Important facts on different types of projection.

1. Dimension of the cylinder should never be given as a radius.

2. H and B in a pencil means Hard black.

3. Dimension lines are to be placed outside the outline.
4. What does the direction of viewing represent? - The observer’s eye or the station point

5. Every drawing of an object will have four imaginary things

A. Object
B. Projectors – imaginary lines that passes from the object to the
plane of projection
C. Plane of projection(POP) – the plane on which the image or
the projection falls
D. Observer’s eye or station point or centre of projection – the
point from which the observer is assumed to view the object.
6. Projection lines are imaginary lines that are drawn between different
views.
7. Projection is the view of an object.
(What is the difference between projection lines and projectors? Read again)
8. All pictorial drawings are representations of 3D objects in 2D on
a paper.
9. Pictorial drawings are ‘one plane’ drawings where all the 3
dimensions of an object are shown in one projection.
The three methods to draw the pictorial drawings are perspective,
oblique and axonometric projection. (Orthographic projection is not a
pictorial drawing.)
10. What is the difference between orthographic and pictorial views?
Orthographic projection is commonly used because it gives 100%
details(dimensions) of an object by drawing different views e.g. Elevation, Plan,
side views, section views, auxiliary views etc. It is 2-D, whereas Pictorial views are
3-D and do not reveal the true size of the object.
Pictorial projection can be understood by a layman easily, but
orthographic projection can be understood by an engineer or people
 with certain knowledge projections.

11.Different types of projection:

(Refer the text book for the tree diagram)

A. Perspective projection:
● two types- Aerial and Linear.
● The projectors converge at one or more vanishing points.
● There are three types under aerial/Linear perspective projection: one point,
two point and three point perspective projection.

o A drawing has one-point perspective when it

contains only one vanishing point on the horizon line.

o Two-point perspective occurs when you can see

two vanishing points from your point of view.

o Three point perspective is also used

when drawing an object from a high/low eye level
 o

B. Parallel projection- The projectors are parallel to each other. The different
types of parallel projections are orthographic projection, oblique projection and
axonometric projection.

Oblique projection- In oblique projection, the projection of the object

is aligned such that one face (the front face) is parallel to the plane of
projection. Projectors are at an oblique angle (30 or 45 degree) to the plane
of projection. They impart a 3rd dimension at an angle to the 2 dimensional
image, to show the depth)
o Two types -
a. Cabinet –The depth is projected at half
scale.
b. Cavalier- The depth is projected at full
scale.
 Axonometric projection-"Axonometric" means "to measure along
axes". The object is rotated along one or more of its axes relative to
the plane of projection.

o There are three main types of axonometric

projection( on the basis of inclination angle of the three
principal axes to the plane if projection): Isometric,
Dimetric, and Trimetric projection.

o
a. Trimetric projection- The three coordinate axes appear unequally
foreshortened and the angle between all three of them is also unequal and not
less than 90 degrees.
b. Dimetric projection: Two coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened and
two of the angles between the projection of the axes are equal and over 90
degrees.
c. Isometric projection:The three coordinate axes appear equally
foreshortened and the angle between all three of them is equal i.e., 120
degrees.
It is a one plane view. The most advantageous point of isometric projection is that it needs a
single scale (Isometric scale) to measure along each of the three axes.The edges of a cube in
isometric projection make angles of 120 degrees with each other.
Advantages of drawing isometric projection: one view and foreshortening along all the axes are
equal.

Uses of different projections:

Perspective Projection Perspective projection is mostly used by artists, professional designers
and architects. Architectural drafters generally prefer to use
perspective drawings to illustrate 3-dimensional views of a structure.

One-point perspective This type of perspective is typically used for images of roads, railway
projection tracks, hallways or any image depicting long distance.

two -point perspective Two-point perspective drawings are often used in architectural drawings
projection and interior designs; they can be used for drawings of both interiors and
exteriors.

Oblique projections The mathematicians and furniture manufacturers use it.

Axonometric Projection It is used in mechanical engineering to show the blocks, machine parts,
assemblies etc.

Isometric Projection Engineering Practices

Orthographic projection - “Ortho” means at right angles. The following

are at right angles in orthographic projection:
● The projectors are at right angles to the plane of projection.
● The plane of projections - HP, VP and PP are at right angles to
each other.
It is also called a multiview projection as two or more views are required to
describe an object.

o There are four types according to the orientation of the object – first angle,
second angle, third angle and fourth angle. But only I angle and III angle
projection are used in Engineering Drawing.

FIRST ANGLE SECOND THIRD ANGLE FOURTH

 PROJECTION ANGLE PROJECTION ANGLE
PROJECTION PROJECTION

Quadrant I II III IV

Position of the Above HP Above HP Below HP Below HP

object In front of VP Behind VP Behind VP In front of VP

Sequence Observer,Object Observer, POP Observer, POP Observer,Object

and POP and object and object and POP

POP Opaque Transparent Transparent Opaque

Arrangement Front view above Both the views Front view below Both the views
of the views XY and top view merge above XY and top view merge below XY
below XY. XY above XY. The RH
The RH side view side view falls on
falls on the left and the right and vice
vice versa. versa.

12.Reference or ground or reference line is the line where the horizontal

plane and the vertical plane meet each other.
13.Top view is projected on the horizontal plane and front view is
projected on the vertical plane irrespective of the quadrant. Side view
falls on the Profile plane (or) Auxiliary vertical plane.
14.Any distance or any inclination with respect to the vertical plane will be seen
in the top view.
15.Any distance or any inclination with respect to the horizontal plane will be
seen in the front view.
16.Rebatment is the 90 degree rotation of the horizontal plane in
clockwise direction.
17.If the pyramids are kept on their base, they are called upright/vertical
pyramids but if they are kept on their vertex (apex) on HP, then they are called
inverted pyramids.
18.Frustum of pyramids are the truncated lower portion of the pyramid. So
frustum of the pyramid is having one shorter base edge (cut face edge) and
longer base edge.
19.Spheres are the solids without any edge or vertex. They look like a circle in
any view. They have only one point of contact with the plane of rest. After
sectioning, the true shape of the section will always be a circle.
20.Dimensioning in orthographic projection: Extension lines are
perpendicular to the object line and the dimension lines are parallel to the object
line.
21.When any line/plane is placed parallel to a plane of projection, we get the
true size captured on the POP to which it is parallel to.
22. Top view is also called a plan. Front view as elevation. Side view is called
side elevation, end view/end elevation.
23. Define point, line, plane & solid.
Ans.
● Point- it is a geometrical entity, which is dimensionless. We cannot give
dimension to a point. It is known as a 0-D (zero dimension) entity.
● Line- a line is the shortest distance between two points. It is a
geometrical entity,which is 1-D (length only).
● Plane- it is a geometrical entity, which is 2-D (length x breadth) or has an
area only.
● Solid - 3D view of an object.

PROJECTION OF POINTS:
★ If the point is in HP, The front view will be on the reference line
★ If the point is in VP, the top view will be on the reference line.

PROJECTION OF LINES:
● Apparent inclination and true inclination, line in which the inclination
has greater length? – true inclination.

➢
➢ A straight line is the shortest distance between two points.
➢ A line cannot be perpendicular to both the planes.
➢ When a line is parallel to both the planes, the front and the top view
will show its true length.
➢ When a line is perpendicular/inclined to a Plane Of Projection, It can
only be parallel to the other.
➢ When a line is perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP, The top view
will be a point(comprises both the ends of the line - one end point
visible and the other hidden) and the front view will show its true
length.
➢ When a line is perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP, The front view
will be a point(comprises both the ends of the line - one end point
visible and the other hidden) and the top view will show its true
length.
➢ When a line is inclined to HP and parallel to VP, The top view will be
a foreshortened length of the line and the front view will show its true
length and true inclination.
➢ When a line is inclined to VP and parallel to HP, The front view will be
a foreshortened length of the line and the top view will show its true
length and true inclination.

PROJECTION OF PLANES:
❖ Lamina is a surface
❖ Planes can be divided into two main categories:
o Perpendicular planes – planes which are perpendicular to one
of the POP and inclined or parallel to the other.
o Oblique planes – when the plane is inclined to both the
planes and its projections are drawn in three stages.(not in syllabus)
❖ A plane cannot be parallel to both the POPs.
❖ When a plane is parallel/inclined to a POP, It will be perpendicular to the
other.
❖ When a plane is parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP, The surface will
be seen in its true length in the top view and front view shows its
foreshortened length.
❖ When a plane is parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP, The surface will
be seen in its true length in the front view and the top view shows its
foreshortened length.
❖ When a plane is perpendicular to both HP and VP, The front and top
view will show its foreshortened length and the side view will reveal its
true length.
❖ When a pentagon and triangle has one of its sides perpendicular to HP
when the plane is perpendicular to both HP and VP, The right and the
left hand side views will be the mirror image of each other.
❖ When the plane is inclined to a POP and perpendicular to the other, the
true size will not be seen in the front, top or the side views. Hence, we
assume that the plane is parallel to the POP to which it is inclined. And
we obtain the final foreshortened view with the help of the assumption
drawing forming a grid in the final view.

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS:
● Oblique solids have their axis inclined to the base.

● Right and regular solids - Axis perpendicular(Right angle) to the base. All the sides and
angles of the base are of equal measurement (Regular).
● Axis of the prism – imaginary line passes through the centre of
the two ends (bases)
● Axis of the pyramids- imaginary line that passes through the
apex to the centre of the base
● The solids under study can be divided into 2 main groups :
o Polyhedra : solids bounded by plane figures.
Eg., pyramids and prisms.
o Solids of revolution: solids found by revolution of rectilinear
figures like triangle, rectangle to form cone , cylinder etc.,

● What do you mean by the generator of a cone? The generator of a

cone is the line connecting a point on the circle to the apex. The
revolving hypotenuse is called a generator.
● What is the difference between frustum of a cone and truncated cone?
Frustum of a cone is when the section plane is parallel to the base and
truncated cone is obtained when the section plane is inclined to the base.

● A regular polyhedron, or Platonic solid, is a convex polyhedron all of whose faces are
regular polygons of the same type (that is, all with the same number and length of sides),
and with the same number of faces meeting at each vertex.
Regular polyhedron No. of faces Face

Tetrahedron (Triangular 4 Equilateral Triangle

pyramid with all equilateral
triangles)

Hexahedron (cube) 6 Square

Octahedron (Two square 8 Equilateral Triangle

pyramids attached at the
hollow base)

Dodecahedron 12 Pentagon

Icosahedron 20 Equilateral Triangle

● Prism will have 2 bases( base ends) with rectangular faces and long edges. The axis
height of the solid is the length of the long edge.
● Pyramid has one base with triangular faces and slant edges. The length of the slant edges
will be more than the axis height. The slant edges meet at an apex.
● Frustum of the pyramids has a bigger base and a cut face with slant edges connecting
their corners.
● The true length of the slant edge will be seen when it is placed parallel to the POP.
● When the axis of the solid is perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP, The outline of the
base will be seen in the top view. The base is parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP.
● When the axis of the solid is perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP, The outline of the
base will be seen in the front view. The base is parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP.
● When the axis of the solid is parallel to HP and VP, The outline of the base will be seen in
the side view. The base is perpendicular to both HP and VP.