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All ASME Code Stamped Section VIII pressure vessels must undergo a pressure test. Cryogenic
pressure vessels with Code Stamps are no different. The requirements for this pressure testing is
contained within paragraphs UG-99 Hydrostatic Pressure Test, UG-100 Pneumatic Test, and
UG-101 Proof Tests to Establish Maximum Allowable Working Pressure. Anyone even
passingly familiar with the Code knows that even the most seemingly simplest of subjects, like
Pressure Tests, can lead into a myriad of clarifications and exceptions. For this reason we will
limit our discussion to cryogenic pressure vessels built to Division 1 and Part UHA
Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of High Alloy Steel. Further we will assume that
maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) is determinable by calculation and that UG-101
does not apply.
Per the requirements of UG-99 and UG-100 a hydrostatic test (along with a visual inspection
during test) is the default test that must be satisfactorily performed as one of the conditions for U
stamping the pressure vessel. A pneumatic test may be performed if certain conditions are met.
UG-100(a) lists these conditions being for vessels:
1. that are so designed and/or supported that they cannot safely be filled with water.
2. not readily dried, that are used in services where traces of the testing liquid cannot be
tolerated and the parts of which have, where possible, been previously tested by
hydrostatic pressure to the pressure required in UG-99.
The application requirements of cryogenic pressure vessels often meet these conditions,
especially those of (2) above, and are most often pneumatically pressure tested.
Not discussed in UG-99 or UG-100 are the reasons the pressure test is performed. The most
obviously of reasons is that the pressure test serves as a proof of design and workmanship
verification. Two trusted sources 1 2 state these reasons for performing the pressure test,
summarizing:
The pressure test uncovers gross errors, due to design or workmanship, including leaks at
welded, brazed or flanged connections.
The application of the test pressure results in a stress relief of the vessel, where local
areas of high stress, either due to design or fabrication issues, undergo local yielding at
the test pressure, resulting in a better stress pattern after release of the pressure.
Regardless of the reasons behind the pressure test, the test must always be performed after all
1. Farr, J.R. & Jawad, M.H., Guidebook for Design of ASME Section VIII Pressure
Vessels, 2010 ASME, New York, NY.
2. Pastor, T.P., Companion Guide to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Volume 2,
Fourth Edition, Chapter 21 Section VIII- Division 1: Rules for Construction of Pressure
Vessels, 2010 ASME, New York, NY.