Lecture – 1: Projections

TA 111
Engineering Graphics
Dr. Salil Goel
Assistant Professor, Geoinformatics
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Kanpur

Office: PEB (Block B)

Email: sgoel@iitk.ac.in
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Phone: 6179
Why Engineering Drawing?
• How would you describe this object to others?
• Difficult to describe without graphics.
• Engineering graphics needed to describe real
objects for unambiguous understanding by all.
• Drawing is a fundamental means of
communication, whether done manually or by a
computer.

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 Why Projections?
• All real-world objects are in 3D,
while drawing is done on a 2D
surface.
• Representation of 3D object on 2D
paper has challenges:
• Loss of information
• Shape can be described
approximately
• Size may not be actual

Note: Images shown to you on this slide are projections of 3D objects onto the image plane. 3
Theory of Projection
• Projection is a process of causing an
image to be formed by rays of sight
taken in a particular direction from ne
Pla
an object to a picture plane. re
i c tu
• Shape is described the projection. P
• Projection theory is the basis for
shape representation.

Center of Projection4
Two types of Projections
ne
ne e Pla
Pla tur
re Pi c
c tu
Pi

on
cti
oje
Pr
f
te ro
n
Ce
Perspective or Converging Parallel (orthographic) 5
Perspective Projection
• All dimensions are foreshortened –
size is a function of location of
picture plane.
• Pleasing to the eyes – Camera does
the same.
• What happens if we move the
picture plane along the line joining
the observer and the object?

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Parallel Projection
• Move the observer to the infinite
distance.
• Line of sight become parallel
• What happens if we move the
plane along the line joining the
object and observer?

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Projectors
A
A

Projectors A' B
Projectors B
A'
Projection
B' Plane
B'
Projection
Plane Center of Projection at
Infinity (Direction of
Center of Projection)
Projection
Projectors are converging. Projectors are parallel to each other.
Orthographic projection: If they are perpendicular
to projection plane.
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Projectors: Lines from coordinate in original space to coordinate in projected space.
Orthographic Projection
• Special case of parallel projection: Projectors are perpendicular to the
projection plane.

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Axonometric Projection
• Special case of orthographic projection with one plane.
• Object is turned so three faces are seen in projection plane.

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 Projection Systems

Parallel Perspective

Orthographic Oblique Aerial Linear

One Point

Cabinet Two Point

Cavalier
Multiview Axonometric
Three Point
First Angle
Isometric
Second Angle
Third Angle Dimetric
Fourth Angle
Trimetric
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Orthographic Projection
Projectors are parallel to each other.
Projects are perpendicular to the projection plane.

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Principal Views
• At most 6 principal views are
possible by looking from
different directions.
• For most objects, three
orthographic views are
generally sufficient.

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Orthographic Projection: Glass Box Concept

• Imagine a glass box around

the object.

• Project object on to the faces

of the box.

• Open the box.

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Orthographic Projection: Glass Box Concept
• While unfolding the plane,
the frontal plane remains
stationary.
• All other planes revolve
outwardly from the original
position till they lie in the
frontal plane.
• Hinge lines are also known as
folding lines.

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Orthographic Projection: Glass Box Concept

Hinge lines

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Let’s revisit the process…

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Projection to Planes

Top
vi ew
Fro
nt v ew
iew v i
ofi le
/Pr
de
Si

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Orthographic View on a Sheet

Hinge lines
Top view

Front view Side/Profile view

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 z

Drawing Orthographic Views

y

Miter line
45
0

y
x

z z
x 20
y
Three orthographic views

Top View

Front View Side View (Right)

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Important points to remember
• Always use a miter line (at 45 deg) for reflecting profile views.
• Draw views concurrently (using projections)
• Use H pencil for object lines, hidden lines, dimensions, lettering etc.
• Use 2H pencil for construction lines.
• Professional drawing does not contain quadrants or projection lines.
• For this course only, DO NOT ERASE construction lines unless
specified.

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Drawing example

20

20

25

60
20 50
100
40

80
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Draw this in your notebook.

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Types of Lines

Object- Continuous thick

Dimension-Arrowed line
Construction-Continuous thin
Hidden-Dashed line
Center line-Chain thin
Hinge line-Chain thick

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 Types of Lines
Center Line
Object Line
Top Viewing
Direction
100 Top View

Hidden Line
Construction Line

Front Viewing
Direction Front View

IMPORTANT NOTE:
Object lines and construction lines should always be distinguishable
 You may use H for object lines and 2H for construction lines
 You should NOT erase the construction lines after drawing (in this course)
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Draw 3D picture of the object for given views

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Draw 3D picture of the object for given views

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Thank you!

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