Module 1

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Module 1 Syllabus
Basics of Machine Drawing: Introduction – Projections -
Classifications of machine drawing- BIS specifications - Sectioning
–Dimensioning methods: Counter Sink, Counter Bores, Spot
Faces, Chamfers, Screw Threads, Tapered Features, Title block of
Industrial drawing and Bill of Materials.

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Introduction
Importance of Engineering Drawing
 It displays the exact picture of an object, it obviously conveys the
same ideas to every trained eye. The ideas on technical matters
cannot be conveyed by speech or writing, which are unreliable and
difficult to understand by the shop floor people for manufacturing.
 It is the universal language of all engineers irrespective of language
barrier.
 It reduces lot of time, labour and manufacturing errors.

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Projections

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Elements to be considered while obtaining a Projection
 Any object has three dimensions: length, width and thickness. A
projection is defined as a representation of an object on a two
dimensional plane. The projections of an object should convey all
the three dimensions, along with other details of the object on a
sheet of paper.
 The elements to be considered while obtaining a projection are :
(i) The object
(ii) The plane of projection
(iii) The point of sight
(iv) The rays of sight
Types of Projections
1. Orthographic projection
2. Isometric projection
3. Perspective projection
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Orthographic Projection

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A projection is called orthographic projection when the point of sight is imagined to
be located at infinity so that the rays of sight are parallel to each other and intersect
the plane of projection at right angle to it.

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 First and Third Angle Projections

Third-angle Projection

First-angle Projection

• First Angle – International

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• Third Angle – U.S.
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Symbols for First Angle Projection and Second Angle Projection

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Isometric Projections

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Isometric projection is a projection in which the three
dimensions of a solid are visible in a single view.

How to find isometric length from a given length

Mark true length AB1

Project vertically on AB to
find isometric length.

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Isometric axes

Isometric lines and Non-isometric lines

Sides/edges that are parallel to isometric axes are called Isometric

lines.

Sides/edges that are inclined in the object are not parallel to the
Isometric axes. These are called Non-isometric lines.
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 Three isometric axes meet at a point and make an angle of 120o to each other.
 Rectangles are drawn as parallelograms with sides parallel to three axes. Circles
are shown as ellipses.
 In an Isometric projection method, the isometric lengths are 0.815 of the true
length of an object. In Isometric drawing method, isometric lengths are true
lengths of an object.

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Isometric projection &
Isometric drawing (or view)

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Isometric for combination solid

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Perspective Projections

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Figure: Method of obtaining orthographic front view 31
Figure: Perspective view of a street

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Applications of Perspective Projection
In perspective projection, a view of an object is drawn as it appears.
But this is not its true shape and size. Hence it is rarely used by
engineers.
It is mostly used by
Architects to show the appearance of proposed buildings.
Drafter for illustrations of huge machinery or equipments.
Artists for producing advertisement drawings.

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 Orthographic projection
Direction of projection is
perpendicular to projection plane
(PP).
The rays passing through the
boundary lines of an object are
assumed parallel to each other.
The view is obtained on a vertical
plane called picture plane.
It looks less realistic.
Good for exact measurements.
Parallel lines remain parallel.
Distance from Centre of
projection (COP) to PP is infinite.
Perspective projection
Direction of projection is not
perpendicular to projection
plane (PP).
The rays emanate from an eye
(eye is in fixed position). The
view of the object is obtained on
a vertical plane called picture
plane.
Size varies inversely with
distance. It looks realistic.
Distances or lengths are not
preserved.
Parallel lines do not remain
parallel.
Distance from COP to PP is
finite.
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Classification of Machine
Drawing

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Classification of Machine Drawings
Machine Drawing:
It is pertaining to machine parts or components. It is presented through a number
of orthographic views, so that the size and shape of the component is fully
understood. Part drawings and Assembly drawings belong to this classification.

Fig: Machine drawing

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a. Part or Component drawing
It is a detailed drawing of a component to facilitate its manufacture. All the
principles of orthographic projection and the technique of graphic representation
must be followed to communicate the details in a part drawing.
A part drawing with production details is rightly called as a production drawing or
working drawing.
b. Assembly drawing
It shows the various parts of a machine in their correct working locations.
(i) Design assembly drawing: It is prepared at the design stage. It is first drawn to
clearly visualize the performance, shape and clearances of various parts
comprising the machine.
(ii) Detailed assembly drawing: It is usually made for simple machines, comprising
of a relatively smaller number of simple parts. All the dimensions and
information necessary for the construction of such parts and for the assembly
of the parts are given directly on the assembly drawing.
(iii) Sub-assembly drawing: Many assemblies such as an automobile, lathe, etc.,
are assembled with many pre-assembled components as well as individual
parts. These pre-assembled units are known as sub-assemblies.
Example: lathe tail-stock, diesel engine fuel pump, carburettor, etc. 38
(iv) Installation assembly drawing: On this drawing, the location and dimensions of
few important parts and overall dimensions of the assembled unit are indicated.
(v) Exploded assembly drawing: These drawings generally find a place in the parts
list section of a company instruction manual.
(vi) Schematic assembly drawing: It is very difficult to understand the operating
principles of complicated machinery, merely from the assembly drawings.
Schematic representation of the unit facilitates easy understanding of its operating
principle.

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Figure: Assembly drawing for instruction manuals
Figure: Exploded assembly drawing

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Figure: Schematic assembly drawing

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Sectioning

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Sectioning
 In order to show the inner details of a machine component, the object is
imagined to be cut by a cutting plane and the section is viewed after the
removal of cut portion.
 Sections are made by at cutting planes and are designated by capital letters and
the direction of viewing is indicated by arrow marks.
Hatching of Sections:
 Hatching is generally used to show areas of sections.
 Section lines should be drawn evenly spaced and of uniform thickness. The
section lines must be of grey colour. These lines can be drawn with 3H or 4H
pencil.
 Section lines are drawn at an angle of 45o to the principal outlines or lines of
symmetry of the sections

Figure: Preferred hatching angles

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 The hatching of adjacent
components shall be carried
out with different directions or
spacings.

Figure: Hatching of adjacent components

Where sections of the same part in

parallel planes are shown side by side, the
hatching shall be identical, but may be off-
set along the dividing line between the
sections.

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Figure: Sectioning along two parallel planes
 Hatching should be interrupted when it is
not possible to place inscriptions outside
the hatched area

Figure: Hatching interrupted for dimensioning

Cutting Planes:
The position of cutting plane is indicated by the
cutting-plane line X-X (or any alphabet with capital
letters). It is a thin, long chain-line thickened at the
ends, bends and change of directions. The direction
of viewing the section is shown by arrows resting on
the cutting-plane line and designated by capital
letters X-X.

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Parts not to be hatched:
In principle, ribs, fasteners, shafts, spokes of wheels and the like are not cut in
longitudinal sections and therefore should not be hatched.

Shaft and cotter not hatched

Shaft and cotter not hatched

Nut and bolt not hatched

Rib not hatched

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Spoke of wheel, Shaft and Key not hatched
Sectioning of long lengths:
Shafts, pipes etc. of long lengths are generally shown broken in the middle to
accommodate their views in a drawing sheet without reducing the scale.

Round bars or shafts

Pipes

Bars of rectangular or square

cross-section

Wood scantlings

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Different types of holes:
Holes are produced by twist drill. But the holes are finished by either reaming or
boring process. Sometimes holes are enlarged at one of ends to receive the head of
screw or bolt or rivets.
Holes are classified into following types:

Drilled hole: It is a hole produced by a twist drill.

(fig (i) shows a hole which not through
Fig (ii) shows a blind hole)
Bored hole: If the hole produced by the drill is not accurate, then the accurate hole
is produced by boring process. (fig (iii))
If the hole is enlarged at one of the ends by boring, this process is known as counter-
boring. (fig (iv)) 49
Counter-sunk hole: Counter sinking is the process of enlarging the hole at one of its
ends by special tapered tool. (fig ( v))
Tapped hole: When the internal threads are produced by the special internal thread
cutting tool (known as a tap) in the hole, such hole is known as tapped hole. (fig (vi))
Spot facing: It is the process of enlarging hole upto 1.5 mm to 2 mm depth by milling
operation.

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Sectioning in different planes:

It represents sectioning in two parallel It represents sectioning in three

planes. continuous planes

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Types of Sectional Views
a. Full Section
When an object is assumed to be cut through entirely and the front half removed, it
is said to be in full section. The projected view is called a sectional view (the word
‘full’ being generally omitted).

Fig (i) & (ii): An object cut by

a vertical plane
Fig (iii): Front view and
Sectional side view

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Fig (i) & (ii): An object cut by a horizontal plane
Fig (iii): Front view and Sectional top view

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b. Half Section
When an object is symmetrical, it is assumed to be cut by two cutting planes at
right angles to each other and containing the two centre lines of the object. The
one quarter of the object between the two planes is then removed.

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c. Partial or Broken Section
When only a small portion of an object is required to be shown in section to reveal
a minute feature, the view is shown in a partial or broken section. The irregular
lines show the boundary of the section.
This section is also known as the local section.

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d. Revolved Section
A section is formed by passing a cutting plane at right angles to the axis of the
object. In fact it is the cross-section of the object. This section is then revolved and
brought into the plane of the axis as shown in figure. The section shown in this
manner is known as revolved section. The outline of the revolved section (when it
does not coincide with the outline of the view) is shown by a thin continuous line.

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e. Removed Section
This section is obtained in the same manner as the revolved section, but it is drawn
outside the view.

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Dimensioning methods

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General Principles of Drawing
1. As far as possible, dimensions should be placed outside the view.
2. Dimensions should be taken from visible outlines rather than from hidden lines.
3. Dimensioning to a centre line should be avoided except when the centre line
passes through the centre of a hole.
4. Each feature should be dimensioned once only on a drawing.
5. Dimensions should be placed on the view or section that relates most clearly to
the corresponding features.
6. Each drawing should use the same unit for all dimensions, but without showing
the unit symbol.

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Elements of Dimensioning
Elements of dimensioning include
• Projection line
• Dimension line
• Leader line
• Dimension line termination and origin indication
• Dimension

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1. Projection and dimension lines should be drawn as thin continuous lines.
2. Projection lines should extend slightly beyond the respective dimension lines.
3. Projection lines should be drawn perpendicular to the feature being
dimensioned. Where necessary, they may be drawn obliquely, but parallel to
each other (Fig. a). However, they must be in contact with the feature.

Fig. a

4. Projection lines and dimension lines should not cross each other, unless it is
unavoidable (Fig. b).
5. A centre line or the outline of a part should not be used as a dimension line, but
may be used in place of projection line (Fig. b).

Fig. b

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Termination and Origin Indication
1. The arrow head is drawn as short lines, having an included angle of 15°, which is
closed and filled-in.
2. The oblique stroke is drawn as a short line, inclined at 45°.
3. The origin indication is drawn as a small open circle of approximately 3 mm in
diameter.

If space is limited, arrow head termination may

be shown outside the intended limits of the
dimension line that is extended for that
purpose. In certain other cases, an oblique
stroke or a dot may be substituted

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There are two methods of dimensioning.
a. Aligned System
In this system
 Dimension is placed parallel to the dimension line in such a way that it may be
read from the bottom edge or the right edge of the drawing sheet.
 Dimensions should be placed near the middle and above, but clear of the
dimension lines.

Aligned Linear Dimensioning Aligned Angular Dimensioning

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b. Unidirectional System
In this system
 Dimension is placed perpendicular to the dimension line in such a way that it
may be read from the bottom edge of the drawing sheet.
 Dimension lines are broken near the middle for inserting the dimensions.

Unidirectional Angular Dimensioning

Unidirectional Linear Dimensioning

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Arrangements of dimensions:
a. Chain dimensions
Dimensions are placed in a straight
line and an overall dimension is
placed outside the smaller
dimensions.

b. Parallel dimensions

Dimensions are shown from a

common base line.

c. Combined dimensions

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d. Co-ordinate dimensions

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Special indications:
a. Diameters
The dimension value should be preceded by φ.

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b. Chords, Arcs, Angles and Radii

Dimensioning of radius

Dimensioning of chords, Dimensioning of equidistant features

Arcs and angles

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c. Chamfers and Countersunks

Fig: Dimensioning countersunks

Fig: Dimensioning chamfers
d. Screw threads
The nominal diameter is preceded by the
letter M.
For external threads, The length of the
threaded portion only should be dimensioned.
For internal threads, the length of threaded
portion and the length of the drilled hole
should also be dimensioned. 71
 e. Tapered features

Tapered features are dimensioned,

either by specifying the diameters at
either end and the length, or the
length, one of the diameters and
the taper or the taper angle (Fig.a).
A slope or flat taper is defined as the
rise per unit length and is dimensioned
by the ratio of the difference between
the heights to its length

f. Notes
Notes should always be written horizontally in capital letters and begin above the
leader line and may end below also.
Notes should be brief and clear and the wording should be standard in form.
Meaning of the notes is presented in table.

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Table

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Standard Abbreviations Table: Abbreviations for materials

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Table: Abbreviations
for metals

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Dimension should be placed above the
extended portion of dimension line
beyond the arrowheads, but preferably
on right-hand side.

Dimension should be placed outside the

view. If it is not possible it can be placed
inside the view to make the drawing
more clear.

Dimension should be placed at sufficient

distance from the parts being
dimensioned and also from each other.

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Dimension indicated in one view need
not be repeated in another view, except
for purpose of identification, clarity or
both.

Dimension should be marked with

reference to visible outlines, rather than
from hidden lines.

Dimension to a centre line should be

avoided, except when the centre line
passes through the centre of a hole or a
cylindrical part.
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Overall dimensions should be placed outside the intermediate dimensions. Whenever an
overall dimension is shown, one of the intermediate dimension is redundant and should not
be dimensioned.

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 Title block of Industrial
drawing and Bill of Materials

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Title Block:
 It should be located in the bottom right-hand corner of the drawing sheet
 Size of title block according to B.I.S. is 185 mm X 65 mm.
 All title blocks should contain at least the particulars as shown in table.

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List of parts or the bill of materials:
When drawings of number of parts of an object are drawn in a single drawing
sheet, a list of these parts should be placed above or beside the title block in a
tabular form. The list should contain the following particulars:

 Part no., name or description, quantity required, material and sometime stock
size of raw material, remarks.

 Addditional information such as job and order number, instructions such as

finish, heat-treatment, tolerences and references pertaining to jigs, fixtures,
tools, gauges, etc may be included in the title block or should be given in
separate tabular form.

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