Chapter 2

Theory of Projection

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 Projection Theory
The goal in engineering graphics, whether it is
freehand sketching or CAD, is to represent a
physical object.

A projection is a mapping of a 3D space onto a

2D subspace

2D space is called the projection plane

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 Cont…
 Objects can be shown as 3-D projections or Multi-view
projections. 3-D projections are useful in that they
provide an image that is similar to the image in the
designer’s mind’s eye.

 Multi-view projections are used to overcome the

weaknesses of 3-D projections. Multi-view projections
are a collection of flat 2-D drawings of the different
sides of an object.
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 Theory of Projection
Projection means “To throw Forward”.
In this Object are being thrown (projected) forward in the
form of Projection.

Torch Ball Shadow Wall

Torch Observer
Ball Object
Shadow Projection
Wall Plane of Projection
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 (Plan
e of
Proje
ction
)
Wall

d ow
t)
bjec Sha
(O
r s)
c to ct i o n)
er ) r oje ( Proje
er v ( P
bs Ba ll
(O t Ra y s
Ligh
r ch
To
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 Common Elements of a Projection System
• Center of Projection (Perspective) OR
Direction of Projection (Parallel)
• Projection Plane
• Object(s) to be projected
• Projectors (LOS)

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 Classification of Projections
P rojec tion Th e ory

P ers p ec tive P arallel

P rojec tion P rojec tion

O n e-p oin t O b liq u e O rth og rap h ic

Tw o-p oin t
C avalier A xon om etric M u ltiview
Th ree-p oin t
C ab in et
Is om e tric
G en eral
D im etric

Trim etric

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 Perspective Projection
* Observer is at finite distance.
* Rays or Projectors are converging at observer’s eye.
* It does not provides exact size and shape of object.
i o n
ct
oj e
pr
of
ne
Pl a Object
Station point

i on
j e ct
o
Pr

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 Types of Perspective Projection

- One Point Perspective

- Two Point Perspective

- Three Point Perspective

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 Parallel projection

• Preserves true relationship

between features
– Lines that are parallel on the
object are parallel on the drawing
• There are three types of
parallel projections:
a. Multi-view/orthographic projection
b. Oblique Projection
c. Axonometric Projection

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 Orthographic Projection
* Orthographic projection is a two dimensional
projection method.
909o 0 o
* FV : Length and height of Object
FO
RF
.V
.

* As projectors are Parallel to each other, the size of

Orthographic View of an object is equal to the actual
size of an object.

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 Oblique Projection
* Observer is at infinite distance.
* Rays or Projectors are Parallel to each other.
* Rays or Projectors are not Perpendicular to the
Plane of projection. (i.e. projectors are inclined to
the plane of projection i.e. oblique)
t i on
o j ec
r
o fp Φ ≠ 90o
l ane
P Pro
ject
o rs

ow
d
sha
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Object
 Axonometric Projection

* Is three dimensional drawing named alternatively

as Pictorial Drawing.
* Observer is at infinite distance and Rays or
Projectors are parallel to each other &
perpendicular to the plane of projection.
* All faces of the object are visible in a single view.
* There are three types.
a
If a=b=c Isometric
If a≠b=c Dimetric
If a≠b≠c Trimetric
b c

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 Parallel versus Perspective
Projection

Parallel
Parallel

Perspective
Perspective
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 E…N…D

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