___________________________________________

MODULE 1. Indefinite Integral: Basic Integration Formulas

Overview

The derivative is one part of the fundamental concept of calculus.

This module turns things upside down.  Now, instead of finding the
derivative a function you will be asked to identify a function based on
information about its derivative.  From the perspective of differentiation
these functions are known as antiderivatives.

This module begins with the discussion of basic power formula,

extension of power formula, chain rule for anti-differentiation, and
integration of exponential functions.

Intended Learning Outcomes____________________________________

1. Define and illustrate integration;

1
2. Find the indefinite integral of a function using:
a. power formula
b. extension of power formula
c. chain rule, and

3. Evaluate integrals of exponential functions.

Topics

1. Indefinite Integral:
Basic Integration Formulas
1.1 Definition: General Properties of Indefinite
Integral
1.2 General Power Formula; Extension of Power
1.3 Integration of Exponential Functions
1.4 Chain Rule for Integration

Pre-test ____________________________________________________________
Name: ______________________________________ Date: ______________________
Section: _____________________________________ Score: ______________________

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Multiple Choice. Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

1. Find the antiderivative of y’ = 3x2 – 6x + 1

a. x3 – 3x2 + x + c c. 6x – 6 + c
3
b. x3 – 3x2 + x d. x – 6 + c
2

2. Evaluate ∫ dx
a. x b. C c. x + c d. 0

x 2 dx
3. ∫ x 2−4 can also be written as

a. ∫ x 2 ( x 2−4 )−1 dx c. ∫ x 2 ( x−2−4 ¿ ¿−1)dx ¿

4
[
b. ∫ 1+ 2
x −4 ]
dx 4 2
d. ∫ (x −4 x ¿) dx ¿

dz
4. Evaluate ∫
z+ 1

(z +1)−2 (z +1)2
a. +c b. ln (z + 1) + c c. +c d. ln (z + 1)
−2 2
6
5. In ∫ ( x 5 +10 ) x 4 dx , let u = ( x 5 +10 ), then the equivalent integrand is

7
( x 5+10 ) 1
u6 du 6
d. 5∫ u du
5∫
4
a. 5x dx b. +c c.
35

ydy
6. Evaluate ∫
y 2−7
−1 2 −1
a. 2ydy c.
2
( y −7 ) + c
1 du 1 2
d. ln ( y −7 ) +c
2∫ u
b.
2
2m
7. Evaluate ∫ 3 dm

1 1
a. ( 3 2 m+1 ) + c c. ∫ 3u du
2m+1 2
32 m 2(32 m)
b. +c d. +c
ln 9 ln 3

3
 3

8. Evaluate ∫ e x x 2 dx
3

1 x 3
e x +1 1
e u du
3

a. e +c b. 3e x +c
3∫
c. 3 +c d.
3 x +1
Lesson_Proper________________________________________________________________
Indefinite Integral:
Basic Integration Formulas

Introduction
Integration has two different meanings: One focuses on finding the
sum or a total, for instance, finding the area bounded by a curve or total
volume of a solid. This module is concerned with the second meaning of
integration known as the anti-differentiation. In the process of anti-
differentiation, the derivative of a function is given, and the function that
resulted in the given derivative is determined. The process produces an
indefinite integral.

Let f(x) be the derivative of the function F(x) with respect to x on an

interval. Then the collection of all antiderivatives of f(x) is called indefinite
integral of f(x) with respect to x and is denoted by

∫ f ( x ) dx   = F (x) + c
This is the general formula of indefinite integral

where  , the elongated S is called the integral sign

f(x) is the integrand
dx is the differential of x
F(x) is the particular integral
c is the arbitrary constant (constant of integration)
F (x) + c is the indefinite integral

General Properties of Indefinite Integral

1. ∫ dx=x+ c. This states the definition of an integral.

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2.        where k is any number.  So, we can factor
multiplicative constants out of indefinite integrals.  This formula states
that if the integrand contains a constant factor, that factor can be written
before the integral sign. However, we can introduce a constant factor to
the integrand provided that we place its reciprocal before the integral
sign. BUT it is never allowable to introduce variable factors by this rule.

3.    . This is really the first property with   

and so no proof of this property will be given.

4.    .  In other words, the integral of a sum

or difference of functions is the sum or difference of the individual
integrals.  This rule can be extended to as many functions as we need.  

Power Formula

The first integral that we’ll look at is the integral of a power of x. 

  Example 1. Evaluate
Solution:

Example 2. Evaluate  

Solution:

      

Example 3. Evaluate

Solution:

5
                             

Example 4. Evaluate

Solution:
In this case there isn’t a formula for explicitly dealing with radicals or
rational expressions.  However, just like with derivatives we can write
all these terms so they are in the numerator and they all have an
exponent.   This should always be your first step when faced with this
kind of integral just as it was when differentiating.
                            

Example 5. Evaluate  

Solution:
We’ve got a product here; in this case we don’t need a rule.  All that we
need to do is multiply things out (taking care of the radicals at the same
time of course) and then we will be able to integrate.

  

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4x −2 x 4 +15 x 3
∫ dx
Example 6. Evaluate x3
Solution:
In this case all we need to do is break up the quotient and then
integrate the individual terms.

4 x10−2 x 4 +15 x 3 4 x 10 2 x 4 15 x 3
  ∫ x3
dx
x (
= ∫ 3 − 3 + 3 dx
x x )
6
 = ∫ ( 4 x 7 – 2 x+15 ) dx
1 8 2
= x −x + 15 x +c
2

In all of these problems remember that we can always check our

answer by differentiating and making sure that we get the integrand.

General Power Formula

n +1
u
∫ u n du= n+1 +c

Proof: From differential calculus

d(un) = n un – 1 (du)

in integral calculus, replace n by (n + 1)

d (un + 1) = (n + 1) u(n + 1) – 1 (du)

d (un +1) n
=u du
n+1
d(un+1 )
un du=
n+1

Integrate both sides of the equation

d (un+ 1)
∫ u n du=∫ n+1

1
d (u n+1)
n+1 ∫
¿

1 n +1
¿ u +c
n+1

n un +1
∫ u du= n+1
+c

Example 1. Evaluate

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Solution:
Let

We’ve got an x2 out in front of the parenthesis but we don’t have a “-

30”.  This is not really the problem it might appear to be at first.  We
will simply rewrite the differential as follows.

With this we can now substitute the “x2 dx” away.  In the process we
will pick up a constant, but that isn’t a problem since it can always be
factored out of the integral.

We can now do the integral.

Note that in most problems when we pick up a constant as we did in

this example we will generally factor it out of the integral in the same
step that we substitute it in. 

Example 2. Evaluate

Solution:     

8
Extension of Power

The extension of power formula when n = - 1

du
∫ u−1 du=∫ u
=ln u+ c , where u ≠0

The integral of any quotient whose numerator is the differential of the

denominator is the logarithm of the denominator.

Example 1. Evaluate

Solution:

                         

Remember that we can just factor the 3 in the numerator out of the
integral and that makes the integral a little clearer in this case.

Example 2. Evaluate

Solution:
3 1
Let u = t4 + 2t du = ( 4 t+2 ) dt  ( 2 t +1 ) dt= 2 du

9
 x +1
Example 3. Evaluate ∫ x−1 dx

Solution:
x +1 x +1−1+1
∫ x−1 dx =∫ x−1
dx

x −1 2
¿∫ dx +∫ dx
x −1 x−1
dx
¿ ∫ dx +2∫
x−1
¿ x+ 2 ln ( x−1 )+ c

1+e− y
Example 4. Evaluate ∫ dy
1−e− y
Solution:

1+e− y 1+e− y −e− y + e− y

∫ 1−e− y dy = ∫ dy
1−e− y

1−e− y 2 e− y
=∫ dy + ∫ dy
1−e− y 1−e− y

Let u=1−e− y
du=−e− y (−1 ) dy
du
= ∫ dy + 2∫
u
= y + ln u+ c
−y
= y +sin
ln ( 1−e
3 x dx ) +c
Example 5. Evaluate ∫
1+cos 3 x
Solution:

Let u=1+ cos 3 x du=−3 sin 3 x dx

−1
du=sin 3 x dx
3

−1
du
sin 3 x dx 3
∫ 1+cos 3 x ∫ u
=

10
 1 du
3∫ u
¿−

1
¿− ln │u │ + c
3

1
¿− ln │1+cos 3 x │+ c
3

Example 6. Evaluate ∫ tan θ dθ

Solution:

sin θ
Write tanθ=
cos θ

sin θ
∫ tan θ dθ=∫ cos θ dθ
Let u=cos θ dθ du=−sin θ d θ−du=sin θ d θ

du
∫ tan θ dθ=−∫ u

¿−ln │u │+c

¿−ln │cos θ │ + c
−1
¿ ln │ ( cos θ ) │+ c

1
¿ ln │ │+ c
cos θ

¿ ln │ sec θ│+ c

TRY THIS OUT

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals:
1. ∫ 2.6 r 1.3 dr
2. ∫ ( 3 x 2−5 x 3/ 2+ 6 √ x ) dx

11
 3. ∫ ( 3 z +5 )2 z 3 d
dt
4. ∫ ( t2−t 3−5 ) t2
dx
5. ∫ x ln x
sec 3 θ tan 3 θ dθ
6. ∫ 1+ sec 3θ
e y/3 dy
7. ∫ 9+2 e y/ 3
y+4
8. ∫ y−4 dy

Integration of Exponential Functions

There are two basic formulas for the integration of exponential

functions:

u au
a. ∫ a du= ln a
+c

b. ∫ eu du=eu + c

Example 1. Evaluate ∫ eex dx

Solution:
du
Let u=ex du=edx ⇒ =dx
e
du
∫ eex dx=∫ eu e
1
eu du
e∫
¿

1
¿ e u+ c
e
¿ e ex−1+ c

12
 dx
Example 2. Evaluate ∫ 7
x
e3

Solution:
−7
dx 3
x
∫ 7
=∫ e dx
x
3
e
7 −7 3
Let u= x du= dx ⇒− du=dx
3 3 7

¿ ∫e
u
( −37 du)
3
e u ( du )
7∫
¿−

3
¿− e u +c
7
3 −7
¿− e 3 x +c
7

Example 3. Evaluate

Solution:

                                               

Example 4. Evaluate ∫ √23 x dx

Solution:
3x
3x 2
∫ √2 dx=∫ 2 dx
3x 3 2
Let u= du= dx ⇒ du=dx
2 2 3
2
¿ ∫ 2u du
3

13
 2
¿ ∫ 2u du
3
2 2u
¿ +c
3 ln 2
3x
2 22
¿ +c
3 ln 2
3x
+1
22
¿ +c
ln 8

sin x
Example 5. Evaluate ∫ 10 cos x dx

Solution:
Let u=sin x du=cos x dx
∫ 10 sin x cos x dx=∫ au du
au
¿ +c
ln a
10sin x
¿ +c
ln 10

Chain Rule for Integration

There are integrals that appear to be complicated in its form,
oftentimes it is necessary to reduce the integrand in its simpler form.

Consider a more complicated integrand in the form of

∫ f [ g ( x ) ] g ' ( x ) dx eq. (1)

Let u=g ( x )
du=g ' ( x ) dx

Then the given integrand is reduced to

∫ f ( u ) du eq. (2)

Since
∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( x ) +c

14
then eq. (2) becomes

∫ f ( u ) du=F (u )+ c
but u=g ( x ), then

∫ f [ g ( x ) ] g ' ( x ) dx=F [ g ( x ) ]+ c
The process is called Chain Rule for Integration.

Some illustrations:

x dx
1. ∫ x 2+1 letu=x2 +1 du=2 x dx

z 2 dz
2. ∫ 4 letu=z3 + 4 du=3 z 2 dz
( z 3 +4 )

dy dy
3. ∫ 5 letu=4+ √ y du=
√ y ( 4+ √ y ) 2√ y
3t
e dt
4. ∫ 5+2 et letu=5+2 eet du=6 e 3 t dt
e

tan β dβ
5. ∫ lncos β letu=ln cos β du=−tan β dβ

The choice of u is usually the ones inside the parenthesis or the

radicand.

2 x−2
Example 1. Evaluate ∫ dx
√ x2 −2 x−5
Solution:
Let u=x2 −2 x−5 du=( 2 x−2 ) dx

2 x−2 du
∫ 2
dx=∫
√ x −2 x−5 √u
¿ ∫ u−1 /2 du

15
 u1/ 2
¿ +c
1
2
¿ 2 u1/ 2+ c
¿ 2 √ x 2−2 x−5+ c

Example 2. Evaluate ∫ tan θ ln sec θ dθ

Solution:
Let u=ln sec θ
1
du= sec θ tan θ dθ
sec θ
¿ tanθ dθ

∫ tan θ ln sec θ dθ=∫ u du

u2
¿ +c
2
1
¿ ( ln sec θ )2 +c
2

For the proficiency in computations, oftentimes it is necessary to

perform algebraic manipulation to the integrand before the formula is
applied, thus, integrand is reduced to a simpler form. One common
manipulation is the chain rule for integration, expansion, performing division
on rational fractions among others.

Example 3. Evaluate ∫ √ x 2 ( 1+ 4 x 2 ) dx
Solution:
Simplifying the radicand, we have

∫ √ x 2 ( 1+ 4 x 2 ) dx=∫ √ x 2 √1+ 4 x 2 dx
¿ ∫ √ 1+ 4 x 2 x dx
2 du
Let u=1+ 4 x du=8 x dx ⇒ =x dx
8

16
 du
¿ ∫ u1 /2
8
1
¿ ∫ u1 /2 du
8
1 u3 /2
¿ +c
8 3
2
1 3 /2
¿ ( 1+4 x 2 ) +c
12
x3
Example 4. Evaluate ∫ dx
1+ x 2
Solution:
By performing division, we have
3
∫ 1+x x 2 dx=∫ ( x− 1+xx ) dx
2

x
¿ ∫ x dx−∫ dx
1+ x 2
2 du
Let u=1+ x du=2 x dx ⇒ 2 =x dx

du
2
¿ ∫ x dx−∫
u
x 1
¿ + ln ( 1+ x 2) + c
2 2
dx
Example 5. Evaluate ∫ x
e +1
Solution:
Multiplying both numerator and denominator by e− x
dx dx e− x
∫ e x +1 ∫ e x+ 1 ∙ e− x
=

e− x dx
¿∫
1+ e−x

Let u=1+ e−x du=−e− x dx −du=e− x dx

−du
¿∫
u

17
 ¿−ln u+c
¿−ln ( 1+e− x ) + c

( 2 x +1 ) dx
Example 6. Evaluate ∫
( x+ 2 )4 ( x−1 )4
Solution:
Applying the Laws of Exponents in Algebra,

( 2 x +1 ) dx ( 2 x+ 1 ) dx
∫ 4 4 ∫
=
( x+ 2 ) ( x−1 ) ( x 2+ x−2 )4
Let u=x2 + x−2 du=( 2 x +1 ) dx
du
¿∫
u4
u−3
¿ +c
−3
1
¿− 3
+¿c
3 ( x 2 + x−2 )
3
( x+ 1 ) 2
Example 7. Evaluate ∫ 7
dx
2
x
Solution:
Applying the Laws of Exponents in Algebra,
3
( x+ 1 ) 2 3
∫
x
7
2
dx=∫ ( ) dxx
x +1
x
2
2

3
¿∫ ( ) dxx
1+
1
x
2
2

1 du=
−dx
Let u=1+ x
x2

3
2
¿−∫ u du
2 1 52
¿− 1+
5 x( ) +c

18
 2 x+ 1 52
¿− ( )
5 x
+c

TRY THIS OUT:

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals
x 3 dx
1. ∫4 4
√ ( x −6 )
x ( x 2−7 ) dx
2. ∫ x 2 +2
4
3. ∫ ( x 2−x ) ( 4 x−2 ) dx
4. ∫ 8 1 – x dx
−1 2
tan ( )
z
5. e
∫ 2
dz
4+ z
2

x e x dx
6. ∫ x 2

e +1

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Assessing Learning_________________________________________________________________

Activity 1
Name: _____________________ Score: _______________
Section: ____________________ Date: ________________

Indefinite Integral:
Basic Integration Formulas

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.

−1
1. In ∫ tan
1+ x
x
2
dx , let u equals

a. 1+ x 2 b. tan−1 x c. x d. x2

2
( 1+ √ 3 x )
2. ∫ d x can be expressed as
√x
a. ∫ ( 1+ √3 x )2 x−1 /2 dx c. ∫ ( x −1 /2 +3 x 1/ 2 ) dx
−1
b. ∫ ( 1+ √3 x )2 dx ∫ √ x dx d. ∫(x 2
+2 √ 3+3 √ x dx )
2
( 1+ √ 3 x )
3. Evaluate ∫ √x
a.
e sin x ( sin x +cos x )
3. Evaluate ∫ dx
ecos x
a. e sin x−cos x +c c. e sin x+cos x + c
b. e sin x + c d. e cos x +c

4. Evaluate
√ x dx
∫ 1+ x√ x
3 2
a. ln u+ c c. ln u+ c
2 3
3 2
b. ln ( 1+ x √ x ) +c d. ln ( 1+ x √ x ) +c
2 3

20
 1
csc
2
x 1
2 cot x
2
5. Evaluate ∫ dx
1
sin x
2
1 1
csc x−1 csc x
2 2
a. −2 +c c. −4 +c
ln 2 ln 2
1 1
b. −2csc 2 x−1 ( ln2 ) +c d. −4csc 2 x ln2+ c

Assessing Learning_________________________________________________________________

Activity 2
Name: _____________________ Score: _______________
Section: ____________________ Date: ________________
Indefinite Integral:
Basic Integration Formulas

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals:

1. ∫ √ x √1− x−1 dx
2. ∫ ( 2 x−1 ) ( 3 x +5 ) dx
( x+ 1 )( x−2 )
3. ∫ dx
√x

x 2+ 2 x
4. ∫ x 3+ 3 x 2 +1 dx

dx
5. ∫ x ln x

sec 3 θ tan 3 θ dθ
6. ∫ 1+ sec 3θ

y/3
e dy
7. ∫ 9+2 e y/ 3

y+4
8. ∫ y−4 dy

21
 x 2+ 2 x
9. ∫ x 3+ 3 x 2 +1 dx

dx
10. ∫ x ln x

sec 3 θ tan 3 θ dθ
11. ∫ 1+ sec 3θ

Assessing Learning_________________________________________________________________

Activity 2
Name: _____________________ Score: _______________
Section: ____________________ Date: ________________

Indefinite Integral:
Basic Integration Formulas

y/3
e dy
12. ∫ 9+2 e y/ 3

y+4
13. ∫ y−4 dy

3 7

14. ∫ x 6 √ e x dx
e sin x ( sin x +cos x )
15. ∫ dx
ecos x

−1 2
tan ( )
z
16. e
∫ 2
dz
4+ z
2
x

17. ∫ x ex dx
2

e +1

22
References:

Books:

Finley, T. Calculus and Analytic Geometry. Addison-Wesley Publishing

Company, 8th Edition, 1993.

Leithold, L. The Calculus with Analytic Geometry. Harper and Row Publishers,
1990.

Longley, W.R. Elements of Differential Calculus. Ginn and Company. New

Revised Edition, 1957.

Love, C. and Rainville, E. Differential and Integral Calculus. The Macmillan Co.,
6th Edition, 1970.

Mateo, R.A., Perez, A.P., Ymas Jr., S.E. Integral Calculus, Ymas Publishing
House. 2002.

Peterson, T.S. Calculus with Analytic Geometry. Harper Edition, 1968.

Internet:

Calculus - CliffsNotes
www.cliffsnotes.com/.../Calculus.topicArticleId-39909.html

Paul’s Online Notes : Calculus I

tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcI/CalcI.aspx

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