HKDSE Mathematics Module 2

Revision Notes
Part (2)

E. Integration
F. Matrix and Determination

Name:_____________________________ Class:___________ No.:________________

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 E. Integration
Things to be memorized:

x n1
 x d x  n  1  C , n  1 e d x  ex  C
n x
1. 2.

1 ax
3.  x d x  ln | x | C 4.  a d x  ln a  C
x

5.  cos x d x  sin x  C 6.  sin x d x   cos x  C

7.  tan x d x  ln | sec x | C 8.  cot x d x  ln | sin x | C
9.  sec x d x  ln | sec x  tan x | C 10.  csc x d x  ln | tan 2x | C
 csc x d x   cot x  C  sec x d x  tan x  C
2 2
11. 12.

13.  csc x cot x d x   csc x  C 14.  sec x tan x d x  sec x  C

1 x1 1 1 ax
 a 2  x 2 d x  a tan
1
15.
a
C 16.  a2  x2 d x  ln
2a a  x
C

1 x
17.  a2  x2
d x  sin 1  C
a
Let f (x) and g(x) be continuous functions in the interval a  x  b. Then we define

a a
(a)  a
f ( x)dx   f (t )dt ,
a
a
(b)  a f ( x)dx  0 ,
a b
(c)  b
f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx ,
a
b b
(d)  a
kf ( x)dx  k  f ( x)dx , where k is a constant,
a
b b b
(e)  a [ f ( x)  g ( x)]dx   a f ( x)dx   a g ( x)dx ,
b c b
(f)  a f ( x)dx   a f ( x)dx   c f ( x)dx , where a  c  b.

*For integration skills, integration by substitution and integration by parts are popular questions in HKDSE. Of course,
questions involve application of integration is the most popular one.

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 *Reminder :

1. When the results comes with trigonometric function start with the letter C.

Remember the put on a negative sign.

2. Remember the C , constant for indefinite integral.

e.g. ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝑪.

Type1: Properties of Definite Integral.

AMATHS 1998-2-09

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AMATHS 2008-17

5|Page
AMATHS 1980-2-12

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HKDSE 2014

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(1) Integration by Substitution
𝑥
Type 1: ∫ 𝑥√𝑥 − 1𝑑𝑥 :∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1
=> put u=x-b and change all x into u in the equation
1 1 1
Type 2: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 : ∫ 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏 𝑑𝑥 ; ∫ 𝑎𝑥2 −𝑏 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎−𝑏𝑥 2
*The idea is to simplify the trigonometry expression
𝑏
For 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑥 2 : sub x=√𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
𝑏
For 𝑏𝑥 2 − 𝑎: sub x=√𝑎 sec 𝑢
𝑏
For 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 2 : sub x=√ tan 𝑢
𝑎

Type 3: Using Substitution to Proof:

0 𝑎
1. ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(−𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
2. ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(−𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
3. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
4. ∫0 𝑥𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 𝑥𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 if f(x)=f(a-x)

5/5*: Type 1 crossover Type 2

*If there is two part in a question, students should pay attention to the similarity between two parts and probability
of using the results of part (a).

Type 1: put u =ax+b

HKDSE-2012

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AMATHS1999-2-02

AMATHS1997-2-02-

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AMATHS2009-01

AMATHS2001-02

Type 2: Trigonometric Sub.

AMATHS 2002-04

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HKDSE-2013

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HKDSE-2014

HKDSE 2015

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(2) Integration By Parts
𝑏 𝑏
Rule: ∫𝑎 𝑣𝑑𝑢 = [𝑢𝑣]𝑏𝑎 − ∫𝑎 𝑢𝑑𝑣

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
Type 1: ∫𝑎 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑎 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑎 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=>Put du=d(sinx),d(-cosx) ord( ex)

𝑏 𝑏
Type 2: ∫𝑎 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥3
=>Put du=𝑑( 2 ) , du=𝑑( 3 )

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
Type 3: ∫𝑎 𝑒 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑎 𝑒 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑎 sec 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=> These function need to use by part twice.
=>Always try du=d(𝑒 2 )
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
=> : ∫𝑎 𝑒 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑎 𝑒 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑎 sec 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 => by part X2 then change side

5/5*: Reduction Formula => Using Integration by Part

HKDSE-2012

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HKDSE-2014

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HKDSE 2015

Others:
𝑏
1. ∫𝑎 𝑒 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑏
2. ∫𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑏
3. . ∫𝑎 𝑒 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑏
4. ∫𝑎 sec 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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*Reduction formula
AMATH1997-2-11

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*AMATHS1993-2-09

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(3) Application
Finding Primitive function
S1.  the function of slope (dy/dx)
=> S2. sub suitable point

HKDSE-2013

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Area
S1. Find interception points (e.g. a, b, c)
𝑏 𝑐
=> S2. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 +∫𝑏 𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
*Upper line – Lower line

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HKDSE-2013

AMATHS2000-2-08

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AMATHS1999-2-12

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Volume
𝑏 𝑏
Volume =𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 or 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦

Rotate around horizontal axis (dx) Rotate around vertical axis

(dy)

𝑏
𝑏 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 or
If the the axis is shifted
𝑏 If the the axis is shifted
𝜋 ∫𝑎 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 𝑑𝑥 or 𝑏
𝜋 ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑘)2 𝑑𝑦
𝑎
*y and y-k represent the radius of the
*x and x-k represent the radius of the
rotation
rotation

𝑏 𝑏
Volume= 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑓1(𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑓2(𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

*Remember the 𝝅.

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AMATHS1997-2-10

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HKDSE-2012

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HKDSE 2015

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 F. Matrices and Determinant
Things to be memorized:
Properties of the Basic Operations of Martrices
(i) A+0=0+A=A
(ii) A + (–A) = (–A) + A = 0
(iii) A + B = B + A (Commutative Law of Addition)
(iv) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Associate Law of Addition)
(v) 0A = 0
(vi) (  )A = A  A.
(vii)  (A  B) = A  B.
(viii)(A) = ()A.
Properties of the transpose
(a) If A and B are mn matrices, then (A + B)T = AT + BT .
(b) If A is an mn matrix and B is an np matrix, then (AB)T = BTAT .
1
Properties of Determinant (A-1 =  adj A.)
det A
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(a) a 2 b2 c 2 = b1 b2 b3 (b) a 2 b2 c 2 =– a3 b3 c3
a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3 a3 b3 c3 a2 b2 c2

a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(c) a1 b1 c1 = 0 (d) a 2 b2 c2 =k a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 ka3 kb3 kc3 a3 b3 c3

a1 b1 c1 a1  x b1  y c1  z a1 b1 c1 x y z
(e) ka1 kb1 kc1 = 0 (f) a2 b2 c2 = a2 b2 c2 + a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

a 1  ka 2 b1  kb 2 c1  kc 2 a1 b1 c1 ka 2 kb 2 kc 2
(g) a2 b2 c2 = a2 b2 c2 + a 2 b2 c2 = det A.
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
(h) det AB = (det A)(det B).

Properties of inverses

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 Let A, B be two non-singular matrices of the same order. Then
(a) (A-1)-1 = A,
(b) (AB)-1 = B-1A-1 ,
(c) (AT)-1 = (A-1)T ,
(d) (A)-1 =-1A-1 for any non-
(e) (An)-1 = (A-1)n for any positive integer n.

Type1: Basic Operation, factorization AND finding inverse

PURE1991-P1-01

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Type 2: Find the Inverse by using identities and by formula

PURE2002-P1-12

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PURE PURE2002-P1-12

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HKDSE 2013

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Type3: Property of Determinant and Transpose

(Factorization, Transpose (AT=-A), AB!=BA (And for cases that they are equal))

HKDSE 2015

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Type4: Find Pn
PURE1994-P1-01

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PURE 2009-P1-08

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PURE 2008-P1-08

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HKDSE 2014

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HKDSE 2015

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Type5: Others

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HKDSE-2012

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