Electric Machinery, New York: McGraw
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[15] L. Wang and C. -T. Hsiung, "Dynamic stability improvement of an
integrated grid-connected offshore wind farm and marine-current farm
using a STATCOM," iEEE Trans. FOlVer Systems, vol. 26, no. 2, pp.
690-698,May 2011.
[16] L. Wang and D. -N. Troung, "Stability enhancement of DFlG-based
offshore wind farm fed to a multi-machine system using a
STA TCOM," IEEE Trans. POlVer Systems, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 28822889,Aug. 2013.
[17] S.-Y. Lu, L. Wang, S.-c. Ke, C. H. Chang, and Z.-H. Yang,
"Evaluation of measured power-quality results of a wind farm
connected to Taiwan Power System," iEEE Trans. Industry
Applications, vol. 52,no. I, pp. 42-29, Jan.lFeb. 2016.
[18] S.-Y. Lu, L. Wang, S.-c. Ke, C. H. Chang, and Z.-H. Yang,
"Evaluation of measured power-quality results of a wind farm
connected to Taiwan Power System," in Froc. 2014 iEEE lAS Annual
Meeting, Vancouver,BC,Canada,October 5-9,2014.
[19] S.-Y. Lu,"Hevajra teaches essentials of secret practice and exploitation
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sheng Sheng-yen Lu Dharma Talk on September 7th, 2008 at True
Buddha Rainbow Temple, W A, USA.
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[21] S.-Y. Lu and L. Wang, "A preliminary study on total energy-density

variations of a Buddhist temple in Taiwan through long-term field
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[22] S.-Y. Lu, 1. Wang, S.-c. Ke, C. H. Chang, and Z.-H. Yang, "Analysis
of measured power-quality results of a PV system connected to Peng
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[23] S.-Y. Lu, 1. Wang, H. Nguyen Thi, Z.-H. Yang, S.-Y. Chang Chien,
and A. V. Prokhorov, "Impact analysis of Peng-Hu Power System
connected with a p hotovoltaic system," in Proc. the Green Technology
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Hochiminh City,Vietnam,October 30-31,2014.
[24] S.-Y. Lu, L. Wang, Ha Nguyen Thi, and A. V. Prokhorov, "Stability
enhancement of a multi-machine system using a generalized unified
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Hochiminh City,Vietnam,October 30-31,2014.

X.

BIOGRAPHIES

(S'87-M'88-SM'05) received the Ph.D.

degree from the Department of Electrical
Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei
City, Taiwan, in June 1988. He has been an
associated professor and a professor at the
Department of Electrical Engineering, National
Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan in
1988 and 1995, respectively. He was a visiting
scholar of School of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, TN, USA from February 2000 to July 2000. He was a visiting
scholar of School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,
Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA from August 2003 to
January 2004. He was a research scholar of the Energy Systems Research
Center, the University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA from
July 2008 to January 2009. His research interests include power systems
stability and renewable energy. He is an IEEE Senior Member.
Li Wang

was born in Kaohsiung County,

Taiwan, on July 14, 1990. He obtained his
bachelor degree from the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University,
Taoyuan County, Taiwan, in June 2012. He
received his M.Sc. degree at the Department of
Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung
University, Tainan City, Taiwan, in June 2013.
His research interests include induction generator,
wind power generation systems,and power system stability.
Che-hao Chang

Anton Prokhorov (M'13) received the B. Eng.,

Dipl. Eng. and PhD degrees from Tomsk
Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia in 2006,
2007, and 2010, respectively, all in Electrical
Engineering. In 2008,he joined Tomsk Polytechnic
University, where he is currently an associate
professor of the Electrical Power Systems
Department and the Head of the Electrical Power
Networks and Engineering department. He has
been involved in research on power transformers diagnostics,development
of real time simulators, power system transients, reactive power and
voltage control and relay coordination.

978-1-4799-8397-1/16/$31.00 2016 IEEE