ME-102

Engineering Graphics

Lecture #: 2
Projection Theory
(Part: One)

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology
 OBJECT FEATURES
Edges are lines that represent the boundary
between two faces.

Corners Represent the intersection of two or

more edges.
Edge Edge No edge

Corner No corner No corner

 OBJECT FEATURES
Surfaces are areas that are bounded by edges
or limiting element.
Limiting is a line that represents the last visible
element part of the curve surface.
Surface Surface Surface

Limit
Limit
 PROJECTION THEORY

The projection theory is used to graphically represent

3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).

The projection theory is based on two variables:

1) Line of sight: A line of sight (LOS) is an imaginary ray of
light between an observer’s eye and an object.
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)
A plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane upon which the
image created by the lines of sight is projected.

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 PROJECTION METHOD

Perspective Parallel

Oblique Orthographic

Axonometric Multiview
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 Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observer’s eye and an object.(projectors)

There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Line of sight
Line of sight

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Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which
the image is created.

The image is produced by connecting the points where

the LOS pierce the projection plane.

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Plane of projection Plane of projection

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Orthographic projection is a parallel projection
technique in which the parallel lines of sight are
perpendicular to the projection plane

Object views from top

1

2
1 5 2 3 4

5
3

Projection plane
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 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object
to the line of sight.
Rotate

Two dimensions of an
object is shown. Tilt

More than one view is needed

to represent the object.

Multiview drawing

Three dimensions of an object is shown.

Axonometric drawing
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 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
NOTES

Orthographic projection technique can produce either

1. Multiview drawing : that each view show an object in two
dimensions.
2. Axonometric drawing : that show all three dimensions of
an object in one view.

Both drawing types are used in technical drawing for

communication.

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Axonometric (Isometric) Drawing
Advantage Easy to understand

Disadvantage Shape and angle distortion

Example Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing

Circular hole
becomes ellipse.

Right angle becomes obtuse angle.

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 Multiview Drawing
Advantage It represents accurate shape and size.

Disadvantage Require practice in writing and reading.

Example Multiviews drawing (2-view drawing)

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 MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
Three principle dimensions … can be presented only
of an object … two in each view.

Adjacent view(s)

Depth
is needed to
Height fulfill the size
description.

Width Depth
Height

Width Depth 13
 TO OBTAIN MULTIVIEW
REPRESENTATION OF AN OBJECT

1. Revolve the object with respect

to observer.

2. The observer move around the

object.

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REVOLVE THE OBJECT

Top view

Front view Right side view 15

OBSERVER MOVE AROUND
Top view

Front view Right side view 16

 THE GLASS BOX CONCEPT

Rear view

Left side view

Bottom view 17
History

Depth
Width
Height

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 Six Principal View
(Object in Glass Box)

Page 19 of 30
 Six Principal Views
Six principal views produced
by mutually perpendicular
planes of projection.

Page 20 of 30
 PROJECTION SYSTEMS
1. First angle system
- European country
- ISO standard First Quadrant

2. Third angle system

- Canada, USA,
Japan, Mostly In PAK

Third
Quadrant
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
1st angle system 3rd angle system
 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
1st angle system 3rd angle system

Folding
line

Folding
line
Folding
line

Folding
line
 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
1st angle system 3rd angle system

Right Side View Front View Top View

Top View Front View Right Side View

 PROJECTION SYMBOLS
First angle system Third angle system
How to make an Orthogonal Multi-View Drawing

1. Draw the front view.

2. Then project the view vertically
to form the top view.
3. Project lines from the top and
front views to make the side
view. You need to construct a 45
degree line to achieve this.
End of Lecture 2
Thank you….

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