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Contents

Chapter 2 Introduction
Classification of projections
Theory of Projection Principles of orthographic projection

Projections of points, lines and

planes
Projection of an object having
curved surface and plane

Introduction
❖ Projection is the image of an object drawn on
a plane of projection /picture plane
❖ Projectors / lines of projection are an
Introduction imaginary lines that emerges from observer’s
eyes and moves to contour of an object.
❖ Station point is the location of an observer.
❖ The plane on which principal view of an
object is drawn is called principal plane.

Contents

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Purpose of projection
Cont..
To graphically represent a 3-D object on 2-D media
❖The three principal plane
are: (paper, screen etc.).
❖vertical plane used to Object (3D) placing Transparent plate is placed A view of an object on
represent front / rear view; on the paper (2D) between object and 2D media
observer’s eyes.
❖horizontal plane used
represent top / bottom
view; and
❖profile plane used to
represent right / left side
view of an object.

Inconvenient to Object’s features are transferred Convenient to

communicate through projection. communicate

Concept Line of sight

A projection theory is based on 2 variables:
1) Line of sight Lines of sight can be parallel or converge.

2) Plane of projection (image or picture plane)

Parallel projection Converge projection
Line of sight (LOS)
is an imaginary ray of light
between an observer’s eye
and an object.

Plane of projection
is an imaginary flat plane upon
which the image created by the
LOS is projected.

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Line of sight
The parallel projection lines can be normal (orthogonal)
or oblique to the plane of projection.
In this course, we consider only a parallel and orthogonal
projection, i.e. orthographic projection.

Orthogonal Oblique
Classifications
of projections

Play Play

Contents

Classification of Projections Perspective Projection (converge)

➢ Perspective projection: is reality in that everything in
Projection the world has its own perspective such that the object
always have vanishing point.
Projection lines ➢ It is the true view of an object.
Pictorial Orthographic
are Parallel ➢ Projectors radiate from station point (eye) past the
object and onto the picture plane.
Perspective Axonometric Oblique Multi-view

1-point Isometric Cavalier 1st angle

2-point Dimetric Cabinet 3rd angle

3-point Trimetric General

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Cont. Axonometric Projection

❖ The observer is placed at a fixed distance.
❖ The projectors would converge and meet at what
is referred to as the vanishing point (VP).
❖ It can have one, two or three vanishing points.
1-Point 2-Point 3-Point
❖Is the same as perspective projection except that
the projectors are parallel and do not meet.
❖This means there are no vanishing point
❖The observer is placed at an infinite distance from
the object.
❖The view formed on the picture plane is of the
same size and shape as that of the object.
❖However, in the case of perspective, the resulting
view formed on the picture plane is of different size
and shape as compared to the actual size of the
actual object.

Type of an axonometric projection

• If the object is turned and tilted, so that the 1. Trimetric 2. Dimetric 3. Isometric
None of the All angles
three faces are inclined to the plane of angles are Two angles Axonometric
axes are equal.
equal. are equal.
a
projection, is a special type of orthographic a a

b c
c
projection known as Axonometric projection. b c b

• Note that, the projectors from the object to

In terms of base axis
the plane are perpendicular to the plane.

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View Comparison
Image on a projection plane.
View depends on a relative orientation between an Axonometric Projection Oblique Projection
object and a plane.
Rotate Parallel & normal
Multiview drawing to picture plane Parallel & oblique
to picture plane
shows a 2D view of Tilt A
B

an object. D
Line A
C
B A
of A
Line
B B
Axonometric drawing sight of C
D sight C
C
shows a virtual 3D D D

view of an object.

Type of an oblique projection

Oblique Projection
❖In which, the one face (front) is imagined to 1. Cavalier 2. Cabinet
✓ There is no foreshortening by
✓ There is foreshortening by 50%
be parallel to the plane of projection, and the 50%
✓ Applicable in furniture industry
Full
projectors make an angle other than 900. scale
Half
❖Front face sketched as a true shape. Starts 45o
scale

with two axes, one horizontal, one vertical. 45o

The third axis is usually drawn at 450 , 300 and This obliqued angle
can be any angles
600. but for convenient
a 45o is chosen
✓ The front view with circles was chosen as true front view.
✓ Therefore cabinet projection is preferable for constructing oblique projection.

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Principles of Orthographic Projection

❖The word orthographic means to draw at right
angles and is derived from the Greek words:
ORTHOS - straight, rectangular, upright and
GRAPHOS - written, drawn.
Principles of ❖Orthographic projection is a parallel
projections projection.
❖It is used as an unambiguous and accurate
way of providing information, primarily for
manufacturing and detail design.

Contents

Orthographic Projection 2nd and 4th angle projection

• First angle projection: The object is between ❖ If the object were
observer and plane of projection. placed in 2nd and 4th
• Third angle projection: The plane is between quadrants, the views
observer and object of projection. projected on to the
faces when opened
out would be
incoherent and
invalid because they
cannot be projected
from one another.

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Projection of Point

Projection of
point, lines
and planes

Contents

Projection of a normal line Projection of a normal plane

Glass box concept Multiview drawing Glass box concept Multiview drawing

BT
BT

AT

B
AT

A BR

AF AF BF AR BR
BF AR

Play Play

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Projection of an object Projection of an inclined line

Glass box concept Multiview drawing Glass box concept Multiview drawing

BT
BT

Hidden line is used B

to show existence of AT
a hidden edge. BR

BF AT
BF
BR
A
AF
AR AF
AR
Do the same procedures for
all remaining edges (or planes)
Play Play

Projection of an inclined plane Projection of an obliqued line

Glass box concept Multiview drawing Glass box concept Multiview drawing

BT
BT

AT B

BR AT
BF BR
BF

A
AF AR AF AR

Play Play

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Projection of an obliqued plane Projection of a curve line

Glass box concept Multiview drawing Glass box concept Multiview drawing

BT BT

AT CT CT
B

AT
A BR
C
AFBF CR
A FB F CF AR CR BR
CF AR

Play Play

Projection of a curve surface Transferring a depth : Direct measurement

Glass box concept Multiview drawing 3

27
2
1
0

Prefer space between

front and side views

0 1 2 3 27
Play

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Transferring a depth : miter line

miter line

Projections of
45o
Prefer space between
objects having
front and side views
curved planes

Contents

Projection of an object having Examples

curved surface and plane 1 2
Curved surface can either tangent or intersect with an
adjacent plane or curve surface.
In the case of intersection, an edge exists and becomes a line
in a multi-view drawing
In the case of tangential, there is no edge and line in a multiview Play Play
drawing
T 3 4
I T I
I

Play Play

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Examples Examples
5 6 7 8

Play Play Play No line exists Play

9 10

Play Play

Suggestion for practicing 1 Suggestion for practicing 2

Try to relate the object’s features to the lines in a multiview Modify the object’s features of a given object, then observe
drawing, i.e. interpret the meaning of lines. what’s changed on a multiview drawing.

Given Multiview Given Modified object

3D representation 1 Choose 2 Represent drawing 3D representation of a simple
of an object features each features object
by a line

2 Match 1 Choose lines

each lines (or areas)
(or areas)
to features

3 Identify line
(or plane) types,
i.e. normal,
inclined, and
obliqued.

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Self study : Type of planes

Click on any area

of a given object.
You will get the
type of plane.

Normal plane

Inclined plane

Curve surface

Skip

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