Engineering Drawing and CAD

DWG-102

Dr. Tariq Amin Khan

1
Lecture 2
INTRODUCTION TO ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS
AND DIMENSIONING

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Orthographic Projection
►A system of drawing views of an object using perpendicular projectors from
the object to a plane of projection

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Orthographic Projection
►Orthographic Projections are a collection of 2-D drawings that work together
to give an accurate overall representation of an object.

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Orthographic Projection
►Revolving an Object to Produce the Six Basic Views

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6
 The Glass Box Approach

►Imagine that the object you are going to draw is positioned inside a glass box, so that the large flat
surfaces of the object are parallel to the walls of the box.
►From each point on the object, imagine a ray, or projector perpendicular to the wall of the box forming
the view of the object on that wall or projection plane

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The Glass Box Approach

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Example

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 The Six Basic Views

Although any face could be chosen to be the front, once front

and two other face are selected all are determined. There are
really SIX PRINICPAL VIEWS as defined in the diagram.

Generally do not need all six to fully describe the object. A

conventional Engineering Drawing will normally have 2 to 3
views unless it required more views to describe the geometry/
profile.

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 The Six Basic Views

We know which ones they are on the drawing, because we

always present them in the same relationship to each other.
I.e. Top above front, right to right of front, etc. This convention
is called as the Third angle method.. The other method in which
the views can be placed is the First angle method in which the
Top view is below front view, Right side view is on left side of
front view. For this class we will be following the Third angle
convention.

These are often called orthographic projections – because the

line of sight is perpendicular to the principal view

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 The Standard Arrangement of Views

Why must views be arranged so that they align?

To make it possible for someone to interpret the drawing.

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Which View to Present?
General Guidelines
• Pick a Front View that is most descriptive of object

• Normally the longest dimension is chosen as the width (or depth)

• Most common combination of views is to use:

• Front, Top, and Side View

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First and Third Angle Projections
Third-angle Projection
►First Angle Left - Front - Bottom
►Third Angle Top - Front - Right
(Conventional)
Third angle projection is normally used in the US
while Europe uses the First Angle projection. Note
the symbols at the bottom of each one which tell you
which projection that you are viewing.

From Fundamentals of Graphic Communications by

Bertoline, McGraw-Hill
First-angle Projection

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First and Third Angle Projections

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16
Tutorial
Draw third angle projection

Front

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 Projection drawing Practice

Draw third angle projection

Front
Front

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Projection drawing Practice

Front

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 Projection viewing Practice

Draw third angle projection

Front

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Projection viewing Practice

Front

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Projection viewing Practice

Front

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Projection viewing Practice
Third angle projection

Front

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Two View Drawings
Some objects can be fully described by two views, look for:
Symmetry or Bodies of Rotation

Front Right
View Side

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Examples
It may be difficult to definitively specify when two views are
enough. For this course we should just introduce the
concept.

These two-view examples show that some symmetrical objects

can be fully represented in two views.

Things to emphasize
1) The center lines in the top view are drawn such that the
small dashes cross at the center of the circle and they are
separated by some space from the longer dashes.
2) The center lines in the front view shows the centers of the
cylindrical bores.

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Dimensioning
A dimensioned drawing should provide all the
information necessary for a finished product or part to
be manufactured.

Dimensions are always drawn using continuous thin

lines. Two projection lines indicate where the dimension
starts and finishes. Projection lines do not touch the
object and are drawn perpendicular to the element you
are dimensioning.

All dimensions less than 1 should have a leading zero.

i.e. .35 should be written as 0.35

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Types of Dimensioning
Parallel Dimensioning
◦ Parallel dimensioning consists of several
dimensions originating from one projection line.

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Types of Dimensioning
Superimposed Running Dimensions
◦ Reduces the space used on a drawing.
◦ The common origin for the dimension lines is
indicated by a small circle at the intersection of
the first dimension and the projection line.

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Types of Dimensioning
Chain Dimensioning
◦ Most widely used

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Types of Dimensioning
Combined Dimensions
◦ Uses both chain and parallel dimensioning

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Dimensioning of Circles
Two common methods of dimensioning a
circle. One method dimensions the circle
between two lines projected from two
diametrically opposite points. The second
method dimensions the circle internally.
Used when the circle is too small for the
dimension to be easily read if it was placed
inside the circle.

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Dimensioning Radii
All radial dimensions are proceeded by the capital R.

(a) shows a radius dimensioned with the centre of the radius located on the
drawing.

(b) shows how to dimension radii which do not need their centres locating.

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 Drawing Layout
The title block should include:

Title:- title of the drawing All engineering drawings should feature a title block.
Name:- name of the person who produced the drawing
Checked:- before manufacture, drawings are usually checked
Version:- many drawings are amended, each revision must
be noted
Date:- the date the drawing was produced or last amended
Notes:- any note relevant to the drawing
Scale:- the scale of the drawing
Company name:- name of the company
Projection:- the projection system used to create the drawing

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Drawing Layout

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 Orthographic projection with dimension
20

• Dimensions are in mm
20
• Draw third angle projection.
40 04

10
14

Front 80 60

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36
 Conventional Orthographic Views
Width
Note that the views are placed and aligned in the manner
Top Depth shown in the diagram. You will follow these convention for all
View/Plan home work problems and exam problems.

It is very important to maintain the alignment and correct

placement relative to each other.
Front Right
Side Height
View
View

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Using a Miter Line to Transfer Depth
1. Draw miter line at 45 degrees at a convenient distance to produce the
desired view.

2. Sketch light lines projecting depth locations for points to miter line and then
down into side view as shown.

3. Project additional points, surface by surface.

4. Draw the view locating each vertex of the surface on the projection and miter
line.

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 Using a Miter Line to Transfer Depth
Depth

Depth

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Using a Miter Line to Transfer Depth

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