Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Assignment # 1

Usama Tahir
190581
BEME-1A
Axonometric Projection:
Axonometric projection is a type
of orthographic projection used for creating a pictorial drawing of
an object, where the lines of sight are perpendicular to the plane of
projection, and the object is rotated around one or more of its axes
to reveal multiple sides.

Types:
Axonometric projection has three types
which are briefly discussed below:
In isometric projection, the most commonly used form of
axonometric projection in engineering drawing, the direction of
viewing is such that the three axes of space appear
equally foreshortened, and there is a common angle of 120° between
them.
In dimetric projection, the direction of viewing is such that two of the
three axes of space appear equally foreshortened, of which the
attendant scale and angles of presentation are determined according
to the angle of viewing; the scale of the third direction is determined
separately. Dimensional approximations are common in dimetric
drawings
In trimetric projection, the direction of viewing is such that all of the
three axes of space appear unequally foreshortened. The scale along
each of the three axes and the angles among them are determined
separately as dictated by the angle of viewing. Dimensional
approximations in trimetric drawings are common, and trimetric
perspective is seldom used in technical drawings.
Oblique Projection:
Oblique projection is a simple type of
technical drawing of graphical projection used for producing two-
dimensional images of three-dimensional objects. Oblique projection
is commonly used in technical drawing. The cavalier projection was
used by French military artists in the 18th century to depict
fortifications.
Oblique projection is a type of parallel projection:

 it projects an image by intersecting parallel rays (projectors)

 from the three-dimensional source object with the drawing
surface (projection plane).

In both oblique projection and orthographic projection, parallel

lines of the source object produce parallel lines in the projected
image. The projectors in oblique projection intersect the projection
plane at an oblique angle to produce the projected image, as
opposed to the perpendicular angle used in orthographic projection.
Mathematically, the parallel projection of the point9 (x,y,z) on the
xy- plane gives (x+az, y+bz, 0) . The constants a and b uniquely
specify a parallel projection. When a=b=0, the projection is said to
be "orthographic" or "orthogonal". Otherwise, it is "oblique". The
constants a and b are not necessarily less than 1, and as a
consequence lengths measured on an oblique projection may be
either larger or shorter than they were in space. In a general oblique
projection, spheres of the space are projected as ellipses on the
drawing plane, and not as circles as you would expect them from an
orthogonal projection.

Axonometric Projection:
Oblique projection: