Lesson Proper______________________________________________________

Module 5: Definite Integral

Overview

 
Recall that when we talk about an anti-derivative for a function we
are really talking about the indefinite integral for the function.  So, to
evaluate a definite integral the first thing that we’re going to do is
evaluate the indefinite integral for the function.  This should explain
the similarity in the notations for the indefinite and definite
integrals. Also notice that we require the function to be continuous
in the interval of integration.  This was also a requirement in the
definition of the definite integral. 

Intended Learning Outcomes ___________________________________

79
1. Define and discuss properties of definite integrals;

2. Find the definite integral of a given function;

3. Define and distinguish odd function from even function;

4. Determine the constant of integration given boundary condition;

and

5. Apply Wallis’ formula.

Topics
5. Definite Integral

5.1 Definition
5.2 Basic Properties of Definite Integral
5.3 Odd and Even Functions
5.4 Constant of Integration
5.5 Wallis’ Formula

Pre-test ____________________________________________________________

80
Name: ______________________________________ Date: ______________________
Section: _____________________________________ Score: _____________________

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following properties of definite integral is false?

b a

a. ∫ f ( x ) dx=¿ ¿ −∫ f ( x)dx
a b
b c b

b. ∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( x )dx +∫ f ( x)dx

a a c
b b b

c. ∫ f ( x )dx=∫ f ( y ) dy=∫ f (z)dz

a a a
a

d. ∫ f ( x ) dx=1
a

2
3
2. The ∫ ( 2 x−1 ) dx can also be expressed as _____.
1
2 2
1 3 3
a. ∫ u du c. 2∫ u du
21 1
3 3
1
u3 du 3
b. ∫ d. 2∫ u du
21 1

π
2
3
3. Evaluate ∫ cos y sin y dy
π
3
1 1 1
a. b. 64 c. d.
64 8 16

4. Evaluate ∫ x 2 dx
−2
16 8 4
a. b. c. 0 d.
3 3 3

π
2
5. Evaluate ∫ sin 3 x cos5 x dx
0
π 1 π
a. b. c. d. none
4 24 24

81
Lesson Proper______________________________________________________
Definite Integral

Definition of the Definite Integral

If F(x) is the integral of f(x), then

F(x) is the integral of f(x);

F(b) is the value of the integral at the upper limit, x = b; and

F(a) is the value of the integral at the lower limit, x = a

This expression is called a definite integral. Note that it does not

involve a constant of integration and it gives us a definite value (a number)
at the end of the calculation.

To evaluate a definite integral, follow these steps:

 integrate the given function (do not include the K)

 substitute the upper limit (b) into the integral
 substitute the lower limit (a) into the integral
 subtract the second value from the first value
 the answer will be a number

Basic Properties of Definite Integral

b a

1. ∫ f ( x ) dx=¿ ¿ −∫ f ( x)dx
a b

82
 Interchanging the limits changes the sign of the integral.
b c b

2. ∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( x )dx +∫ f ( x)dx

a a c
The interval of integration maybe broken up into a number of
sub-intervals and the integration is performed over each interval.
b b b

3. ∫ f ( x )dx=∫ f ( y ) dy=∫ f (z)dz

a a a
The definite integral of a given integrand is independent of the
variable of integration
3
2
Example 1. Evaluate ∫ 3 x dx
1

Solution:

Example 2. Evaluate

Solution:

= 

= [(5)3 + 2(5)2 + 5] − [(1)3 + 2(1)2 + 1]

= 180 − 4

= 176

Example 3. Evaluate

83
 Solution:

            

The numerous techniques that can be used to evaluate indefinite

integrals can also be used to evaluate definite integrals. The methods of
substitution and change of variables, integration by parts, trigonometric
integrals, and trigonometric substitution are illustrated in the following
examples.

Example 4. Evaluate

Solution:
Using the substitution method with 

the limits of integration can be converted from x values to their

corresponding u values.
When x = 1, u = 3 and when x = 2, u = 6, you find that 

84
Example 4. Evaluate 

Solution:
Using integration by parts with 

85
Example 19: Evaluate  . 
Solution:
By Trigonometric Transformation:

Example 20: Evaluate  .
Solution:
Because the integrand contains the form a2 + x2 use
trigonometric substitution.

86
Odd and Even Functions
DEFINITION. A function f is even if the graph of f is symmetric with
respect to the y-axis. Algebraically, f is even if and only if f(-x) = f(x) for
all x in the domain of  f.

A function f is odd if the graph of f is symmetric with respect to the origin.

Algebraically, f is odd if and only if f(-x) = -f(x) for all x in the domain of  f.

Suppose f is a continuous odd function then for any a,

If f is a continuous even function then for any a,

5
4
Example 1. Evaluate ∫ x dx
−5

Solution:

87
 5 5
4
∫x dx=2 ∫ x 4 dx
−5 0

x5 5
¿2
5 0|
¿ 2 [ ( 5 )5−0 ]

¿ 6250

99
x3
Example 2. Evaluate ∫ dx
−99 √1− x2
Solution:
99
x3
∫ dx=0
−99 √1− x2

Constant of Integration
Geometric Signification

When the function y = f(x) of a curve is known the slope is given as m =

dy
y’ = .
dx

Conversely, if the slope m or the value of y’ of a curve at any point

P(x,y) is given, a family of curves y = f(x) + c is determined by integration. In
order to single out a particular solution the value of c must be determined.
This can be done by prescribing that the curve passes through the given
point.

Example 1.
Find the equation of a curve with m = √ x which passes through
(9, 18)

Solution:
m = √x
1
dy
=x 2
dx
1
2
dy =x dx
Integrate both sides of the equation
1

∫ dy=∫ x 2 dx
88
 x 3/ 2
y= +c
3 (1) general equation of family of curves
2
Since the curve passes through (9,18), solve for c
2
18= ( 9 )3 /2 +c
3
c=0 subst. in (1)

2
y= x 3 /2 Particular solution- the required curve
3

Example 2.
For a certain curve y” = 2. Find the equation of the curve which
passes through (2,6) with slope 10.

Solution:
y=
d2 y
=2
dx 2
d2 y
=2 dx
dx
Integrate both sides of the equation
d2 y
∫ dx =∫ 2dx
dy
∫ d dx =∫ 2 dx
dy
=2 x +c 1 (1)
dx
Solve for c 1; m = 10 and the curve passes through (2,6)
10=2 ( 2 ) +c 1
c 1=6 subst. in (1)
dy
=2 x +6
dx
dy =( 2 x +6 ) dx
Integrate both sides of the equation
∫ dy=∫ ( 2 x +6 ) dx
x2
y=2 +6 x+ c 2
2
y=x 2 +6 x +c 2 (2)

89
 Solve for c 2, at (2,6)
6=( 2 )2+ 6 ( 2 )+ c 2
c 2=−10 subst in (2)
y=x 2 +6 x−10 Particular solution

Physical Signification
An equation s=f (t ) where s is the distance at time t of a body from a
fixed point in its (straight line) path completely defines the motion and
acceleration at time t .

ds
(1) v= time rate of change of displacement
dt

dv
(2) a= time rate of change of velocity
dt

Conversely, if the velocity (acceleration) is known at a time t, together

at the position at some given instant usually at t is 0. The equation of motion
is obtained by using equations above.

From eq. (1) ds=v dt

From eq. (2) dv =a dt
ds
Since v=
dt
Differentiate with respect to time, second derivative of the right side of
the equation.
dv d 2 s
=
dt dt 2
d2 s
a=
dt 2
dv ds
also if a=
dt ds
dv ds
then a= chain rule
ds dt
dv
a= v
ds
a ds=v dv (3)

90
Note that V is positive if the body is moving in the direction of increasing S
otherwise V is negative. V is 0 if the body is at rest. For freely falling body a
is positive if V is increasing(accelerating) and negative if it is decelerating.
Acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/sec 2 or 32 ft/sec2. Acceleration is
negative if the body is thrown upward, and velocity is negative if the body is
thrown towards the ground.

Example 1.
Consider the given figure
A   B
Initial point final point
v=v o v=v f
t=0 S=s
s=0 t =t
a

Solution:
dv
a=
dt
dv =a dt
∫ dv=a ∫ dt
v=at +c 1 (1)
At A: v=v o and t=0
v o=a ( 0 )+ c1
c 1=v o subst in (1)
Then
v=at +v o (1a)
ds
Replace v by
dt
ds
=at+ v o
dt
ds=( at+ v 0 ) dt
∫ ds=∫ ( at + v 0 ) dt
t2
s=a + v 0 t +c 2 (2)
2

At A: v=v o and t=0 , s=0

91
 ( 0 )2
0=a + v 0 ( 0 )+ c 2
2
c 2=0 subst. in (2)
Then
t2
s=a +v t (2a)
2 0

At B using (1a): v=v f ; t =t

v f =at+ v o
v f −v o
a= formula for acceleration
t

Example 2.
The motion of particles is given by a=t 3−3 t 2 +5 where a is
m
the acceleration in and t is the time in seconds. The velocity of
sec 2
that particle after t=1 sec is 6.5 m/sec and the displacement is 8.3 m.
Find the velocity and the displacement after 2 sec.
Solution:
A B C
  
3 2
a=t −3 t +5 t=2 sec
t=1 sec s=?
v=6.5m/sec v=?
s=8.3 m

a=t 3−3 t 2 +5
dv 3
=t −3 t 2 +5
dt
dv =( t 3 −3 t 2 +5 ) dt
∫ dv=∫ ( t 3−3 t2 +5 ) dt
t4 t3
v= −3 +5 t+ c1
4 3
4
t 3
v= −t +5 t +c 1 (1)
4

At B: t=1 sec ; v=6.5m/sec

92
 ( 1) 4
6.5= −(1)3+5 ( 1 ) +c 1
4
c 1=2 subst. in (1)
t4 3
v= −t +5 t +2 (1a)
4
ds t 4 3
= −t +5 t+2
dt 4
t4 3
ds=
4 (
−t +5 t +2 dt )
t4 3
∫ ds=∫ ( 4
−t + 5 t+2 dt)
t 5 t 4 t2
s= − +5 +2 t+ c 2 (2)
20 4 2

At B: t=1 sec ; s=8.3 m

( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 )2
8.3= − +5 + 2 ( 1 ) +c 2
20 4 2
c 2=4 subst. in (2)
t 5 t 4 t2
s= − +5 +2 t+ 4
20 4 2
(2a)

At C: t=2 sec, use eq. (1a) and (2a) to solve for v and s
(2 ) 4
v= −( 2 )3+ 5 (2 )+2
4
v=8 m/sec 2 velocity after 2 sec
( 2 ) 5 ( 2 ) 4 ( 2 )2
s= − +5 + 2( 2) + 4
20 4 2
s=15.6 m displacement after 2 sec

Example 3.
A stone is dropped from the top of the building 30 m high. Find
how long will it take to reach the ground and with what velocity will it
strike?

Solution:

93
 A
 s=0
t=0
a=9.8 m/sec 2
30 m v=0

 s=30 m
t=?
v=?
a=9.8
dv
=9.8
dt
dv =9.8 dt
∫ dv=∫ 9.8 dt
v=9.8 t+ c 1 (1)

At A: s=0; t=0 ; v=0

∴ c 1=0
v=9.8 t (1a)

ds
=9.8t
dt
ds=9.8 t dt
∫ ds=∫ 9.8 t dt
9.8 t 2
s= + c2 (2)
2

At A: s=0; t=0 ; v=0

∴ c 2=0
s=4.9 t 2 (2a)
At B: s=30 m; t=? ; use (1a) and (2a) to solve for t and v
s=4.9 t 2
30=4.9 t 2
t=2.72 sec , the time the stone will reach the ground

94
 v=9.8 t
v=9.8(2.72)
v=24.21 m/sec , velocity when the stone reach the ground
Example 4.
How far will the airplane move in landing if in t seconds after
touching the ground its speed is given by v=6 t−60?

Solution:
s=0 s=?
t=0 t=?
 
A B

v=6 t−60
v=6 t−60 (1)
ds
=6 t−60
dt
ds=( 6 t−60 ) dt
∫ ds=∫ ( 6 t−60 ) dt
6 t2
s= −60+c 1 (1a)
2
2
6t
At A: s=0 ; t=0 ;∴ c 1=0 ; then s= −60 (2)
2
At B: v=0 ; v=6 t−60
t=10 secs
At B: v=0 ; t=10 secs ;
s=3(10)2−60
s=−300 m decreasing
s=30

95
Wallis’ Formula
π /2
[ ( m−1 )( m−3 ) … 2 ] ( n−1 ) ( n−3 ) … 2
m n 1 1
∫ sin x cos x dx = ∙α
0 ( m+n )( m+n−2 ) ( m+n−4 ) … 2
1
Where m and n are both integers > 1 in which
π
α= , m and n are both even
2
α = 1, otherwise

In words,
π /2

∫ sin m x cosn x dx = AC∙ B ∙ α , in which

0

A = the product starting with one less than the

exponent m going down 2 at time until 2 or 1 is reached.
B = the product starting with one less than the
exponent n going down 2 at time until 2 or 1 is reached.
C = similar product starting with the sum of the
exponent with two less than the sum going down 2 at a time
until 2 or 1 is reached.

Example 1.
π /2

∫ sin2 x dx
0

Solution:
π /2 π/ 2
2 1
∫ sin x dx=∫
2
(1−cos 2 x ) dx
0 0
π/2
1
¿ ∫ ( 1−cos 2 x ) dx
2 0
1 1
x− sin 2 x π /2
¿
2[ 2 0 ]
1 π 1 π
¿
[ − sin 2
2 2 2 2
−0 ( )]
1 π
¿ [ ]
2 2
−0

96
 π
¿
4

Using Wallis’ Formula

π /2
π
∫ sin2 x dx= 2−1
2 2
∙
π
m = 2; n = 0; α =
2
0

1 π
¿ ∙
2 2
π
¿
4

Example 2.
π /2

∫ sin3 x cos 5 x dx
0

Solution:
π /2
( 2 )( 4 ∙ 2 )
∫ sin3 x cos 5 x dx= 8 ∙ 6∙ 4 ∙2 ∙ ( 1 )
0

1
¿
24

Example 3.
π
2

∫ sin 4 x cos 6 x dx
0

Solution:
π /2
(3 ∙ 2 ) (5 ∙ 3 ∙2 )
∫ sin 4 x cos6 x dx= 10 ∙8 ∙ 6 ∙ 4 ∙ 2 ∙ π2
0

3π
¿
128

97
Assessing Learning_________________________________________________________________

Activity 1
Name: _____________________ Score: _______________
Section: ____________________ Date: ________________
Basic Properties of Definite Integral/Odd and Even Functions

Evaluate the following definite integrals.

2

1. ∫ ( 2 y 3−4 y 2 /3 +1 ) dy
0

2. ∫ ( 3 z 4 +2 z 2−5 ) dz
−1

3. ∫ ( 2 x+ 1 )( x−6 )2 dx
1

π /4

4. ∫ sec2 θ dθ
0

1
2
5. dz
∫
0 √ 1−z 2

98
 2
dx
6. ∫ ( x+ 1 )
1 √ 2 x ( x+ 2 )

π /2

7. ∫ cos 3 y sin y dy
π /3

Assessing Learning_________________________________________________________________

Activity 1
Name: _____________________ Score: _______________
Section: ____________________ Date: ________________
Basic Properties of Definite Integral/Odd and Even Functions

8. ∫ z √ z 2 +1 dz
0

π /2

9. ∫ sin3 x dx
0

π /6

10. ∫ tan3 2θ dθ
0

9
ds
11. ∫ 2
5 s √ s +144

99
 7
dy
12. ∫ 3
0 1+ √ y+ 1

π /3

13. ∫ sin 3 θ cosθ dθ

0

14. ∫ 1+dxx 3
0

ln 4

15. ∫ e z ( sinhz dz )
0

Assessing Learning_________________________________________________________________

Activity 2
Name: _____________________ Score: _______________
Section: ____________________ Date: ________________
Definite Integral: Constant of Integration

Problem Solving. Solve the following problems neatly.

1. A missile is accelerating at a rate of 4 t m/sec2 from a position at rest in

a silo 35 m below ground level. How high above the ground will it be
after 6 seconds?
Ans. 109 m.

2. A car is travelling at certain speed; its equation of acceleration is given

by a(t) = t2 +5t +2. Its initial velocity and initial distance is zero.

100
 Calculate the distance travelled by the car after 3 seconds using
integrals. Ans.
38.25

3. A body falling freely under the action of gravity passes two points 9 m
apart in 0.2 seconds. Find what height above the higher position did it
start to fall? Ans.
98.78 m

4. Find the curve whose slope at any point is 2x, and the curve passes
through the point (1,2).
Ans. y = x2 + 1
5. Find the equation of the curve for which y” = x and which passes
5
through the point (1,2) with slope .
2
Ans. 6y = x3 + 12x – 1
Assessing Learning_________________________________________________________________

Activity 3
Name: _____________________ Score: _______________
Section: ____________________ Date: ________________
Definite Integral: Wallis’ Formula

Use the Wallis’ formula to evaluate the following:

π /2

1. ∫ sin 4 x cos3 xdx

0

π /2

2. ∫ sin2 x cos 6 x dx
0

π /2

3. ∫ sin7 x cos4 x dx
0

π /6

4. ∫ cos 8 3 x dx
0

101
 π /2

5. ∫ sin7 2 x cos 4 x dx
0

6. ∫ sin 5 12 y cos7 12 y dy
0

7. ∫ √√ x−1 dx
1

8. ∫ √1− √ y dy
0

9. ∫ x 4 √ 1−x 2 dx
0

π /4

10. ∫ sin2 4 θ cos 2 2 θ

0

References:

Books:

Finley, T. Calculus and Analytic Geometry. Addison-Wesley Publishing

Company, 8th Edition, 1993.

Leithold, L. The Calculus with Analytic Geometry. Harper and Row Publishers,
1990.

Longley, W.R. Elements of Differential Calculus. Ginn and Company. New

Revised Edition, 1957.

Love, C. and Rainville, E. Differential and Integral Calculus. The Macmillan Co.,
6th Edition, 1970.

Mateo, R.A., Perez, A.P., Ymas Jr., S.E. Integral Calculus, Ymas Publishing

102
 House. 2002.

Peterson, T.S. Calculus with Analytic Geometry. Harper Edition, 1968.

Internet:

Calculus - CliffsNotes
www.cliffsnotes.com/.../Calculus.topicArticleId-39909.html

Pauls Online Notes : Calculus I

tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcI/CalcI.aspx

103