(© 2008 by Pearson Eaton, In, polishing as eason Addison-Wesley Newton’s Theory of Gravity 13.1 A Little History 13.2 Isaac Newton 13.3 Newton's Law of Gravity 1 Isthe earth's gravitational fore onthe moon larger than, smaller than, or equ tothe moon’s _xvitational force onthe earth? Explain, The afovitotional Forces are equal ond opposite “They OF On Action -CeAction Poa 2. SurA wie masive shar B They atincteahotber - fei ecorsbule patina ote deat nn, Plan Faun b. Is the acceleration of sar A larger than, smaller than, or equal othe acceleration of star B? Explain. The acceleration of Stor A is Smaller, For equal forces, the Smarter mass eXperiences the, areotter accelerotion becouse OF Fm 3. The gravitational force ofa star on orbiting planet 1 is Plant 2, whichis twice as massive as planet 1 and orbits at half the distance from the star, experiences gravitational force F, What is the ratio BIR?13-2. cirarren 13 » Newton's Theory of Gravity 4, Comets orbit the sun in highly elliptical orbits. A new comet is sighted at time fy a. Later, at time fp, the comet's acceleration ay is twice as large as the acceleration ay it had att, ‘Wat is the ratio ry/r, of the comet’s distance from the sun at to its distance at 1? For aj d0,, Fy =F, - mH 0 vo ~ | 2. 7 -So-a ew -2= Ro 7 NE — b. Si later, time the comet has rounded the sun and is headed back out tothe farthest reaches of the solar system. Te size ofthe free Fs. the comet ais the same as the sizeof fre butte came diane from the sun ron 90% of tance Asonomers ecopnize ht te comet has Tost nasa Pat OF twas "bled aay” bythe ea ofthe sun ding the ine of loses Sppronch thus fonming the comers a. Wha pean of nial mass dd the ome ose? > Fax I = Pa iTh= OA, Sd COM, = 0.3167 Therefore 3.70 Bim, 13.4 Little g and Big G 5, How faraway from the earth does an orbiting spacecraft have tobe in order forthe astronauts inside to be weightless? The astronauts can be Weidrtless at any distance because Oo oleject is said +8 le Weiahtless if it is. TMsreefall (asin cbih). Fore avostracr one force poloecome Zero Whe Space Cros} Would nave te be ay Insinite distance away. 6, The free-fall acceleration at the surface of planet 1 is 20 m/s, The radius and the mass of planet 2 are half those of planet 1. What is g on planet 2? 1 m aq & are Yap * oy {2008 by Pearson Fasc, ln, publishing as Peso Adon‘©2008 by Pearson Education, Jn. publishing as Pearson Adin Wek Newton's Thoory of Gravity CHAPTER IS 13-3 13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy 7. Explain why the gravitational potential energy of two masses is negative, Note that saying “because thats what the formula gives” isnot an explanation. An explanation makes use ofthe basi ideas of force and potential energy : \ The avovitosional potevrtial energy IS Neqorive sae Wecvouge ro pioce tne dure eat of emrioleneray arintiniby (Was 0). Fromtnis Choice re grout ional potential anergy is negotive pecouse theconsenoarive Force oF aroatty 15 adtwoctive.. The HNo MASS WIllADIN Kinebic Sneray asthey approoeh each siinev? 13.6 Satellite Orbits and Energies 8. Planet X orbits the stat Alpha with a “year” that is 200 earth days long. Planet ¥ ciscles Alpha at nine times the distance of planet X. How long is a year on planet Y? Fe lets nivel law,the orbital period | caeeate pro gocions\ 4p the, ocbitol FoUS oe Tax ¢ 3 Thus ot Fy) =AC, ; 12 ol ey)?= 3er9 & (3T) Ty= 977 Ayearon planet ¥ is S400 eactin dons long 9. The mass of Jupiter i Mypter = 300Meaci- Jupiter orbits around the sun with Tyopiqr = 11-9 years in an orbit with rypiee= 5.2rean. Suppose the earth could be moved to the distance of Jupiter and placed in a circular orbit around the sun, The new period of the earth’s orbit would be 1 yea Q@i19 years ¢. Beoween I year and 11.9 years. “d. More than 11.9 years. , Itcould be anything, depending on £,ILisimpossible for a planet of earth's mass the speed the earth is given. to orbit at the distance of Jupiter. Circle the ltr ofthe te statement. Then explain your choice The orbital period is independevd oF the mass OF Lhe orbiting loodly , provided thatthe, grbitinn bad Mass is Much less than the mass oF he loody being oroited.13-4 cuAPrER 13 . Newton's Theory of Gravity 10, Satelite A orbits planet with a speed of 10,000 m/s, Satellite B is twice as massive as satellite A and orbits at twice the distance from the center ofthe planct. What is the speed of satelite B? SotelliteBs moss isnot Celevamnt, but at twice te distance. its acbita| period isoveater ley aFactor OF [ae LS Bod Wedistonce it mnastrovel during each period is also greater oy afoactor OF B-THUS, its Speed is Be less ov & less Nyt O10 1Vg2 LOTS & 7X0? 5. 11, a Acrew of a spacecraft in a clockwise circular orbit around the moon ‘wants to change (0 a new orbit that will take them down to the surface, In which direction should they fire the rocket engine? On the figure, show the exhaust gases coming out of the spacecraft. On the figure, show the spacecraft's orbit after firing its rocket engine. ‘The moon has no atmosphere, so the spacecraft will continue unimpeded along its new orbit until either firing its rocket again or (ouch!) intersecting the surface. As it descends, does its speed increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain. As it descends, its speed increases, os it loses Betentioleneray ond oAins Kinetic energy ‘62008 by Pearson Education, lc. publshng as Peston Adion- Wesley