THE GRAPHIC LANGUAGE

When you first learned to read our written language, you progressed through it in a logical
order. You learned the alphabet, then learned simple words. You could not learn the simple
words until you knew the letters which formed them. Later, more complex words were
added to your vocabulary and the process conintinued. The same concept can be applied to
learning the graphics language. The graphic language can be broken down to an "alphabet"
of points, lines, and planes. Solid objects are made up of these features: points representing
corners, lines representing edges, and planes representing surfaces.

Engineers are required to design, revise, analyze, and/or construct complex parts or
systems. These parts or systems, are conceived or exist in a three-dimensional medium.
Until the evolution of 3D solid modeling, it was difficult to define these parts accurately in
three-dimensional space. To display these objects on a two-dimensional medium such as a
sheet of paper, usually the designer creates a projection of the part.

Projections are drawn by viewing an object with an imaginary transparent plane placed
between the observer and the object. The image of the object is projected onto that
imaginary plane, defined as the plane of projection. A two-dimensional representation, or
view, of the object is the result.
OBJECT, OBSERVER AND PLANE OF PROJECTION

Two
Dimensional
3 Dimensional
View
Object

Position of
Observer
 OBJECT, OBSERVER AND PLANE OF PROJECTION

OBJECT: It is the material or thing whose drawing is to be

drawn.
OBSERVER: A person who watches or observes the Two
projections. Dimensional
3 Dimensional
View
PROJECTION: It is the presentation of the Object
image of the object.

Position of
Observer
CONCEPT OF PROJECTION (PHYSICS)
 CONCEPT OF PROJECTION (PHYSICS)
The area (face A) which interrupts the incoming light rays will form
a image (projection) on the plane.
 CONCEPT OF PROJECTION (ENGINEERING / MACHINE DRAWING)

The area (face A) which interrupts the incoming light rays will form
a image (projection) on the plane.
 CONCEPT OF PROJECTION (ENGINEERING / MACHINE DRAWING)

Consider a 3-D object having 5 cm width , 10 cm length and 7 cm

height. The dimension along which the object is to be viewed is not
to be considered.
 CONCEPT OF PROJECTION (ENGINEERING / MACHINE DRAWING)

Case I: When the object is to be viewed along the length (face A),
then the dimension (10 cm) is not considered and then remaining
two dimensions ( Width & Height) will give the required view.

A
 CONCEPT OF PROJECTION (ENGINEERING / MACHINE DRAWING)

Case I: When the object is to be viewed along the length (face A),
then the dimension (10 cm) along the length is not to be
considered and then remaining two dimensions ( Width & Height)
will give the required view.

A
A
 CONCEPT OF PROJECTION (ENGINEERING / MACHINE DRAWING)

Case I: When the object is to be viewed along the length (face A),
then the dimension (10 cm) is not considered and then remaining
two dimensions ( Width & Height) will give the required view.

A
 CONCEPT OF PROJECTION (ENGINEERING / MACHINE DRAWING)

Case II: When the object is to be viewed along the width (face B),
then the dimension along width (5 cm) is not to be considered and
then remaining two dimensions (Length & Height ) will give the
required view.
 CONCEPT OF PROJECTION (ENGINEERING / MACHINE DRAWING)

Case II: When the object is to be viewed along the width (face B),
then the dimension along width (5 cm) is not to be considered and
then remaining two dimensions (Length & Height ) will give the
required view.
TYPS OF PROJECTIONS
 TYPS OF PROJECTIONS
Parallel projections are used by architects and engineers for creating working drawing of the
object, for complete representations require two or more views of an object using different
planes.
Parallel Projection use to display picture in its true shape and size. When projectors are
perpendicular to view plane then is called orthographic projection. The parallel projection is
formed by extending parallel lines from each vertex on the object until they intersect the
plane of the screen. The point of intersection is the projection of vertex.
 TYPS OF PROJECTIONS
In Perspective projection lines of projection do not remain parallel. The lines converge at a
single point called a centre of projection. The projected image on the screen is obtained by
points of intersection of converging lines with the plane of the screen. The image on the
screen is seen as of viewer’s eye were located at the centre of projection, lines of projection
would correspond to path travel by light beam originating from object.

Two main characteristics of perspective are vanishing points and perspective foreshortening.
Due to foreshortening object and lengths appear smaller from the centre of projection. More
we increase the distance from the centre of projection, smaller will be the object appear.
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS
OBLIQUE PROJECTIONS
MULTI – VIEW PROJECTION
AXONOMETRIC (ISOMETRIC)
COMPARISON
TYPES OF LINES USED IN ENGINEERING / MACHINE DRAWING