2- Dialect

There is no universally accepted criteria for distinguishing languages

from dialects, although a number of paradigms exist, which render
sometimes contradictory results. The exact distinction is a subjective
one, dependent on the user's frame of reference.
Language varieties are often called dialects rather than
languages. The speakers of the given language do not have a state of
their own, they are not used in press or literature or very little and their
language lacks prestige.
The word "dialect" is sometimes used to refer to a lesser-known
language most commonly a regional language, especially one that is
unwritten or not standardized. It is often accompanied by the
erroneous belief that the minority language is lacking in vocabulary,
grammar, or importance. The difference between language and
dialect is the difference between the abstract or general and the
concrete and particular.
The number of speakers, and the geographical area covered by them,
can be of arbitrary size. A dialect might contain several sub-dialects
and it is a complete system of verbal communication oral or signed,
but not necessarily written with its own vocabulary and grammar. So a
dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation
including phonology and prosody. The "dialects" of a "language" which
itself may be a "dialect" of a yet older tongue may or may not be
mutually intelligible
A parent language may spawn several "dialects" which themselves
subdivide any number of times, with some "branches" of the tree
changing more rapidly than others.
Italian and Spanish having a high degree of mutual
comprehensibility, which neither language shares with French, despite
both languages being genetically closer to French than to each other.
French has undergone more rapid change than have Spanish and
Italian

It is generally assumed that Fula is a language is a single language

with a number of dialects. In this sense, a dialect is regarded as a
geographical variety of a language, spoken in a certain area, and being
different in some linguistic items from other geographical varieties of
the same language. This definition of dialect is in common use among
linguists, and differs from a usage found in several European
language communities among non-linguists, where dialect is often
used about provincial varieties that differ from the standard dialect,
which is then regarded as the proper language. The standard dialect
is then regarded as the non-dialectal variety of the language.