Professional Documents
Culture Documents
General definition
Transform points in n-space (3) to m-space (2)
(m<n)
In computer graphics
Map viewing coordinates to 2D screen coordinates
PROJECTION TRANSFORMATION
P(x, y, z)
3D Object Coordinate
3D Viewing Coordinate
Model Transformation
3D World Coordinate
Viewing Transformation
3D Viewing Coordinate
Projection Transformation
3D Object Coordinate
2D Projection Coordinate
Viewport Transformation
3D World Coordinate
2D Device Coordinate
p(x’, y’)
Viewing Transformation
P(x, y, z)
3D Object Coordinate
Model Transformation
3D World Coordinate
Viewing Transformation
3D Viewing Coordinate
Projection
Projection Transformation
Transformation
2D Projection Coordinate
Viewport Transformation
2D Device Coordinate
p(x’, y’)
Parallel vs Perspective Projection
PROJECTION TRANSFORMATION
Perspective vs. Parallel
• Perspective projection
+ Size varies inversely with distance – looks realistic
– Distance and angles are not(in general) preserved
– Parallel line do not (in general) remain parallel
• Parallel projection
+ Good for exact measurements
+ Parallel lines remain parallel
– Angles are not (in general) preserved
– Less realistic looking
Orthographic & Oblique
• Orthographic parallel projection
– the projection is perpendicular to the view plane
Cavalier Cabinet
(DOP at 45) (DOP at 63.4)
No foreshortening of lines
Lines normal to XY plane are
perpendicular to XY plane
foreshortened by half of their length
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Front View
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
FIRST ANGLE
Top View
Orthographic projection
Orthographic projection-Example
B (0,1,0)
E (0,1,1)
A (0,0,0)
C(1,0,0)
D (0,0,1)
F (1,0,1)
Orthographic projection
front RHS
view Top view View LHS view
Pz
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 -1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
x y z 1 x' y' z' x' y' z' x' y' z' x' y' z'
A 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 A 0 0 0 A 0 0 0 A 0 0 0
B 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 B 0 0 0 B 0 1 0 B 0 1 0
C 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 C 1 0 0 C 0 0 0 C 0 0 0
D 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 D 0 -1 0 D -1 0 0 D 1 0 0
E 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 E 0 -1 0 E -1 1 0 E 1 1 0
F 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 F 1 -1 0 F -1 0 0 F 1 0 0
Orthographic projection
FRONT view
TOP view
Example : Projection on a Plane
Determine the projection of box in (a) x=6, (b) y=6, and (c) z=6.
Solution:
C A B C D E F G
0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
C
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) The projection of the box on x=6 plane (see Figure 3.46) has the
following transformation matrix:
0 0 0 6
0
R
1 0 0 C RC
*
0 0 1 0
6 0 0 1
0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 1
C
*
0
1
0
0
1 0 0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
0 1
C
*
0
1
2
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(b) The projection of the box on the y=6 plane has the following
transformation matrix:
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 6
R
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
Therefore, the coordinates for the projection are
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
0 6 0 1
C
*
0
0
0
0
1 0 0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
6 6
C
*
0
6
2
6
1
6
1
6
0
6
0
6
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) The projection of the box on the z=6 plane has the following
transformation matrix:
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
R
0 0 0 6
0 0 0 1
Therefore, the coordinates for the projection are
C * R C
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 1
C
*
0
1
0
0
0 6 0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
0 1
C 6
* 1
6
1
6
0 1
6 6
0
6
0
6 6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
E (0,1,1)
G(0.5,0.5,0)
C(1,0,0)
V= SQRT(.25+.25)=0.707
Tr
0.7071 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 -1 0 0
0 0 0 1
INITIAL POINTS
NEW POINTS
Vertex X Y Z
Vertex X Y Z
A 0 0 0 1
A' 0 0 0 1
B 0 1 0 1
B' 0 0 0 1
C 1 0 0 1
C' 0.7071 0 0 1
D 0 0 1 1
D' 0 -1 0 1
E 0 1 1 1
E' 0 -1 0 1
F 1 0 1 1
F' 0.7071 -1 0 1
Exercise: Consider the cube with corner K(3,2,2) removed shown in Figure. Position vectors
for the vertices are given below
Develop an auxiliary view showing the true shape of triangular corner (CDJ) for the object
Exercise: Consider the cube with corner K(3,2,2) removed shown in Figure. Position vectors
for the vertices are given below
Develop an auxiliary view showing the true shape of triangular corner (CDJ) for the object
Exercise: Consider the cube with corner K(3,2,2) removed shown in Figure. Position vectors
for the vertices are given below
Develop an auxiliary view showing the true shape of triangular corner (CDJ) for the object
Exercise: Consider the cube with corner K(3,2,2) removed shown in Figure. Position vectors
for the vertices are given below
Develop an auxiliary view showing the true shape of triangular corner (CDJ) for the object
Exercise: Consider the cube with corner K(3,2,2) removed shown in Figure. Position vectors
for the vertices are given below
Develop an auxiliary view showing the true shape of triangular corner (CDJ) for the object
PROJECTION TRANSFORMATION
Axonometric Projections
• Projection plane is not parallel to principal plane.
• Overcome the limitation of Orthographic projection which Fails to illustrate
the 3D shape of a part
• Obtained by arbitrary rotations and translations such that at least 3 adjacent
faces are visible & then projected on Z=0 plane. (Ry.Rx.Pz)
• Faces parallel to Projection Plane, show true shapes but lines are equally
foreshortened.
Dimetric Projection
Fx fy (fz will be given)
• A dimetric projection is an axonometric projection of
an object where two of its axes make equal angles
with the plane of projection and the third axis makes
either a smaller or a greater angle
Trimetric Projection
fx fy fz
•Trimetric projection is an axonometric projection where no
two axes make equal angles with the plane of projection
•Each of the axes have different ratios of foreshortening
Auxiometric Projections- Trimetric, Dimetric & isometric
C(1,0,0)
D (0,0,1) F (1,0,1)
Wedge of 1 unit side Front view
Front view
Trimetric Projection
B (0,1,0)
E (0,1,1)
C(1,0,0)
D (0,0,1) F (1,0,1)
Wedge of 1 unit side
Ry = Rx = 30 degree
Vertex X Y Z X' Y' Z'
A 0 0 0 0 0 0
B 0 1 0 0 0.866 0
C 1 0 0 0.866 0.25 0
D 0 0 1 0.5 -0.433 0
E 0 1 1 0.5 0.433 0
F 1 0 1 1.366 -0.183 0
Before After
P’ = P. Tr
Trimetric Projection
B (0,1,0)
Trimetric Projection
E (0,1,1)
C(1,0,0)
D (0,0,1) F (1,0,1)
Wedge of 1 unit side Front view
At given fz calculate
Dimetric Projections -Example
Here we assume that fz = 0.5
At given fz calculate
P’= P. Pd
Dimetric Projections -Example
fz = 0.5, fx=fy=0.94
A 0 0 0 1 A' 0 0 0
B 0 1 0 1 B' 0 0.94054 0
P’= P. Pd
Isometric Projections
All 3 dimensions are equally visible (All the edges
are equally foreshortened)
• fx = fy = fz = 0.82
D (0,0,1) F (3,0,1)
DIMETRIC
FZ 0 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 1
BATCH A B C D E F G
106-
110
ISOMETRIC BATCHES: H
Last date of
submission:
8th Sept 2016
Parallel & Perspective Projection
• Parallel Projection
• Perspective Projection
Perspective Projections
+ Size varies inversely with distance – looks realistic
– Distance and angles are not(in general) preserved
– Parallel line do not (in general) remain parallel
Center of
View Plane
Projection
Perspective Projection
• How many vanishing point?
Perspective Projection
• How many vanishing point?
Three-point
perspective
Perspective Projection
• How many vanishing point?
Three-point Two-point
perspective perspective
Perspective Projection
• How many vanishing point?
Object
Projected
Object on Proje.
Plane
Perspective Projections
Triangle A’OC
Perspective Projections
Triangle ABC
Perspective Projections
Perspective Projections
Single Point Perspective Projections
Two Point Perspective Projections
Two Point Perspective Projections
Two Point Perspective Projections
Three Point Perspective Projections
Three Point Perspective Projections
Three Point Perspective Projections-Example
P P
-Zc Zc
VP COP
Projection plane
X’ Zc
--- = --------- P’(x’,0,0)
X Zc - Z
X x
X’ = --------- x’
1- Z/Zc P(x,0,z)
z x
X
X’ = --------- Zc Zc
1 + r.Z