Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Min. points
(51%)
Mid-term
20
11
End-term
20
11_
Final exam
60
31
Summary
100
53
B Form
The present continuous is the present tense of be + an ing-form.
/ am looking OR I'm looking
you/we/they are looking OR you/we/they're looking
he/she/it is looking OR he/she/it's looking
NEGATIVE
I'm not looking
you/we/they aren't looking
he/she/it isn't looking
QUESTION
am I looking?
are you/we/they looking?
is he/she/it looking?
I'm getting the lunch ready. The train is coming, look.
We're looking for a post office. Rachel isn't wearing her new dress.
What are you doing? Who is Vicky dancing with?
C Use
We use the present continuous to say that we are in the middle of an action.
I'm waiting for the train. (I'm at the station now.)
I'm getting the lunch ready. (I'm in the kitchen now.) I'm waiting means that I am in the
middle of a period of waiting. The wait is not yet over.
2
We can also use the present continuous when we are in the middle of something but not actually doing it at
the moment of speaking.
/ must get hack to the office. We're working on a new project.
I'm quite busy these days. I'm doing a course at college.
We can use the present continuous when things are changing over a long period.
The number of cars on the road is increasing. The earth is slowly getting warmer.
Future meaning: I'm playing badminton with Matthew tomorrow.
Ex. 1. Complete the following sentences, using the Present Continuous tense of the verb provided.
1. I _____________________________ to the news at the moment. (listen)
2. The students _________________________ to school now. (go)
3. Mr. Smith ____________________________ for the bus. (wait)
4. For the time being, Mary __________________________ as a secretary. (work)
5. Our friends __________________________ Disney World today. (visit)
6. The train ____________________________ at the station at this time. (arrive)
7. You ___________________________ the exercises well now. (do)
8. They __________________________ the weekend in Miami. (spend)
9. Look! The bus ___________________________ over there! (come)
10. Listen! Those children ____________________________ Spanish! (speak)
11. Theres a man in the garden. He _________________________ the grass. (cut)
12. There are several students in the gym. They __________________________ (work out)
Ex. 2. Change into a) negative and b) interrogative
1. The children are watching TV
________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Johns having breakfast now.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Bills answering the phone.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Im helping John with the work
________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. The girls washing the dishes.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. The cadets sleeping in class.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Its raining very hard now.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. The students are writing a composition.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ex. 3. Ask questions using questions word like What, Where, Why, etc.
1. Marys eating an apple now. ___________________________________________________
2. John and his friends are watching TV. ___________________________________________________
3. Theyre living in Bristol at present. ___________________________________________________
4. Im answering a letter. ___________________________________________________
5. The students are reading a story. ___________________________________________________
6. George is travelling by plane. ___________________________________________________
7. He isnt working because its Sunday. ___________________________________________________
8. Billys wearing the new sweater. ___________________________________________________
9. Im singing because Im happy. ___________________________________________________
10. The men are running now. ___________________________________________________
11. Im trying to open the window. ___________________________________________________
12. Theyre looking at the horses. ___________________________________________________
Ex. 4. Complete the dialogs using the verbs provided in the Present Continuous tense. Study them and practise
them with a friend:
1. Hans : Hello, Bob! Where ______ you ____________? ( go)
Bob : To the post offi ce.
Hans : I ___________ (go) there, too. Why ______nt you ____________ (drive) your car?
Bob : Its in the garage. They ____________ ( fi x) the brakes.
2. Jane : Wheres Billy?
Peter : Hes in his room.
Jane : What ______ he ___________?(do) I dont think he ____________(sleep).
Peter : No, he isnt. He ____________ (study) for a test.
Jane : He ______ always ____________ ! (study). Thats why he ___________ (do) so well at school this year
Peter : Well, he ____________ (plan) to study engineering, you know..
3. Robert : Where are the children?
Mary : Billy ____________ (watch) TV in the living-room. And Bettys in the kitchen. I think
she ____________ (cook) dinner. And Jims in his room. He ____________ (sleep), of course!
Robert : Well, lets go for a walk,then.
Mary : Great! Lets do that.
B Positive forms
I/you/we/they get
he/she/it gets
In the present simple we use the verb without an ending.
I get the lunch ready at one o'clock, usually. We always do our shopping at Greenway.
Most children like ice-cream. You know the answer.
But in the third person singular (after he, she, it, your friend, etc), the verb ends in s or es. For spelling
rules see page 370.
It gets busy at weekends. My husband thinks so, too.
Sarah catches the early train. She faxes messages all over the world.
C Negatives and questions
NEGATIVE QUESTION
I/you/we/they do not get OR don't get do I/we/you/they get?
he/she/it does not get OR doesn't get does he/she/it get?
We use a form of do in negatives and questions. We use do and don't except in the third person singular, where we use
does and doesn't.
We don't live far away. He doesn't want to go shopping.
Do you live here? ~ Yes, I do. What does he want? ~ Money.
We do not add s to the verb in negatives and questions.
NOT He-doesn't gets and NOT Does he gets?
Interrogative
Do I work here every day?
______ you _______________ ?
_______ Bill _______________ ?
______ Ann _______________ ?
_______ we _______________ ?
______ they _______________ ?
Do I ______________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
__________________________ ?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
We use the present continuous for something
happening now. / am speaking to you live means
that Kitty is in the middle of a live broadcast.
Here are some more examples.
It's raining at the moment.
I'm watching this programme.
Look. That man is taking a photo of you.
PRESENT SIMPLE
We use the present simple for repeated actions. /
often speak live to the camera means that she does
it again and again.
It always rains at the weekend.
I watch television most weekends.
He's a photographer. He takes lots of photos.
PRESENT SIMPLE
We use the present simple for a routine or
situation that we see as permanent.
/ work at a sports shop. It's a permanent job.
They live in a very nice flat.
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D Always
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
We can use always with the present continuous to
mean 'very often', usually with the added meaning
of too often'.
Tom is always inviting friends here.
(= He invites them very often.)
I'm always making silly mistakes.
(= I make silly mistakes too often.
PRESENT SIMPLE
Always with the present simple means 'every
time'.
Tom always invites us to stay at Christmas.
(= He invites us every Christmas.) / always
make silly mistakes in exams. (= I make
mistakes in every exam.)
Ex. 1: Use the Present Continuous or the Simple Present, of the verb given in brackets:
1. My brother Jim __________________________ in Boston at present. (work)
2. The secretary generally _________________________the office at 7:30 every evening. (leave)
3. Mr. Scott ____________________________ the news on TV at the moment. (watch)
4. We seldom _______________________ to the coast in the winter. (go)
5. Look! John __________________________ over there. (come)
6. Mary _________________________ to visit us once or twice a month. (come)
7. For the time being, Tom _____________________________ as a mechanic. (work)
8. Where ________________ they _____________________at present? (live)
9. Where ________________ they usually _________________ in the summer? (go)
10. What _________________ the boy ___________________at the moment? (do)
11. Look! It __________________________ to rain! Lets go inside. (begin)
12. The bar _______________________ at 6:45 and _____________________at 10:30 every day. (open / close)
13. We ________not ___________________ anything special right now.
We ______ just ____________ TV. (do / watch)
14. Hello, Bob! What _____________you _______________ there now? (do)
15. You must always speak to him in English. He ______________ not ________________ Spanish. (understand)
16. Listen! Somebody _______________________ the piano upstairs. Who can it be? (play)
17. What ___________ you ______________________doing when you are at home? (like)
18. Why ____________ you ______________________English now? Are you planning to go to the USA? (study)
19. Why ____________ you always ____________________ home so late every night? (Get)
20. Look at that man. He ___________________________a green uniform. He must be a police offi cer. (wear)
Ex. 2: Use the Present Continuous or the Simple Present, of the verb given in brackets:
1. Shhh!! The little boy (sleep) _____________________ . He (sleep) __________________ for ten hours every night.
2. Right now Im in class and I (sit) _______________________ at my desk. I usually (sit)
_______________________at
the same desk in class every day.
3. Mustafa comes from Saudi Arabia .He (speak) _________________________ Arabic. Arabic is his native language,
but right now he (speak) _____________________English.
4. Our teacher (stand, not) _____________________up right now. He (sit) ______________on the corner of his desk.
5. Its 7 oclock now. Mrs. Blacks at home. She (eat) _________________________________ dinner. She always (eat)
______________________ dinner with her family around six oclock.
6. It (rain, not) __________________right now. The sun (shine) ________________ and the sky (be) ___________blue.
7. (Rain, it), _________________much in the South in the winter?
8. Look out of the window. (Rain, it) ______________________ now? Should I take my umbrella?
9. Its 7:30 a.m. now and the Wilsons are in their kitchen. Mrs. Wilson (sit) ______________________ at the breakfast
table. She (read) ________________________ the morning paper. She (read) ___________________________ the
newspaper every morning. Mr Wilson (pour) ____________________________________ a cup of coffee. He (drink)
_________________________ two cups of coffee every morning before he (go) to work.
Theres a cartoon on TV now, but the children (watch, not) __________________________________ it. They (play)
____________________________ with their toys instead. They usually (watch) _____________________ cartoons
in the morning, but this morning they (pay, not) ____________________________ any attention to the TV. Mr and
Mrs Wilson (watch, not) __________________________ TV either. They (like, not ) __________________________
to watch cartoons.
10. Alice (take, not) ____________________________ the bus to work every day. She usually (walk)
_______________________________instead. (Take, you) _______________________ the bus to get to work every
day, or (walk, you) __________________________________ sometimes?
B Positive forms
A regular past form ends in ed.
It happened very quickly. The van crashed
into the cat I posted the letter yesterday.
We once owned a caravan
Some verbs have an irregular past form.
The car came out of a side road. Vicky rang earlier.
I won the game.
I had breakfast at six. The train left on time. We took some photos.
The past simple is the same in all persons except in the past tense of be.
I/he/she/it was I was ill last week,
you/we/they were Those cakes were nice.
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QUESTION
was I/he/she/it?
were you/we/they?
D Use
We use the past simple for something in the past which is finished.
Emma passed her exam last year.
We went to the theatre on Friday.
Elvis Presley died in 1977.
I knew what the problem was.
When did you buy this car? ~ About three years ago.
Irregular Verbs in English
Ovo je popis najeih nepravilnih glagola u engleskom jeziku. Prva tri su pomoni glagoli (koji dakako mogu biti i
glavni), zatim slijedi 50 opih glagola poredanih po frekvenciji. Ova 53 nepravilna glagola pokrivaju vie od 90%
svih pojava nepravilnih glagola u engleskom jeziku. Prvih 14 pokriva vie od 50% pojava nepravilnih glagola.
Iza broja 50 slijede jo neki esti nepravilni glagoli.
Rank
Base Form
Past Participle +
hrvatski
be
was/were
been
biti
do
did
done
raditi, initi
have
had
had
imati
13
said
rei
made
made
(na)praviti
go
went
gone
ii, otii
take
took
taken -
uzeti
come
came
come
doi
see
saw
seen
vidjeti
know
knew
known -
znati
get
got
got/gotten (US) -
dobiti
give
gave
given
dati
10
find
found
found
(pro)nai
11
think
thought
12
tell
told
13
become
became
become -
postati
14
show
showed
shown
pokazati
15
leave
left
left
otii, napustiti
16
feel
felt
felt
osjeati
17
put
put
put
18
bring
brought
19
begin
began
20
keep
21
say
said
make
thought -
misliti
told
rei
staviti
brought -
donijeti
begun
(za)poeti
kept
kept
drati
hold
held
held
drati
22
write
wrote
written -
pisati
23
stand
stood
stood
stajati
24
hear
heard
heard
uti
25
let
let
26
mean
meant
27
set
set
let
(do)pustiti
meant -
znaiti; misliti
set
(po)staviti
14
28
meet
met
met
sresti; upoznati
29
run
ran
run
trati; rukovoditi
30
pay
paid
paid
platiti
31
sit
sat
sat
sjediti
32
speak
spoke
33
lie
34
spoken -
govoriti
lay
lain
leati
lead
led
led
voditi
35
read
read
read
itati
36
grow
grew
grown
rasti
37
lose
lost
lost
izgubiti
38
fall
fell
fallen
pasti
39
send
sent
sent
(po)slati
40
build
built
built
graditi
41
understand
understood
42
draw
43
understood -
razumjeti
drew
drawn
vui; crtati
break
broke
broken
(s)lomiti
44
spend
spent
spent
(po)troiti
45
cut
cut
cut
rezati
46
rise
rose
risen
podignuti se
47
drive
drove
driven
voziti; pokrenuti
48
buy
bought
bought
kupiti
49
wear
wore
worn
nositi (odjeu)
50
choose
chose
chosen -
birati, izabrati
beat
beat
beaten
pobijediti
catch
caught
caught
uhvatiti
cost
cost
cost
kotati
eat
ate
eaten
(po)jesti
15
fight
fought
fought
fly
flew
flown
forget
forgot
hide
hid
hidden
sakriti
hit
hit
hit
udariti
lay
laid
laid
polei; namjestiti
lend
lent
lent
posuditi
ride
rode
ridden -
sell
sold
sold
prodati
shine
shone
shone
sjati, blistati
shoot
shot
shot
shut
shut
shut
zatvoriti
sing
sang
sung
pjevati
sink
sank
sunk
(po)tonuti
sleep
slept
slept
spavati
split
split
split
razdvojiti, odvojiti
steal
stole
stolen
ukrasti
strike
struck
struck
swim
swam
swum
plivati
teach
taught
taught
poduavati
throw
threw
thrown -
baciti
wake
woke
woken
win
won
won
pobijediti; osvojiti
letjeti
forgotten
16
boriti se
zaboraviti
pucati; fotografirati
udariti, pogoditi
Ex. 1: Put the verb in brackets in the correct past simple form.
My grandfather had a very exciting life. When he was young, he _________________(live) on a farm in the country.
His parents_________________ (raise) cattle, and he_________________ (look) after the cows. When he was
eighteen, he went to university, where he_________________ (study) Philosophy. He also_________________
(play) the trumpet in a jazz band. When the war started, he_________________ (try) to join the Air Force, but
he_________________ (end) up in the Navy. In the Atlantic, a German torpedo_________________ (rip) a hole in
the side of his ship, and the ship sank. Only five men_________________ (escape). They_________________ (sail)
in a lifeboat back to England. Then he met my grandmother, and they_________________ (marry) after only three
weeks. He says now that he_________________ (want) to marry her very quickly in case he_________________
(die) in the war.
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A Introduction
The past continuous means that at a time in the past we were in the middle of an action.
B Form
The past continuous is the past tense of be + an ing-form.
I/he/she/it was playing
you/we/they were playing
NEGATIVE
I/he/she/it wasn't playing
you/we/they weren't playing
QUESTION
was I/he/she/it playing?
were you/we/they playing?
Soft music was playing. People were walking in the park. I wasn't dreaming. I really was in New York City. Why did
you give our secret away? What were you thinking of? Was Matthew already waiting for you when you got there?
C Use
Read this conversation.
Melanie: / rang at about three yesterday afternoon, but you weren't in. I didn't know where you were.
David: Oh, I was helping Mike. We were repairing his car. It took ages. We were working on it all
afternoon.
Melanie: It was raining. 1 hope you weren't doing it outside.
David: No, we were in the garage. So I didn't get wet. But I'm afraid I got oil all over my new trousers.
19
Melanie: Why were you wearing your new trousers to repair a car? David: / don't know. I forgot I had
them on.
It was raining at three o'clock means that at three o'clock we were in the middle of a period of rain. The rain began
before three and stopped some time after three. We were working all afternoon means that the action went on for the
whole period. David is stressing the length of time that the work went on.
We use the continuous with actions. We do not normally use it with state verbs. For states we use the past simple.
1 didn't know where you were, NOT I wasn't knowing...
Ex. 1. Complete the following sentences using the verbs given in brackets in the Past Continuous Tense:
1. The sun _________________________ when Peter got up this morning. (shine)
2. Bill _________________________the report when Mr. Jenkins entered the room. (read)
3. The students ___________________________ rugby when it began to rain. (play)
4. We ________________________the road when the accident happened. (cross)
5. At that time, everyone _________________________to go to work. (get ready)
6. I ________________________to the coast when the car broke down. (drive)
7. We ________________________near the river that evening. (camp)
8. Ann ________________________in Germany when the war broke out. (live)
9. When we got to the station, the train ________________________ . (leave)
10. We ________________________when the lights went out last night. (have dinner)
11. Mrs. Brown ____________________________ the shopping when she had the accident. (do)
12. Mary and John _______________________________in the park when we saw them yesterday. (walk)
Ex. 2. Change the following sentences into a) negative form and, b) interrogative form :
20
21
Ex. 3. Complete the sentences. Put in the correct form of each verb. Use the past continuous or past simple.
When Martin arrived (arrive) home, Anna was talking (talk) to someone on the phone. Martin started (start)
to get the tea.
22
They are used before ordinary verbs and are used to express meanings such as permission, possibility, certainty and
necessity. Need and dare can be used like modal verbs.
23
24
1. can
Use
ability (sposobnost) to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be able to)
permission (dozvola) to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed
to)
Request (zahtjev)
Offer (ponuda)
Suggestion (prijedlog)
Possibility (mogunost)
Examples
I can speak English.
Can I go to the cinema?
Can you wait a moment, please?
I can lend you my car till tomorrow.
Can we visit Grandma at the
weekend?
It can get very hot in Arizona.
2. could
Use
Examples
ability to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be able to)
I could speak English.
permission to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be allowed to) I could go to the cinema.
polite question * (pristojno, utivo)
Could I go to the cinema, please?
polite request *
Could you wait a moment, please?
polite offer *
I could lend you my car till tomorrow.
polite suggestion *
Could we visit Grandma at the weekend?
possibility *
It could get very hot in Montana.
3. may
Use
Examples
Possibility (mogunost)
It may rain today.
permission (dozvola) to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to) May I go to the cinema?
polite suggestion (ljubazan prijedlog/ponuda)
May I help you?
4. might
Use
Examples
Possibility (mogunost) (less possible than may manje mogua nego s may) * It might rain today.
hesitant offer * (neodluna ponuda)
Might I help you?
5. must
Use
force, necessity (nunost)
Possibility (mogunost)
advice, recommendation (savjet, preporuka)
Examples
I must go to the supermarket today.
You must be tired.
You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.
Use
Examples
You mustn't work on dad's computer.
Prohibition (zabrana) (must is a little stronger)
You may not work on dad's computer.
7. need not
Use
sth. is not necessary (neto nije potrebno)
Examples
I needn't go to the supermarket, we're going to the restaurant tonight.
8. ought to
simliar to should ought to sounds a little less subjective
Use
Advice (savjet)
obligation
(obaveza)
Examples
You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.
You ought to switch off the light when you leave the room.
9. shall
used instead of will in the 1st person (koristi se umjesto will u prvom licu)
Use
Suggestion (prijedlog)
Examples
Shall I carry your bag?
10. should
Use
Advice (savjet)
Obligation (obaveza)
Examples
You should drive carefully in bad weather.
You should switch off the light when you leave the room.
11. will
Use
Examples
wish, request, demand, order (less polite than would)
Will you please shut the door?
(elja, zahtjev, potranja, ..)
prediction, assumption (pretpostavka)
I think it will rain on Friday.
Promise (obeanje)
I will stop smoking.
spontaneous decision (spontana odluka)
Can somebody drive me to the station? - I will.
Habits (navike)
She's strange, she'll sit for hours without talking.
12. would
Use
Examples
26
Use
Examples
wish, request (more polite than will) Would you shut the door, please?
habits in the past
Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.
* These are no past forms, they refer to the future.
Can
Could
Be Able To
Examples:
*Present
*Past
*Future
"Able to" is used with many other verb tenses. Take a look at
these examples:
Negatives
Negatives are formed by using "not".
27
Questions
Questions are formed by changing the order of the words.
a) can
b) could
c) will be able to
a) could no
b) couldn't
c) not could
a) can
b) could
c) will be able to
a) can
b) can no
c) could no
a) Can
b) Could
c) Could not
a) can't
b) couldn't
4. I __________ swim.
a) cant
c) can no
b) can't
d) could no
c) cant'
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a) could
a) can
b) wasn't able to
b) can't
c) will be able to
c) could
d) couldn't
a) can't
b) can
a) can
c) could no
b) couldn't
c) wasn't able to
d) won't be able to
7. ___________ you hear the music? It is very quiet.
a) Can
b) Could
a) can
c) Will be able to
b) could
c) Couldn't
c) will be able to
a) can
a) can
b) can't
b) could
c) could
c) can't
d) couldn't
9. My boss ___________ meet with us tomorrow.
He will be away all day.
a) could
b) could
b) wasn't able to
c) will be able to
c) won't be able to
d) will be able to
a) can
b) could
a) can't
c) can't
b) couldn't
d) couldn't
c) wasn't able to
c) could
It is formal and normally used in writing. Notice how this example is formal:
*All employees must wear proper safety equipment.
Have to
Have to is not an actual modal verb, but it is used like a modal.
You must conjugate the verb "have" depending on the time and subject.
*I have to work tomorrow. *She has to work tomorrow.
You must not eat in the computer room. (Food in the computer room is prohibited.)
30
b) had to
c) have to
d) has
7. You _________ wear the uniform at all times.
a) must
b) must to
a) must
c) must have
b) must to
d) must has
a) must to
a) having to
b) must have
b) have
c) has to
c) have to
d) have to
d) to have
a) must
a) must
b) must to
b) must to
c) had to
c) have to
d) have to
d) had to
a) must
a) has to
b) must to
b) must to
c) has to
c) have to
d) must has to
d) have
b) must have
a) has to
c) has to
b) have to
d) have to
a) must
a) must
b) must to
b) must to
c) had to
d) must has
d) have to
b) have
b) must to
c) have to
c) has to
d) to have
d) must has to
b) must to
a) has to
c) has to
b) have
d) have
c) have to
10. Maurice __________ clean his house last night.
d) has
a) has to
7. You _________ use safety glasses at all times.
b) must to
a) must
c) must had to
b) must to
d) had to
c) must have
must + infinitive
might / might not + infinitive
could / could not + infinitive
may / may not + infinitive
can't + infinitive
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For example:
I am waiting for Julie with another friend, David.
I ask: 'Where is Julie?'
David guesses:
She must be on the bus. (I'm fairly sure this is a good guess)
She might come soon. (maybe)
She could be lost. (maybe)
She may be in the wrong room. (maybe)
She can't be at home. (I'm fairly sure this isn't true)
Should / shouldn't
Should and shouldn't are used to make an assumption about what is probably true, if everything is as we expect:
This use of should isn't usually used for negative events. Instead, it's a better idea to use will:
Can is used for something that is generally possible, something we know sometimes happens:
For example:
You: Where was Julie last night?
David:
Could
We can use could + infinitive to talk about a general possibility in the past (compare with the use of 'can' above):
This is not used to talk about specific possibilites in the past (instead we usecould + have + past participle):
He could have been working late (not: 'could be'. As this is a specific possiblity, 'could be' is present tense)
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16. The car in front is driving so slowly that I think they _____________ be looking for something.
17. Youve already eaten enough for three people! You _____________ still be hungry!
18. This book _____________ belong to the library. Its certainly not mine.
19. It only takes three hours to fly from London to Sydney? That _____________ be correct!
20. There _____________ be something wrong with the fridge! Its making a very unusual noise.
subject
Present Simple
Examples:
Negative
Questions
USES
1. Rules
If you take your cell phone into class, it must be turned off.
If you drink alcohol, dont drive.
Do not use a calculator when you write the test.
4. Routine
oil.
Exercise 1: Choose the correct option for these zero conditional sentences.
1.
If you eat fast food,
b) when it is cold.
b) if he no have cash.
a) it boils.
4. When the radio plays,
b) it's boiling.
c) it was boil.
9. What do you do
a) if the teacher was sick?
b) if the teacher had been sick?
Exercise 2: Make zero conditional sentences:
For example:
(not / rain / the flowers / die)
If it doesnt rain, the flowers die.
1. (I / wake up late / I / be late for work)
____________________________________________________
2. (my husband / cook / he / burn the food)
____________________________________________________
3. (Julie / not wear a hat / she / get sunstroke)
____________________________________________________
4. (children / not eat well / they / not be healthy)
____________________________________________________
5. (you / mix water and electricity / you / get a shock)
____________________________________________________
6. (people / eat / too many sweets / they / get fat)
____________________________________________
7. (you / smoke / you / get yellow fingers)
____________________________________________
8. (children / play outside / they / not get overweight)
____________________________________________
9. (you / heat ice / it / melt)
____________________________________________
10. (I / speak to John / he / get annoyed)
____________________________________________
11. (I / feel good the next day / I / go to bed early)
___________________________________________________
12. (lots of people / come / Jenny / have a party)
____________________________________________________
13. (she / buy expensive clothes / she / go shopping)
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____________________________________________________
14. (my daughter / pass her exams / she / work hard)
____________________________________________________
15. (David / be sick / he / drink milk)
____________________________________________________
16. (the river / freeze / it / be very cold)
____________________________________________________
17. (I / like to visit the museums / I / be in a new city)
____________________________________________________
18. (I / cycle to work / the weather / be fine)
____________________________________________________
19. (my flatmate / clean it really well / she / clean the house)
_____________________________________________________
20. (everybody / be grumpy / it / rain a lot)
_________________________________________________
Exercise 3: Make zero conditional sentences:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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The verb in the if-clause (e.g. hurry) is in the present simple, not the future.
NOT If we'll hurry, we'll catch the bus. But we can use will in the if-clause when we make a request.
If you'll just wait a moment, I'll find someone to help you. (- Please wait a moment...)
We can use the present continuous (e.g. are doing) or the present perfect (e.g. have done) in the if-clause.
If we're expecting visitors, the flat will need a good clean. If you've finished with the computer, I'll put it away.
The main clause often has will. But we can use other modal verbs (e.g. can). If you haven't got a television, you can't
watch it, can you? If Henry jogs
regularly, he might lose weight. If Matthew is going to a job interview, he should wear a tie.
The if-clause usually comes first, but it can come after the main clause. If I hear any news, I'll phone you./I'll phone
you if I hear any news.
C More uses of type 1
We can use type 1 conditionals in offers and suggestions.
If you need a ticket, I can get you one. If you feel like seeing the sights, we can take a bus tour. We can also use them
in warnings and threats.
If you go on like this, you'll make yourself ill. If you don't apologize, I'll never speak to you again.
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Note the past simple (e.g. ate). We do not use would in the if-clause. NOT If I'd-ea^eake.
But we can use would in the if-clause when we make a request.
If you'd like to come this way, the doctor will see you now. (= Please come this way ...)
As well as the past simple we can use the past continuous (e.g. was doing) in the if-clause.
If Rachel was playing her stereo, it wouldn't be so quiet in here. In a type 2 if-clause we sometimes use were instead
of was, especially in the clause if I were you.
If Rachel were playing her stereo, it wouldn't be so quiet in here.
If I were you, I'd ask a lawyer for some advice.
The main clause often has would. We can also use could or might.
If we had a calculator, we could work this out a lot quicker.
If Rachel worked harder, she might do even better at her studies.
The if-clause usually comes first, but it can come after the main clause.
If I knew, I'd tell you./I'd tell you if I knew.
C Type 1 and type 2
Compare these examples.
Type 1: If you have a lie-down, you'll feel better
Type 2: Ifl had a million pounds, I'd probably buy a yacht.
The present tense (have) refers to a possible future action, something which may or may not happen.
The past tense (had) refers to something unreal. If I had a million pounds means that I haven't really got a
million pounds, but I am imagining that I have. Compare these examples.
Type 1: If we take the car, we'll have to pay for parking.
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If she (win) ________ the lottery, she would travel around the world.
If she (choose) ________ him as the winner of the beauty contest, he'll buy her some drinks.
She (weep) ________ if she finds out he is cheating on her.
I would leave him if I (be) ________ you.
I'll be happy if it (start) ________ to rain.
You would live longer if you (stop) ________ smoking.
I (help) ________ him if you do the same.
If I found my keys, I (can) ________ leave this town.
She would give up if you (not support) ________ her.
If people (eat) ________ less fat in Europe, they would live healthier.
The present perfect tells us about the past and the present.
The aircraft has landed means that the aircraft is on the ground now.
B Form
The present perfect is the present tense of have + a past participle.
I/you/we/they have washed OR I/you/we/they've washed
he/she/it has washed OR he/she/it's washed
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NEGATIVE
I/you/we/they haven't washed
he/she/it hasn't washed
QUESTION
have I/you/we/they washed?
has he/she/it washed?
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Irregular verbs:
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Have you had a holiday this year? ~ No, not yet. This year is the period which began in January and has lasted up to
the present time.
Ex. 1. Complete the sentences using Present Perfect Simple Tense:
1. The tennis game________________ just ________________. Hurry up! (start)
2. Bill ________________ in Tokyo several times. He knows it well. (be)
3. Your train ________________ already ________________, Sir. Youll have to take the 8:15 train which leaves
from Victoria Station. (leave)
4. Im quite sure that I ________________ that woman before. (see)
5. My friends ________________ in this house for over 10 years. (live)
6. Peter ________________ just ________________ a letter. Hes reading it now. (receive)
7. He isnt in Chile. He________________ to America. (go)
8. John ________________ for that company since 1987. (work)
9. Bob ________________to San Francisco several times. He can tell you where to go and what to do there. (go)
10. The students ________________ already ________________ that book (read)
11. Mary ________________ to him about it twice already. (speak)
12. I ________________ that man before. I dont remember when, but Im sure I know him. (meet)
Ex.2. Change the following sentences into a) negative form and, b) interrogative form :
1. The soccer game has already finished.
a)______________________________________________________________________________________
b)______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Peter has had dinner already.
a)______________________________________________________________________________________
b)______________________________________________________________________________________
3. They have studied the report.
a)______________________________________________________________________________________
b)______________________________________________________________________________________
4. The plane has already left.
a)______________________________________________________________________________________
b)______________________________________________________________________________________
5. John has sent them a fax.
a)______________________________________________________________________________________
b)______________________________________________________________________________________
6. Theyve given her Toms new address.
a)______________________________________________________________________________________
b)______________________________________________________________________________________
Ex.3. For and since - Complete the sentences.
? You ought to wash the car. You haven't washed it for ages.
? I'd better have a shower. I haven't had one since Thursday.
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Here are some more examples of the past perfect. It was twenty to six. Most of the shops had just closed.
I went to the box office at lunch-time, but they had already sold all the tickets. By 1960 most of Britain's old colonies
had become independent.
As well as actions, we can use the past perfect to talk about states.
I felt better by the summer, but the doctor warned me not to do too much. I'd been very ill. The news came as no
surprise to me. I'd known for some time that the factory was likely to close.
B Form
The past perfect is had + a past participle.
He had enjoyed the party, OR He'd enjoyed the party.
They hadn't gone to bed until late. Where had he put his wallet?
C Present perfect and past perfect
Compare these examples.
PRESENT PERFECT (before now)
My wallet isn't here. I've left it behind.
The match is over. United have won.
That man looks familiar. I've seen him
somewhere before.
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Have gone (to) - have been (to) (Present perfect of the verb go)
Jane and Paul have gone to Portugal (they went some time ago and they are still there)
I have been to London.( I havc visited London and have come back. I am not there now)
Ex.1. Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect simple).
2. He (not / be)
her homework.
9. (he / phone)
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UNIT 10 PASSIVE
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TENSE
PASSIVE FORM
SIMPLE PRESENT
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
SIMPLE PAST
PAST CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE FUTURE
SIMPLE PRESENT
Once a week, Tom cleans the house.
19. Does your mum pick you up? 20. Does the police officer catch the thief? -
by Thomas.
by Frank.
by Maria.
by David.
by my father.
by the gardener.
by Helen.
by my mother.
by Arthur.
to school by my uncle.
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Negative Form
Question Form
Passive voice:
A letter is being written by me.
(+)
A letter is not being written by me. (-)
Is a letter being written by me?
(?)
My mother made a delicious cake yesterday.THE DELICIOUS CAKE WAS MADE BY MY MOTHER
Affirmative Form
Negative Form
Question Form
Passive voice:
A snake was killed by me.
A snake was not killed by me.
Was a snake killed by me?
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(+)
(-)
(?)
My mother was making delicious cakes. DELICIOUS CAKES WERE BEING MADE BY MY MOTHER
Affirmative Form
Negative Form
Question Form
1. We were talking about Francis. 2. He was playing the guitar. 3. She was watching a film. 4. I was repairing their bikes. 5. They were not eating dinner. 6. We were not painting the gate. 7. You were not driving him home. 8. He was not feeding the dogs. 9. Was she reading these lines? 10. Were they carrying bags? -
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Negative Form
Question Form
1. Kerrie has paid the bill. 2. I have eaten a hamburger. 3. We have cycled five miles. 4. I have opened the present. 5. They have not read the book. 6. You have not sent the parcel. 7. We have not agreed to this issue. 8. They have not caught the thieves. 9. Has she phoned him? 10. Have they noticed us?
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
1. I had worn blue shoes. 2. Joe had cleaned the tables. 3. We had lost the key. 4. They had started a fight. 5. I had been reading an article. 6. I had not closed the window. 7. They had not bought the paper. 8. She had not noticed me. 9. Had she solved the problem? 10. Had he recorded that song?
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SIMPLE FUTURE
My mother will make delicious cakes tomorrow. - DELICIOUS CAKES WILL BE MADE TOMORROW
Affirmative Form
Negative Form
Question Form
1. Jane will buy a new computer. 2. Her boyfriend will install it. 3. Millions of people will visit the museum. 4. Our boss will sign the contract. 5. You will not do it. 6. They will not show the new film. 7. He won't see Sue. 8. They will not ask him. 9. Will the company employ a new worker? 10. Will the plumber repair the shower? -
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