content

Introduction.

Appreciation

Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

Further Exploration.

Conclusion..

Reflection
 Objective
We students taking Additional Mathematics are required to carry out a
project work while we in Form 5. This year the Curriculum Development
Division, Ministry of Education has prepared for tasks for us. We are to
choose and complete ONLY one task based on our area of interest. This
project can be done can be done in groups or individually, but each of us are
expected to submit an individually written report. Upon completion of the
Additional Mathematics Project Work, we are to gain valuable experiences
and able to :

1. apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to solve

routine and non-routine problems
2. experience classroom environments which are challenging, interesting
and meaningful and hence improve their thinking skills
3. experience classroom environments where knowledge and skills are
applied in meaningful ways in solving real-life problems
4. experience classroom environments where expressing ones
mathematical thinking, reasoning and communication are highly
encouraged and expected
5. experience classroom environments that stimulates and enhances
effective learning
6. acquire effective mathematical communication through oral and
writing, and to use the language of mathematics to express
mathematical ideas correctly and precisely
7. enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge and skills through
problem- solving in ways that increase interest and confidence
8. prepare ourselves for the demand of our future undertakings and in
workplace
9. realise that mathematics is an important and powerful tool in solving
real-life problems and hence develop positive attitude towards
mathematics.
 10. train ourselves not only to be independent learners but also to
collaborate, to cooperate and to share knowledge in an engaging
healthy environment
11. use technology especially the ICT appropriately and effectively
12. train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic values of mathematics
and to become more creative and innovative
13. realize the importance and the beauty of mathematics
 Appreciation
First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving
me the strength and health to do this project work until it done.

Not forgotten to my family for providing everything, such as

money, to buy anything that are related to this project work and
their advise, which is the most needed for this project. Internet,
books, computers and all that as my source to complete this
project. They also supported me and encouraged me to complete
this task so that I will not procrastinate in doing it.

Then I would like to thank my teacher, Madam Seak Mea Nyet for
guiding me and my friends throughout this project. We had some
difficulties in doing this task, but she taught us patiently until we
knew what to do. She tried and tried to teach us until we
understand what we supposed to do with the project work.

Besides that, my friends who were doing this project with me and
sharing our ideas. They were helpful that when we combined and
discussed together, we had this task done.

Last but not least, any party which involved either directly or
indirect in completing this project work.
Thank you everyone.
History of Statistics
By the 18th century, the term "statistics" designated the systematic
collection of demographic and economic data by states. In the early 19th
century, the meaning of "statistics" broadened, then including the discipline
concerned with the collection, summary, and analysis of data. Today
statistics is widely employed in government, business, and all the sciences.
Electronic computers have expedited statistical computation, and have
allowed statisticians to develop "computer-intensive" methods.

The term "mathematical statistics" designates the mathematical theories of

probability and statistical inference, which are used in statistical practice.
The relation between statistics and probability theory developed rather late,
however. In the 19th century, statistics increasingly used probability theory,
whose initial results were found in the 17th and 18th centuries, particularly
in the analysis of games of chance (gambling). By 1800, astronomy used
probability models and statistical theories, particularly the method of least
squares, which was invented by Legendre and Gauss. Early probability
theory and statistics was systematized and extended by Laplace; following
Laplace, probability and statistics have been in continual development. In
the 19th century, social scientists used statistical reasoning and probability
models to advance the new sciences of experimental psychology and
sociology; physical scientists used statistical reasoning and probability
models to advance the new sciences of thermodynamics and statistical
mechanics. The development of statistical reasoning was closely associated
with the development of inductive logic and the scientific method.

Statistics is not a field of mathematics but an autonomous mathematical

science, like computer science or operations research. Unlike mathematics,
statistics had its origins in public administration and maintains a special
concern with demography and economics. Being concerned with the
scientific method and inductive logic, statistical theory has close association
with the philosophy of science; with its emphasis on learning from data and
making best predictions, statistics has great overlap with the decision
science and microeconomics. With its concerns with data, statistics has
overlap with information science and computer science.

Statistics Today
During the 20th century, the creation of precise instruments for agricultural
research, public health concerns (epidemiology, biostatistics, etc.), industrial
quality control, and economic and social purposes (unemployment rate,
econometry, etc.) necessitated substantial advances in statistical practices.

Today the use of statistics has broadened far beyond its origins. Individuals
and organizations use statistics to understand data and make informed
decisions throughout the natural and social sciences, medicine, business, and
other areas.

Statistics is generally regarded not as a subfield of mathematics but rather as

a distinct, albeit allied, field. Many universities maintain separate
mathematics and statistics departments. Statistics is also taught in
departments as diverse as psychology, education, and public health.
PART 1
Question :

The prices of goods sold in shops vary from one shop to another.
Shoppers tend to buy goods which are not only reasonably priced
but also give value for their money.

You are required to carry out a survey on four different items

based on the following categories i.e. food, detergent and
stationery. The survey should be done in three different shops.

(a) Collect pictures, newspaper cuttings or photos on items

that you have chosen. Design a collage to illustrate the
chosen items.

Answer :

Food
Stationary
Question :

a) Record the items and their prices systematically as in

Table 1. Since items may be differently packed, be sure to
use consistent measurements for each item selected so that
comparison can be done easily and accurately.

Answer :
Table 1
 CATEGORY ITEM PRICE(RM)
GIANT SERVAY TAI
YING
FOOD 4.00 3.70 3.60
1.SELF-RAISING FLOUR
(1000 g)

2.00 1.90 1.80

2.SUGAR
(1000g)

4.70 4.50 4.30

3.BUTTER
(250g)

5.90 5.50 5.00

4.EGGS (GRADE
A)
1 DOZEN

16.60 15.60 14.70

TOTAL PRICE

DETERGENT 3.20 3.00 2.80

1.SOAP (3
BARS)

4.29 3.90 3.20

2.LIQUID DISHWASHER
(1000ml)

18.90 17.00 16.50

3.CLOTHES DETERGENT
(3KG)

5.50 5.50 5.50

4.TOILET CLEANER
(500ml)

31.89 29.40 28.00

TOTAL PRICE

STATIONARY 1.50 1.30 1.00

1.SHARPENER

5.00 4.80 4.50

2.PENCIL
(2B)
1 DOZEN

1.30 1.20 1.00

3.PEN

1.30 1.20 1.10

4.ERASER

9.10 8.50 7.60

TOTAL PRICE

57.59 53.50 50.30

GRAND TOTAL
Question :

(c) Create at least two suitable graphical representations (the

use of ICT is encouraged) to compare and contrast the prices of
the items chosen .

Answer :
2)
3)
d) Based on the graphical representations that you
have constructed in Part 1(c), interpret, discuss and draw
conclusions. Comments on your findings.

Answer :

Based on the graphical representations that i have

constructed in Part 1(c), it is shown that there are large
and small differences among the prices of items in each
category between the shops. In the food category, the
smallest price difference are of those of sugar while the
highest is the price of eggs. Besides food, detergent also
shows a large price difference between its items.
Among them is the price of liquid dishwasher and
clothes detergent. On the other hand, stationary items
doesnt have any obvious price difference. The graph
also show that most of the items that are high priced
comes from the Giant Supermarket, while the
lowest price items come from the Tai Ying Supermarket.
The graph 1 (d) will show the conclusion of the difference
among the shops based upon the shops grand total.
Graph 1(d)
Question :

(e) Identify an item that has a large price difference

among the shops. Calculate the mean and the standard
deviation of that particular item. Hence, suggest and
discuss possible reasons for the price difference.

Answer :

Liquid dishwasher:

Mean = 18.9+17+16.5
3
= 17.47

Standard Deviation

= (x)/N (x )

= 18.9 + 17 + 16.5
3

= 0.97

The large price difference of clothes detergent among

the shops maybe because of the standard of the shops. A
high standard shop or supermarket, the items sold
intend to be much more expensive than a regular shop
or supermarket. Also, the price difference of the items
may also due to the quality of the item present. A better
quality means a higher price.
PART 2
Every year SMK Indah organises a carnival to raise funds for the
school. This year the school plans to install air conditioners in the
school library. Last year, during the carnival, your class made and
sold butter cakes. Because of the popularity of butter cakes, your
class has decided to carry out the same project for this year's
carnival.

Question :

(a) Suggest a shop from Part 1 from which you would go to

purchase the ingredients for the butter cakes. State and
discuss your reasons for purchasing from the shop you
suggested.

Answer :

The Tai ying Store. This is because the total price of the
ingredients from this shop is the lowest from the three shops.

Question :

(b) Complete Table 2 with the prices of the items found in

the shop/supermarket that you have chosen.

Answer :

Ingredient Quantity Price in the year Price in the

Per cake 2009(RM) Year 2010 (RM)
Self-raising flour 250g 0.90 0.90
Sugar 200g 0.35 0.36
Butter 250g 3.30 4.30
Eggs(Grade A) 5 eggs(300g) 1.25 2.10
Table 2
Question :

(i). Calculate the price index for each of the ingredients in Table 2
for the year 2010 based on the year 2009.

Answer :

Ingredient Quantity Price in the Price in the Price index

Per cake year year For the year
2009(RM) 2010 (RM) 2010 based on
The year 2009
(I)
Self-raising 250g 0.90 0.90 100
Flour
Sugar 200g 0.35 0.36 102.86
Butter 250g 3.30 4.30 130.30
Eggs 5 eggs 1.25 2.10 168
(Grade A) (300g)

1.Self-Raising Flour

I = 0.90 x 100 = 100

2.Sugar

I = 0.36 x 100 = 102.86

3.Butter

I = 4.3 x 100 = 130.30

4.Eggs (Grade A)

I = 2.11 x 100 = 168

Question :

(ii) Calculate the composite index for making a butter

cake in the year 2010 based on the year 2009. Discuss
how you obtained your answers.

Answer :

To calculate the composite index, weightage is needed

Ingredients Weightage (W)

Self-raising flour 250

1000 =
Sugar 200
1000 =
Butter 250
1000 =
Eggs (Grade A) 300
1000 =

Composite Index

= 1(100)+ 1(102.86)+ 1(130.30)+ 3(168)

1
= 128.54
Question :

(iii) In the year 2009, the butter cake was sold at RM15.00
each. Suggest a suitable selling price for the butter cake in the
year 2010. Give reasons for your answer.

Answer :

On 2009,RM 15.00

On 2010, price = 15 x 100 = 128.54%

x 100 = 128.54 x 15

= 1928

= 19.30

Thus, the suitable price for the butter cake for the year

2010 is RM 19.30. The increase in price is also suitable

because of the rise in the price of the ingredients

Question :

(c) (i) Find out from reliable sources how to determine

suitable capacity of air-conditioner to be installed based
on volume/size of a room.

Answer :

For common usage, air conditioner is rated according to

Horse power (1PH), which is approximately 700W to
1000W of electrical power. It is suitable for a room size
1000ft which is around 27m of volume.

Question

(ii) Work in groups to estimate the volume of your

school library. Explain how you arrive at your answer.
Hence, determine the number of air conditioners with
the appropriate capacity required for your library.

Answer :

By using a measuring tape, the dimension for the library

Is :

Height = 3.6m

Width = 9.17m

Length = 20.12m
Volume of the room = 3.6 x 9.17 x 20.12
=664.20m

1 unit of air conditioner is for 27m

For 664.20m = 664.20

= 24.6

That means our school library needs 25 unit of air

conditioner.

Question :

(iii) If your class intends to sponsor one air

conditioner for the school library, how many butter
cakes must your class sell in order to buy the air
conditioner?

Answer :
1 unit of 1HP air conditioner =RM700
Cost for a cake = 0.9 + 0.36 + 4.3 +
2.1
= RM 7.66
Selling price = RM19.30
Profit = 19.30 7.66
= RM 11.64

Number of cakes = 70011

to buy 1 unit of = 60.13
air conditioner = 60 cakes

PART 3

As a committee member for the carnival, you are

required to prepare an estimated budget to organise this
year's carnival. The committee has to take into consideration
the increase in expenditure from the previous year due to
inflation. The price of food, transportation and tents has
increased by 15%. The cost of games, prizes and decorations
remains the same, whereas the cost of miscellaneous items
has increased by 30%.

Question :

(a) Complete Table 3 based on the information given

above.

Answer :

Expenditure Amount in 2009 Amount in 2010

(RM) (RM)
Food 1200.00 1380.00
Games 500.00 500.00
Tranportation 300.00 345.00
Decorations 200.00 200.00
Prizes 600.00 600.00
Tents 800.00 920.00
Miscellaneous 400.00 520.00

Table 3

Question :

(b) Calculate the composite index for the estimated

 budget of the carnival in the year 2010 based on the
year 2009. Comment on your answer.

Solution.

Expenditure Amount Amount Price Weightage,

in 2009 in 2010 Index, W
(RM) (RM)

Food 1200.00 1380.00 115 12

Games 500.00 500.00 100 5
Tranportation 300.00 345.00 115 3
Decorations 200.00 200.00 100 2
Prizes 600.00 600.00 100 6
Tents 800.00 920.00 115 8
Miscellaneous 400.00 520.00 130 4

Composite Index

I =

= 115 12 +100 5 +115 3 +100 2 +100 6 +115 8

+130(4) 12+5+3+2+6+8+4

= 4465

= 111.625

The total price for the year 2010 increase by 11.625 %.

This is because some price in the year 2009 increased in
the year 2010

Question :

(c) The change in the composite index for the estimated

 budget for the carnival from the year 2009 to the year
2010 is the same as the change from the year 2010 to t
he year 2011. Determine the composite index of the
budget for the year 2011 based on the year 2009.

Answer :

Composite index for the year 2009 to the year 2010

= 111.625

Composite index for the year 2010 to the year 2011

= 111.625

I 2011 X 100 = I 2010 X I 2011

I 2011 = 111.625 X111.625 X 1

I 2011 = 124.60
 Further
Exploration
Index number are being used in many different daily
situations, for example air pollution index, stock market
index, gold index and property index.

Obtain information from the internet of other reliable sources

on the importance of two different types of index number of
your choice. Elaborate the use and the importance of these
index number in daily life
Air Pollution Index

The Air Pollution Index (API) is a simple and generalized way to describe
the air quality in mainland China, Hong Kong and Malaysia. It is calculated
from several sets of air pollution data.

The Air Quality Index (AQI) (also known as the Air Pollution Index
(API) or Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) is a number used by government
agencies to characterize the quality of the air at a given location. As the AQI
increases, an increasingly large percentage of the population is likely to
experience increasingly severe adverse health effects. To compute the AQI
requires an air pollutant concentration from a monitor or model. The
function used to convert from air pollutant concentration to AQI varies by
pollutant, and is different in different countries. Air quality index values are
divided into ranges, and each range is assigned a descriptor and a color code.
Standardized public health advisories are associated with each AQI range.
An agency might also encourage members of the public to take public
transportation or work from home when AQI levels are high.

Limitations of the AQI

Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI. Many countries

monitor ground-level ozone, particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide
and nitrogen dioxide and calculate air quality indices for these pollutants.

Causes of Poor Air Quality

The AQI can worsen (go up) due to lack of dilution of air emissions by fresh
air. Stagnant air, often caused by an anticyclone or temperature inversion, or
other lack of winds lets air pollution remain in a local area.
Indices by location

South Korea

The Ministry of Environment of South Korea uses the Comprehensice Air-

quality Index (CAI) to describe the ambient air quality based on health risk
of air pollution. The index aims to help the public easily understand air
quality level and protect the health of people from air pollution. - The CAI
has values of 0 through 500, which are divided into six categories. The
higher the CAI value, the greater the level of air pollution. - Of values of the
five air pollutants, the highest is the CAI value.

Malaysia

The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air Pollution Index.
Four of the index's pollutant components (i.e., carbon monoxide, ozone,
nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10
particulate matter is reported in g/m.

Unlike the American AQI, the index number can exceed 500. Above 500, a
state of emergency is declared in the reporting area. Usually, this means that
non-essential government services are suspended, and all ports in the
affected area closed. There may also be a prohibition on private sector
commercial and industrial activities in the reporting area excluding the food
sector.

Stock market index

A comparison of three major U.S. stock indices: the NASDAQ
Composite, Dow Jones Industrial Average, and S&P 500. All three
have the same height at March 2007. Notice the large dot-com
spike on the NASDAQ, a result of the large number of tech.
companies on that index.

A stock market index is a method of measuring a section of the

stock market. Many indices are cited by news or financial services
firms and are used as benchmarks, to measure the performance of
portfolios such as mutual funds.

Types of indices

Stock market indices may be classed in many ways. A 'world' or

'global' stock market index includes (typically large) companies
without regard for where they are domiciled or traded. Two
examples are MSCI World and S&P Global 100.

A national index represents the performance of the stock market of

a given nationand by proxy, reflects investor sentiment on the
state of its economy. The most regularly quoted market indices are
national indices composed of the stocks of large companies listed
on a nation's largest stock exchanges, such as the American S&P
500, the Japanese Nikkei 225, and the British FTSE 100.

The concept may be extended well beyond an exchange. The

Wilshire 5000 Index, the original total market index, represents the
stocks of nearly every publicly traded company in the United
States, including all U.S. stocks traded on the New York Stock
Exchange (but not ADRs or Limited Partnerships), NASDAQ and
American Stock Exchange. Russell Investment Group added to the
family of indices by launching the Russell Global Index.

More specialised indices exist tracking the performance of specific

sectors of the market. Some examples include the Wilshire US
REIT which tracks more than 80 American Real Estate Investment
Trusts and the Morgan Stanley Biotech Index which consists of 36
American firms in the biotechnology industry. Other indices may
track companies of a certain size, a certain type of management, or
even more specialized criteria one index published by Linux
Weekly News tracks stocks of companies that sell products and
services based on the Linux operating environment.

Index versions
Some indices, such as the S&P 500, have multiple versions.[1] These versions can differ
based on how the index components are weighted and on how dividends are accounted
for. For example, there are three versions of the S&P 500 index: price return, which only
considers the price of the components, total return, which accounts for dividend
reinvestment, and net total return, which accounts for dividend reinvestment after the
deduction of a withholding tax.[2] As another example, the Wilshire 4500 and Wilshire
5000 indices have five versions each: full capitalization total return, full capitalization
price, float-adjusted total return, float-adjusted price, and equal weight. The difference
between the full capitalization, float-adjusted, and equal weight versions is in how index
components are weighted.

Uses and importance of air pollution

index and stock market index
As everyone can see,the air pollution index is use by the
government to measure the air quality index and to detect any
pollutants in our countrys air.This is to ensure the air is clean
and safe for us to inhale.Besides that,an early warning can be
given to us if the air pollution is to high for us to get out of our
homes. This warning is given based upon readings and
interpretations of the air pollution index.

As for the stock market index, it is mainly for the business

entrepreneurs. This type of index is used to determine the
outcome of a stock market and also the conclusion of a stock
market. The stock market index is important because a
countrys economical state sometimes depend on it.
 Conclusion
After doing research,answering
questions,drawing graphs and some problem
solving, I saw that the usage of statistics is
important in daily life.It is not just widely used
in markets but also in interpreting the condition
of the surrounding like the air or the
water.Especially in conducting an air-pollution
survey.In conclusion,statistics is a daily life
nessecities.Without it,surveys cant be
conducted,the stock market cant be interpret
and many more.So,we should be thankful of the
people who contribute in the idea of statistics.

Reflection
After spending countless hours, days and night to finish this
project and also sacrificing my time video games and magazine in
this mid year holiday, there are several things that I can say...

Additional Mathematics...
From the day I born...
From the day I was able to holding pencil...
From the day I start learning...
And ...
From the day I heard your name...
I always thought that you will be my greatest obstacle and rival in
excelling

in my life...
But after countless of hours...
Countless of days ...
Countless of nights ...

After sacrificing my precious time just for you ...

Sacrificing my Computer Games...
Sacrificing my Video Games...
Sacrificing my Facebook ...
Sacrificing my Internet...
Sacrificing my Anime...
Sacrificing my magazine...
I realized something really important in you..

I really love you...

You are my real friend...
You my partner...
You are my soulmate...
I LOVE U ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS...