Locational Factors Combined File PDF

6/19/2016
MrunalGeographyLocationfactors:CommercialFishingIndustry
Mrunalhttp://mrunal.org
[LocationFactors]CommercialFishingIndustry:Why
concentratedinN.America,Europe,Norway&Japan?
PostedBySupportStaffOn23/07/2013@11:30pmInGeography|8Comments
Commercialfishing
(Europe+America)VSAsia
VSSouthernHemisphere
Norway
Japan
Continuingthe[LocationFactor]articlesseriesforUPSCGeneralStudiespaper1.
Commercialfishing:Locationfactors
WhyiscommercialfishingdevelopedinmiddletohigherlatitudesofNorthernhemisphere?
Planktonavailability
Fisheseatplankton.
Phytoplanktonrequiresunlight=theycandevelopwellincontinentalshelvesandshallowseas
becauseofSunlightpenetrationandmineralsfromcoastalwater.
Planktonsreproducemoreincoolerwaters
Observethefollowingmap:yellowareas=continentalshelf/shallowareas=betterforfishing.
ObservetheindentedcoastlinesinN.AmericaandEurope.
LocateSouthChinaSea.YoucanunderstandoneofthereasonswhyChinaandneighbourskeep
fightingoverit=richfishresources.
OceanCurrents
Whencoldandhotcurrentmeet,therewillbelotofplanktons,hencelotoffishes.
warm
cold
fishermenof____benefit
http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorscommercialfishingindustryamericaeuropenorwayjapan.html/print/
1/4
6/19/2016
gulfstream labrador US+Canada(NorthWesternAtlanticcoast)

Kuroshio
Oyashio Honshu,Japan
LocationFactor:FishingEquipment
Inthemedievaltimes,temperateforestsprovidedfollowing
Bothsoftandhardwoodforconstructionoffishingboats.
Navalstores(Raisin,pitch,tarandturpentine).Theyarederivedfromresinousmaterialsfrom
coniferoustrees,wereusedtomakewoodenvesselswatertight.
Today,commercialfishingvesselsdontneedanyofabove,butsteelandheavyengineering
industryalsodevelopedinsurroundthecoastalregions(e.g.GreatlakesPittsburg)=shipbuilding
industry.
LocationFactor:FishingMarket
InthemountainousregionsofAsiaandEurope,agriculturalproductionisquitelow=Fish
importantsourceofprotein.ExampleJapanandNorway.
Asia=fish+rice=maindietofmanywereAsiancountries.(becauseFishischeaperthanmeat)
WhenEuropeansstartedmigratingtoNorthAmerica,mostoftheearlyurbansettlementswere
onorneartheEasterncoast=readymarketforsellingfishproducts.
DuringweeklyfastofCatholics,fishmustbeeateninsteadofmeat.
Beforeelectricity/petroleum,whaleoilwasthechiefsourceoffuelandlubricant.
indevelopedcountries,fishesevenusedasanimalfood,fertilizers
Medicalusesofcodliveroil,demandforfurproducts(walrus,seals)andsoon.
Fishgutting=significantweightloss.Hencefishprocessingiseitherdoneonthevesselornear
thecoastalplants.
Otherfactors:
Coastline Highlyindentedcoastlineprovidesmanysitesforharborsandports.
Thecooltemperateclimatefavorslargescalecommercialfishing,preservationand
Climate storageoffish.
Whiletropicalareas=hot,moist=fishcannotbestoredforlong.
Labour
hillyterrain=lesscultivableareas.Coldlongwinters=notgoodforagriculture=more
peopleswitchtofishing.Eg.Iceland,Japan,Norway.
Fishingregionsacrosstheworld
ObservetheconcetrationinEurope&
America
location
NorthernEurope
USCanada
prominentfishingarea
Doggerbank,
greatfisherbank
Grandbank,Georgebank,
NovaScotia,Newfoundland
CommercialFishing:(Europe+America)VS
Asia
WithinNorthernHemisphere,CommercialfishingismoredevelopedinNorthEuropeandNorth
America,comparedtoAsia(ExceptJapan),why?
WhyCommercialfishingwelldevelopedinN.America&Europe?
2/4
6/19/2016
Factor
impact
climate Tropicalclimate=fishcannotbestoredforlong.
coastline
Asiahasrelativelysmoothcoastline=lessnaturalharborsthanEurope/N.America
ContinentalshelvesarenarrowerthanEurope,NorthAmerica
Commercialfishingrequireslargeshipsmultiplevarietiesoffishescaught,separated,
processedforpackingontheshipitself,hightechequipmenttoscanfishingwatersfor
capital
optimallocationandsoon.
Suchvesselsandtechnologyrequiremassivecapitalinvestment=availableinEurope,
AmericabutnotmuchinAsia.
species
variety
ButinthetropicalregionsofAsia,multiplevarietyoffishesoccur,butinsmaller
groups=notgoodforlargescalecommercialexploitation.
Tropicalfishes=higheroilcontent=lessdesirableforeating.
CommercialFishing:VSSouthern
Hemisphere
NorthernHemisphere=morelandthanSouthernHemisphere=largepopulation=fishdemandis
large.
InSouthernhemispherenationssuchasArgentina,NewZealandandAustralia,meatanddairy
productsareplenty=notmuchdemandforfishes.
ContinentalshelvesarenarrowerthanEurope,NorthAmerica=lessplankton=lessfish
Letschecktwoleadingfishingnations:
Norway
Japan
SeaofJapan=shallowwater=moreplanktons
extensivecontinentalshelf=goodfor
plankton=morefishes
NorthWestpacificcontinentalshelf=more
planktons
meetingofkuroshio(warm)andoyashio(Cold)
currents=moreplanktons
long,fiordedcoastlinewithmanyoffshore
islands=goodsitesforfishingandvillages
soil,climatenotsuitableforagro=people
shiftedtofishing
Theyreskilledatfishing,duetolong
seafaringgeneration,rightfromthetimesof
VikingsandNorsemen.
wellestablishedshipbuildingindustry
hillyterrain+fastflowingriver=cheap
hydroelectricity=helpsincanningindustry.
morethan3000islands,indentendedcoastline
Mountainouscountry=lessareaforcultivation=
peopleshifttofishing
Alreadygoodexperienceforwhalefishing.
Genuinepearlsrare,intheearly1900sofJapanese
inventedmethodtocultivatepearls
artificially=showstheirexpertise.
Steelindustry,marineengineeringdevelopedin
costalareasusingimportedcoalandironore
^providesmaterialforsophisticatedfishingvessels
withprocessingandrefrigerationfacilitiesonboard.
Mostsettlementsonornearcoastal
Livestock/dairyfarming=notmuchhencefish=
areas=dietismarinedependent
mainsourceofprotein.
Coldclimate=fishpreservationeasier.
exportstonearbyAsiancountries
India:eastvs.West
InIndia,fishingismoredevelopedalongwesterncoastthaninEasterncoastbecause
3/4
6/19/2016
continentalshelfinWesternCoast=wider=moreplankton=morefishes
CommercialvarietieslikePrawnsandMackerelaremostlyconfinedalongwesterncoast.
Otherthanthat,thesebooksdontcontainmuchwisdomonLocationfactorforIndianfisheries
(justlistofspeciesfound,fishermanuseoutdatedequipment,problemofoverfishingetc.)
Inthenextarticle,wellseethelocationfactorsforindustriesbasedonnaturalfibers(Cotton,
silk,woolandjute)
MockQuestions
Explainreasonsforfollowing(5markseach)
Canadaisaleadingmanufacturerofnewsprint
MalaysiaandPhilippinesareleadingexportersoftropicalhardwood
10marks
CommercialfishingandlumberingbetterdevelopedinthehigherlatitudesofNorthern
Hemispherecomparedtootherpartsoftheworld.Comment.
Factorsresponsibleforoverwhelminguseofhardwoodforfuelsvs.industrialuseofsoftwood.
Providethedistributionofpaperpulpindustryforanyonecountryandexplainthelocational
advantagesforthisdistribution?
Towhatextendhasproximitytowatertransportorrailcommunicationinfluencedtimber
exploitation?ExplainwithexamplesfromIndiaandanyoneforeigncountry.
Explainthefactorsresponsibleforthethrivingfishindustryinanyoneofthefollowingcountries
Japan
Norway
Canada
Explainthepartsplayedbyeachofthefollowingfactors,inthedevelopmentofLumbering
industry
hydroelectricity
frozenground
technologicalchanges
ArticleprintedfromMrunal:http://mrunal.org
URLtoarticle:http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorscommercial
fishingindustryamericaeuropenorwayjapan.html
Copyright2014Mrunal.Allrightsreserved.
4/4
6/19/2016
MrunalGeographyLocationfactors:TextileindustryIndia,Japan,China
[Geography]LocationFactors:WhyCotton&Textile
industrydevelopedinOsaka,Manchester,Lancashire,
Mumbai,Ahmedabad
Cottonandtextileindustry
Climatefactors
Mumbai,Maharashtra
Osaka,JapanIndustry
Ahmedabad,Gujarat
Coimbatore,Tamilnadu
Manchester&Lancashireindustry
Americancottonindustry
Chinesetextileindustry:Shanghai
Inthepreviousarticle,wesawthefactorsresponsibleforlocationofLumber,PaperPulpand
Fishingindustry(clickme).Nowletschecksomeindustriesbasedonnaturalfibers.
Cottonandtextileindustry
Cottonasarawmaterial=lightweight,nonperishable.
Cottontoyarn/textile=hardlyanyweightloss.
Therefore,proximitytorawmaterialsite=notessential,doesntoffergreatcostsavingin
transportation.(unlikesugar,cementorsteelindustry)
Result=otherfactorsbecomemoreimportantinindustriallocationviz.
nearnesstomarket
nearnesstowaterbody(fordyeing,bleaching)
Energytorunpowerloomsandtextilemachines
cheaplaboursupply
availabilityofcapital/finance
Climateasfactor
Indryclimate,thecottonthreadswillbreakquicklyduringspinning.Machinehalts,youveto
jointhethreadsagaintorestartoperation=notgoodformassproduction.
ontheotherhand,humidclimate=threadwillrarelybreak.So,cottontextilesweresetupnear
costalareas.(e.g.Mumbai,Osaka,Lancashire).
Todaywevehumidifiersthatcanartificiallyincreasetheairmoistureinfactory/workshed=you
cansetupfactoryanywhere,runitefficiently,irrespectiveofclimateoutside.
Anyways,letsexaminefromdesividesicottonindustries
TextileBiz:IndiavsJapan
Mumbai
nickname CottonopolisofIndia
Osaka,Japan
ManchesterofJapan
Blacklavasoil=goodforcotton
blacksoilofMaharashtragoodforcotton
cultivationbutnotsufficienttomeetthe
http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorscottontextileosakamanchesterlancashiremumbaiahmedabadshanghai.html/print/
1/5
6/19/2016
Raw
(short,mediumstaple)
demand.
material portlocation=easytoimportlongstaple
Osaka=portlocation,majorityof
cottonfromEgypt,foreigntextilemachinery. productiondonewithimportedcotton
fromIndia,Egyptetc.
Climate
Locationnearsea=humidclimate=threadsdontbreak
Power
fromTatahydroelectricgridinWesternghat
HydelpowerstationnearOsaka
Mumbai=wellconnectedviarail,road,
Osaka=Seaport+importantrailway
airways,seaways.
junction.
Mithiriver=Softwaterfordyeing,bleaching.
Yodoriver
Transport
Water
DuringAmericanCivilWarcapitalistsof
Mumbaiearnedbigprofitbyexportingcotton.
Capital
Thismoneywasusedtoestablishtextile
Availablefrombothgovernmentand
mills.
privatesector.
Today,Mumbaihasgoodfacilitiesforbanking
finance.
Skilled,butnotabundant.
Labour
Cheap,Abundant,skilled
Highproductionusinglatestmachines
andautomationtechnology.
Localmarket+exportbyseato
Market
MumbaiandIndia=largepopulation=vast
Australia,US.+Japanalsousespetro
market
refinerybyproductsformfg.synthetic
fibers.
letslook@somemorecottonmills
TextileBiz.GujaratvsTamilnadu
factor
Rawmaterial
Energy
Waterfordyeing,
cleaning,bleaching
Ahmedabad
Availablefromnearbydistricts.
Thermalpowerplantnear
Sabarmati
Sabarmati,Khaririver
Coimbatore
same+cottonvarietyknownas
Cambodiacottonisgrown.
PykaraHydelproject
Noyyalriver
LargemarketinGujaratand
Market
neighboringstates
LargedemandinSouthernStates+
proximitytoMumbaiport=yarn
Chennaiportforexport
alsoexportedtoJapan
Althoughinthe80s,mostoftheAhmedabadmillsfellsickandcloseddown.Industryshifted
towardsSuratKhambhatregionofGujarat.
Manchester&Lancashireindustry
2/5
6/19/2016
riseofCottonIndustryinBritain
Climate
Raw
Material
Transport
Water
moistWesterlies=humidity=threadsdontbreak
CheapCottonfromitscolonies(India,Egypt).
Liverpoolport
LaterManchesterShipCanalwasdevelopedtoturnManchesteritselfintoaport.
StreamsfromPenninehills=softwaterfordyingbleaching.
IntheinitialphaseofIndustrialrevolution,samewaterwasusedassourceofenergy
Energy
forrunningArkwrightsspinningmachine.
later,coalutilizedfromNorthernEnglandandWales
Labor
Market
By1600productionofafabriccalledfustianstartedinEngland.
Fustianmakerssettledinthisregionbecausehumidityhelpsincottonspinning.
DemandinEurope+LancashirefacesAmericanports.
ThedeclineofBritishTextileBiz.
AfterWW2,Britainlostitscoloniesonebyone,dirtcheapcotton=nolongeravailable.
during20thcenturycheaperimportsfromHongKong,JapanandotherpartsofAsia.Eventhe
formercoloniesofBritainalsostartedusingthosecheaperclothes,soLancashire=nolonger
receivinglargeorders.
Businessmovingtowardscoastalareasforbetteropportunitiesinshipbuilding,marine
engineering,soap,heavychemicalsindustries.
Hence,Textileindustryfadingaway,oldfactoriesarerefittedforproductionoflightengineering
items.(Reason?=industrialinertia,wewillseethatinIronsteelindustryarticlelateron.).
Americancottonindustries
3/5
6/19/2016
Twoimportantregions
NewEnglandregion
Cottonbeltinsouth
NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina
6StateslocatedintheNorthEastcornerofUS
,Georgia,Alabama,Mississippi.
IncludepartsofTexasandCalifornia.
ProximitytoBostonandNewYork=portsanddomestic
market.
largecottongrowingareas:US
cottonbeltis1200+kmsbroadand
4000+kmswide.
slavelaborduringcolonialerahelped
immigrantworkers
ingrowth.
Todayfarmingismechanized=lackof
labordoesntcreatemuchproblem.
coalfromAppalachianregion
TheNewEnglandfactorieslittleroomforexpansiondueto
mountains.
TodayNewEnglandindustryisconcernedmainlywith
highendspecializedfashionproductsforNewYorketc.
WhileSouthernMillsproducegarmentsformasses.
hydroelectricpoweralongmajor
rivers(e.g.Tennessee)
Vastlandprovidesmoreroomfor
expansion.(anduseeasyuseoflarge
machineriesonfarmland)
Southernstatealsohadpulpmills
forproductionofrayon=growthof
bothcotton+syntheticindustry.
Chinesetextileindustry:Shanghai
ObservethemapandthinkaboutthefactorsthatarehelpingShanghai
4/5
6/19/2016
GeographyaidiingChineseTextileBiz.
Factor
Climate
Howdoesithelp?
portcity=humid=threadsdontbreak
RawMaterial Yangtzekiangdelta=goodforcottoncultivation
Shanghaiitselfaportcity
Transport
goodrailroadconnectivitywithhinterland.
Yangtzeriver=inlandwatertransport.
Water+
Energy
Labor
Yangtzeriver
ofcourseavailable
Kobe,Taiwan,S.Korea,HongKong:alllocatedwithin1000nauticalmiles
Market
marketwithinchina:Nantong,Wuhan,Chongquingetc.connectedviaYangtze
river.
ApartfromShanghai,CottonalsoproducedintheareasaroundHwangHovalley,Sichuan,
Nanjing,Beijingandthankstolaboravailability(anddomesticdemand),textileindustryisfound
inthoseplacesaswell.
IntheNextarticle,wellseethefactorsaffectinglocationofSilkIndustry.
URLtoarticle:http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorscottontextile
osakamanchesterlancashiremumbaiahmedabadshanghai.html
5/5
6/19/2016
MrunalGeographyLocationFactors:SilkIndustryChina&India
[Geography]LocationFactors:SilkIndustryofChina,
India,Karnataka,Kanchipuram
PostedBySupportStaffOn24/07/2013@7:00amInGeography|2Comments
Europe:SilkdemandvsSupply
Japan:Nolabour+Nomarket
China:WhyTopSilkproducer?
India:Labour+market
Karnataka:factors
Kanchipuram:factors
Inthisarticle,wellexaminetheGeographicalfactorsaffectinglocationofSilkIndustry.
Europe:Laborno,SilkMarketyes
Oneimportantrequirementforsericulture=cheapfemalelabour.
Intheancientmedievaltimes,bothChinaandJapanhadlotofpoorpeasants.Silk
production=sourceofsideincomeforthem.
Later,sericulturewasevenintroducedinEurope(France,Italy).
But,FrenchandItalianpeasantswereusedtohigherstandardofliving,theywereunwillingto
undertakesuchpainstakingworkforlittlereward.
Franceinthemid1800s,adiseasewipedoutmostofsilkworms,sericultureindustrycould
neverrecover.Thus,Francehasnolocalproductionofsilk,yetLyoncityisfamousforitssilk
garments.Why?
Labour
Raw
Material
Market
LyoncityofFrance=importantfashioncenter=skilledlabor,fashiondesigners
available.
Silk=easytotransport,nonperishable,nonbulky.CanbeeasilyimportedfromChina.
NaturalsilkisconsideredaluxuryitemandfashionstatementamongrichinUS,
Europe.Gooddemandofsilkties,scarvesandlingerie.
America
SericulturewasevenintroducedinAmericabutfailedbecauselackoflaborandbetter
opportunitiesinothercrops.Example
Virginia:sericulturewastriedbut,farmersfoundbetterincomeinTobacco.
Georgia:farmerstriedsericulturebutfoundbetterreturnsincottonevenforusingcheapSlave
labour(recalltheGeorgiafallsintheSoutherncottonbelt)
Japan:Nolabour+Nomarket=#EPICFAIL
Forlong,Japanwasamajorproducerofsilk,buttodayitdoesntevenproduce0.5%silkin
world.So,WhatfactorscauseddeclineofSilkindustryinJapan?
Factor
Labour
howdiditleadtodecline?
youngergenerationofpeasant/weaversshiftedtoindustrialsectorforhigher
wages.
http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorssilkindustrychinaindiakarnatakakanchipuram.html/print/
1/4
6/19/2016
Investorsfoundbetterreturnsinautomobileandelectronicsindustry=lack
Capital
ofinvestmentinsilkindustry.
JapaneseWomenshiftedfromtraditionalgarmentKimonotowesternjeans
andskirts=localdemandofsilkdeclined.
TodayKimonosmainlywornforceremonial/festivalpurposethatsmall
Market
demandismetbycheapchinesesilk.
AfterWW1,SilkwasinhighdemandforwomensstockingsinUSAbutlater
cheaperstockingswerelocallyproducedusingAmericannylon=marketlost.
OnedramaticexampleisKoromotownofJapan.Theirsilkindustrywason
Entrepreneurship
decline=landandlabouravailable@cheapprice.Toyotatooktheopportunity
tosetupfactory.Thusaruralsilkgrowingareaturnedintoamajor
automobileindustry.
Today,onlytwobigplayersinSilkproduction:ChinaandIndia.Quotingthenumbersfrom
Centralsilkboard,India:
shareinworldSilkproduction%(2011)
nation
China
~80%
India
~18%
Jap,Brazil,Thailand,Vietnam eachhas0.5%orless
WhyisChinatheTopSilkproducerofWorld?
GeographicalfactorsaidingChinesesilkindustry
Temperateandtropicalclimatesuitableforgrowthofunvoltine,bivoltingand
Climate
polyvoltinesilkvarieties.
LowerYangtzevalley=finestwhitemulberrysilk.ThisisneartoShanghaiand
locationaladvantagesofShanghaialreadymentionedundercottontextilebiz.
Technology
ChinesescientistsdevelopedhybridvarietiesusingJapaneseandEuropean
silkworms.Itispossibletorearsilkwormsseventimesayear.
Chinawasthefirstcountrytostartsericulture=labourisabundantandskilled.For
Labour
additionalincome,theycombineSericulturewithfishrearinginthePearlRiver
valley=MulberryleavesfedtoSilkwormanddeadsilkwormsfedtoFishes.
Sericulturedoneviacooperatives(SilkCommunes)=moreefficientandstandard
Government
Policy
productioncomparedtoindividualfarmer.
Governmentprovidesextensionservice,trainingetc.
Inthe90s,Chinesegovernmentupgradedsilkmachinerywithimported
parts=improvedqualityofsilkyarn
India:Labour+market
Indiagrowsallimportantvarietiesofsilk:Mulberry,Tasar,OakTasar,EriandMuga
Butdemand>greaterthan>production.Soevenwehavetoimportfromchina.(particularly
bivoltinemulberrysilk)
Mulberrysilk
NonMulberry
mainlyinSouthernstates
Karnataka
Jharkhand
Chhattisgarh
2/4
6/19/2016
TN
Odisha
AP
NE
+WBandJK
India:Why2ndLargestSilkproducer?
GeographicalfactorsaidingIndiansilkindustry
Mulberryplants
Raw
canbegrowninanytypeofsoileveninforestfringes,hillslopes
Material canwithstanddraught
=workswellinnongreenrevolution,nonirrigatedareasofEastandNEIndia.
Sericulturedoesnotinvolvehardlabor.Silkwormscanberearedbywomenandold
Labor
people=sideincome.InEasternStates,FarmersearlierusedtogrowJutebutJute
demanddeclinedsotheyshiftedtoSericulture.
Capital
worksonsimpletechnology,nosophisticatedequipmentneededcanbedonebysmall
andmarginalfarmers,tribals.
Karnataka:factors
factor
Raw
material
Water
Labour
howdoesithelp?
MulberrygrowseasilyduetoclimateBombaxvarietyofsilkwormcanbereared
throughouttheyearKarnatakauseshybridsofsilkworm=canharvestfivetosix
timesayear.
Softwater,Freefromironandalkalinesalts.
Men:mulberryplantation
Women:rearingsilkwarms
DuringWW2,entireproductionofMysoresilkwasusedforparachutemanufacture.
Capital
Hencesilkpricesescalated,goodprofit,moreareabroughtundercultivation.(Recall
howAmericanWarofIndependencehelpedinexpansionofMumbaitextile
industry)
CentralSilkboardlocated@Banglore
Technology TechnicalknowledgesharingbyJapanJapaneseInternationalCooperationAgency
(JICA)
Kanchipuram:factors
WithinIndia,KanchipuramregionismostfamousforSilkindustry,Why?
factor
howdoesithelp?
Raw
RawsilkfromKarnatakaZarithreadsfromSurat,Gujarat(rawsilk=lightweight,non
material
perishable)
Water
SoftwaterfromRiverVegavathi.
Labour
generationsofsilkweavers=skilled
Market
StillgooddemandforSilkSarisinIndia.
IntheNextarticle,wellseefactorsaffectingthelocationofWoolandJuteindustry.
3/4
6/19/2016
MrunalGeographyLocationFactors:Wool&JuteIndustryforUPSC
[LocationFactors]WoolIndustry,JuteIndustry:rise&
fallofBritain,CalcuttaJuteproblems
WoolIndustry&GeographicalFactors
Climatefactor
Landsize
EconomiesofScale
WoolenMfg:RiseandDeclineofBritain
India:Woolbusiness
JuteIndustry
MockQuestions
WoolIndustry&Geographicalfactors
Letsexaminevidesi(foreign)woolbusinessfirst.Majorityofwoolproductioncomesfrom
southernhemisphere:Australia,NZ,ArgentinaandSouthAfrica.So,firstquestion,whydoes
SouthernHemisphereleadinWoolproduction?
Climatefactor
Damper,coolerconditioninthetemperateareasoftheNorthernHemisphere=notsogoodfor
woolproduction.
DrywarmerclimatesofSouthernhemisphere=providebetterconditionsforwoolproduction.
e.g.InteriorAustralia,SouthAfricaandtherainshadowareaofPantagoniainArgentina
Landsize
Australia,drycontinent=largescaleagricultureisnotpossibleanyways.
sheepcansurviveinbadclimaticconditions
Therefore,sheeprearingprovidesthebesteconomicuseofthelandforthefarmers.
EconomiesofScale
Economiesofscale=ifyoudosomethingonlargescale,thenunitcostofproductionwill
decrease.
InAustralia,Sheeprearingisdoneonalargescale=economiesofscale=lowercostof
production.
ThisenableswoolproducersfromsouthernhemispheretocompetewithIndian,Europeanor
NorthAmericanproducersdespitetheaddedcostoftransportingwoolfromSouthtoNorth
hemisphere.
Sofarsogood:Australialeadsinwoolproduction.ButAustraliadoesntleadinfinishedwoolen
textiles(e.g.sweaters,mufflers,coats,socksetc.)why?
Forwoolentextile,theCustomers/targetaudience=coldernortherncountries.Australiasown
localmarketissmall.
Woolentextilebusinessrequireskilledworkers.InAustralia,lowpopulation=wagerateshigher.
Therefore,Australialeadsinwoolproductionbutnotintextile.
http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorswoolindustryjuteindustry.html/print/
1/4
6/19/2016
DuringIndustrialrevolutionphase,YorkshireofBritain=majorwoolenManufacturingregion
because
localsupplyofwool
Waterfromnearbystreamsforwashinganddyeingprocesses.
Coalavailabletorunmachines.
Butlater,largescalesheeprearingstartedinthesoutherncontinents:Australia,NewZealand
andSouthAfricaandArgentina.
Pricewise,theBritishcouldnotinwoolproduction=sheeprearingactivitydeclined.Todaysheep
areraisedmainlyformeatindustry.
Woolenclothsalsofacecompetitionfromcheapersyntheticfibers.
Thus,YorkshireWoolentextileindustrystillcontinuestooperateusingimportedwoolfrom
Southernhemisphere,tomeettheEuropeandemandbuttheformergloryisgone.(justlikeof
ManchesterinCottontextilebiz)
NowletscomebacktoIndia
India:Woolbusiness
Factor
Why?
Woolasrawmaterial=nonperishable,lightweight.
forApparels:Indianwool=coarsefibers=irritatesbody.Ifyouwanttomake
Natureof
decentapparels,youveimportAustralianwoolanyways.(exceptionKashmiriShawls)
raw
Fornonapparels:EventoproducedecentCarpets,blankets,youvetomixitwith
material
NewZealandswool.
Hencelocationofwoolentextilenottiedtorawmaterialsite.
WinterinNorthIndia=brutallycold=gooddemand.
~75%ofindustriesconcentratedinNorthernStatesbecauseofmarketfactor.
Market
Paralleltowoolmarketfactor,youcanseethatCottontextileindustryisprofoundin
southernhalfofIndiabecausewarmhumidclimate=moredemandforCotton
garmentsthanwoolen.
India:woolentextileregions
Srinagar:KashmiriShawlusingKashmirigoats.
NearRaw
Punjab:rawmaterialfromLudhiana,Dhariwal,Amritsar
Material
Jamnagar:rawmaterialKathiawar(andpartsofRajsthan)
Rajasthan:Bikaner,Barmer
Kanpur:In1870s,Kanpurbecamemajorcenterofwoolentextiletomeetthe
NearMarket requirementsofBritishIndiaArmy.
Mumbai,Chennai=theymostlyutilizeimportedwoolformakingapparels.
EnoughofWoolindustry,letsmovetonexttopic:
JuteIndustry&GeographicalFactors
Juteindustryisatooclichd90stopicasfarasUPSCisconcernedbutforthesakeof
completion:
WhydidJuteIndustrygrowinWestBengal?
Raw
90%ofJuteiscultivatedintheKolkatahinterland.Juteistheonlycropthatcan
2/4
6/19/2016
material withstandfloodingofthisregion.
Energy
Water
Labour
Capital
RaniganjandJhariacoalmines
Juteprocessingrequirelargequantityofwaterforwashing,bleaching,retting.Hubly
riverhelps.
Juteprocessing=labourintensive.CheaplabouravailablefromBihar,Odisha,
W.Bengal.
Kolkatahadgoodbankingfinancefacilitiesbecauseinitiallyitwasthecapitalof
BritishIndia.HenceJutemillsflourished
Challenges
Wageratesneedtobelinkedwithproductivity,newsophisticatedmachineryneeded,butlabour
unionsresistant=businessmennotdoingnewinvestment.
Afterpartition,millsremainedinIndia,juteproducingareaswenttoEastPakistan(Banglades).
SoBangladeshisarenowusingmoremodernmachineriesthanwhilewerestillusingoutdated
technology.(Becausebusinessmennotdoingnewinvestment).HenceBangladeshijuteproducts
arebetterandcheaperthanoursinInternationalmarket.
Competitionfromsyntheticpackagingmaterial.
LackofmarketingstrategytopromoteIndianjuteasecofriendly,biodegradablepacking
materialamongenvironmentallyconsciouscustomersinUSandEurope.
Flax
Justpassingreference:
Fromflaxcrop=>linenismade.Linenusedfortableclothsetc.
FlaxprocessingalsoinvolvesrettingsimilartoJute=>needscheaplaborandproximitytowater
bodies.
DoneinpoorerpartsofEuropee.g.Poland,Romania,Czechoslovakiaetc.
Whataboutsyntheticfibers(Nylone,Polyesteretc)=>wellseethatinanotherarticlelateron.
Forthecurioussouls:syntheticfibers=>neartorawmaterial(refineries)
MockQuestions
5markseach(100words)
Japanbarelygrowsanyfibersexceptsilk,yethasathrivingtextileindustry.Explain
AlthoughSouthernhemispheredominateswoolproductionbutwoolentextileindustriesare
concentratedinNorthernHemisphere.Explain
WhyisSheeprearingcarriedoutonalargeandprofitablescaleinSouthernHemisphere?
ExaminethegeographicalbasisofdevelopmentofcottontextileindustriesinmonsoonAsia.
Describeandaccountfortheshiftsinthetextileindustriesoftheworld.
LocationofCottontextileindustrydependsonmultiplefactors.
FactorsresponsibleforturningMumbaiintotheCottonopoliesofIndia
FactorsthathavecontributedtodevelopmentofwoolenindustryinJammuandKashmir.
10markseach(200words)
GivenanaccountofthenaturalfiberbasedtextileindustryinIndiaandfactorsresponsibleforits
distribution.
FactorsresponsibleforsilkindustryinIndiaandChina.
3/4
6/19/2016
FromOsakatoMumbai,FromShanghaitoLancashire,thefactorsresponsibleforthegrowthof
textileindustryhavebeenoneandsame.Comment.
Incaseoftextileindustrybasedonnaturalfibers,proximitytorawmateriallocationisnon
essential.Doyouagree/disagreewiththisstatement.Justifywithexamples.
URLtoarticle:http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorswoolindustry
juteindustry.html
4/4
6/19/2016
MrunalLocationFactors:USCornBelt,WheatPrairies&ChinaRice
[Geography]LocationFactors:Wheat,Cornindustryin
USA,China,Canada
Prologue
Wheat:Prairies,Canada
Rice:China
USAcorn&livestockbelt
CornBelt:GeographicalFactors
Prologue
Sofarunderthe[LocationFactor]articleseries,weveseetimber,paperpulp,fish,wool,cotton,
textile,silkandjuteindustry.
Nowletstakealookatwheat,corn,rice,milk,meat,vegetablesandwine.SinceUPSCsyllabus
containsseparatetopicofIndianagriculture,ImnotdwellingmuchintoIndianfoodcrops:
wheat,corn,riceorfoodprocessinghere.
ThisarticlecontainlotofplacenamesfromUSA.BecausebooksmainlyuseAmericandairymeat
industrytoexplainthelocationfactors.Togetabettergraspoverthetopic,keepreferingto
Americanmapsimultanouslywhilereadingthearticle.clickmeforalargepoliticalmapofUSA
Disclaimerasusual:Ihaventbotheredmuchtodiginternet,thisismerecompilationof
wisdom,afewbigexamplesfrombooks.Itisyourjobtodigfurtherasandwherenecessary.
Wheat:Prairies,Canada
Factor
Impact
Theprairies=temperategrasslands.centuriesofgrassrottinghasproducedfertile
soil
highphosphoruscontent=goodforwheat
Soil
topographysuitableforwheatcultivationbecausewheatcannottoleratestagnant
water
Flatterrain=machinescanbeemployed@everyproductionstage(=useful
becausepopulationisscarce=laborershardtofind,andexpensivetohire,unlike
Asia).
intheearlydaysofcolonization,landwasabundantintheCanadianprairies
Land
Europeansettlersseizedopportunity,boughtlargefarmholdings@throwaway
Holding
prices=>farmshaveareaofseveralthousandacres.
Sincefarmislarge=mechanizationpossible=dontneedmanyfarmworkers.
labour
Canada=lesspopulationdensity=hardtofindcheaplabour,butsincefarm
holdingsarelargeandonflatterrain=mostoftheworkismechanized.
RailroadconnectivityviaCanadianPacificRailway
Manybranchlinesareconstructedtoconnecteventheremotestfarmregionswith
Transport
themainline=easytosendyourproducetomarket.
mostofthewheatmovesbyrailthroughRockyMountainstoVancouver/Prince
http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorswheatprairiescanadariceyangtzechinacornbeltusa.html/print/
1/4
6/19/2016
Rupertforexport
Grainelevatorstoragefacilitiesalongtherailwaylines:herewheatiscleaned,
Storage
graded,processedandstored.
storagecomplexesandmillingoperation@bulkofthebulklocation,where
Railwaysintersectmajorwaterways
Canadianwheatboard,astatutorybody=solepurchaserandselleroffoodgrains
forexport.
Government Theboardcoordinatesmovementofwheattomajorterminals.
Policy
Farmersaregivenschedulestosendtheirwheattonearbyrailwaystation.
Thissystemminimizespricefluctuations/distributioninefficiencies
+providesqualitycontrolforexportedwheat.
Rice:China
ConcentratedSouthofYangtzeRiver
Climate
Soil
mildtemperature,goodrainfall=cangrowtwocropsonthesamefarminayear
Suitableforricecultivation+aswesawearlierinthesilkarticle,thewastefrom
sericultureisusedasfertilizer.
Water
goodrainfall+irrigationfromYangtzeandnumerousotherriversandstreams
Labor
obvious
withgovernmenthelp,farmersnow
Technology usedieseloperatedspecialtractorstoploughricefield
2/4
6/19/2016
Mechanicalriceplanterstoplantthericeseedlings.
highyieldingseedvarieties
Transport
Yangtzeriver=inlandtransport,connectsmanyimportantmarkets/cities.+good
railwaynetwork.
Governmentpolicy
LetsexaminethefactorswhyChinaisleadingproducerofRice?(Otherthansoil,climate)
WhenMaoassumedcontrolofthenation,heemphasizedmoreonfoodcropsratherthancash
crops.(BecausefaminewasaprobleminChina)
Therefore,hesetupanAgriculturecollectivesystem
hierarchyinAgriculturecollectivesystem
tier
commune
brigade
team
size
function
(Approx.)
3000
households
300
supervisionandcoordinationoftiersbelowit
Leasinglandtoteam,soilconservation,Roadconstruction,smallscale
households plants,reforestationandotherlocalAdministrativefunctions.
30
households
Producingcropasperthequotagiventothem.
Latermorereformsweretakenviz.
Workpoints/cash:farmersweregiventheserewardsforproducingmorethanthequotagivento
them.
Responsibilitysystem:farmersleasedlanddirectlyfromcollectives,iftheyproducedmore
thanquota,theycoulduse/sellthesurplusontheirown.
Loansdirectlymadetofarmers(insteadofbrigade/teams).Privateownershipofagromachinery
allowed.
RicecultivationChinavs.India
Chinahasmoreareaunderirrigation
Chinagrowsfoodcropsgrownonitsbestlands.Indiagrowscashcrops(Cotton,sugarcane,Jute)
onitsbestlands.
UScornBelt&livestockbelt
ItextendsnearlythousandmilesfromCentralOhiotoIllinois,Indiana,Iowa,Minnesotaand
easternNebraska.
IntheheartofUSCornBelt,mostoftherevenueisearnedfrombeefandpigs.Somelargescale
operationhavemorethanonelakhcattleatatime.
Thereforesomeobserverslabelthecornbeltasfeedgrainandlivestockregion
Americanfarmersprefertogrowcornbecauseoftworeasons
corngiveshighyieldperacrecomparedtowheat
Itiseffectiveforfatteninganimals.
Wealreadysawthatlocationawayfrommarket:=productisconcentratedtocompensatefor
transportcost.Samehappenshere.
Corn=>fedtocattle/pigs/poultry=>meatexported.
CornBeltinUnitedStatesofAmerica
3/4
6/19/2016
CornBeltinUnitedStatesofAmerica
GeographicalFactors
factor
effect
soil,climate chernozemsoil=goodforcorn.Soilclimatesuitable
Mostofthecornproduced=usedforfatteninganimals=>animalssentto
market
slaughterhousesinChicagoandOmaha.
Railroadtransportwelldeveloped.
government
policy
FederalGovernmentspendsbillionsofdollarsperyearinsubsidytocornfarmers.
LaborfactorinCornbelt
onlysmalllabourforceneededbecauseplanting+harvesting=highlymechanised
onceseedsareplanted,nolabourneedsariseotherthansprayingpesticidesforweedcontroland
fertilizationbutthattooisdonewithhelpofaeroplanesbecausefarmholdingsaresolarge.
forharvesting,outsidecontractorswithcrewandmachinesarehired.
Thishasledtonewtypeoffarmersknownassuitcasefarmers:theylivemorethan30miles
awayfromtheirfarm,inlargeurbancities.
Thesefarmersalsogrowsoyabean,because
Soyabean=highamountofprotein=goodforfatteninganimals
Soyabean=hundredsofindustrialandcommercialusesfromplastic,cosmeticandcandy
Inthenextarticlewilldiscussthegeographicalfactorsofaffectingthelocationofmilkanddairy
industryinUSA,EuropeandNewZealand.
URLtoarticle:http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorswheatprairies
canadariceyangtzechinacornbeltusa.html
4/4
6/19/2016
MrunalLocationFactors:Milk&DairyindustryofUSA,Europe&NZ
[LocationFactors]Milk&DairyindustryinUSA,Europe,
NewZealand:near&awayfrommarket
PostedBySupportStaffOn27/07/2013@8:00amInGeography|NoComments
Dairy:Near&AwayfromMarket
Dairy:NewZealand
Dairy:Europe
Dairy:Africa=nonexistent
Dairy:USA
Regionalspecialization:icecream/cheese/butter
Inthepreviousarticle,wediscussedthegeographicalfactorsaffectingthelocationofwheatand
corncultivation&alliedindustries.Inthisarticlewilltalkaboutthedairyindustry.
Dairy:Near&Awayfrommarket
NearMarketarea
Fresh(Liquid)milk=bulky,perishable=>dairyingshouldbedonenearmarket.e.g.thoseDUDH
wallasinmostIndiancities
Ifthecattletoberaisedformilkalone,thenyoudontneedlargearea.
Hencedairyfarmerscanrisktobuy/renttheirfarmsonexpensivelandneartowns.Because
demandofmilkproductsishighinurbanareas.(samereasonforvegetablegrowing,truck
farming)
Pigrearingandpoultryfarmingrequireslittleland,productsperishableandinhighdemand
=locatednearmarketarea.
AwayfromMarketarea
NewZealand,Switzerland,Holland,Denmark:theirdomesticpopulationislow,sotheyveto
exportsurplusmilk/milkproducttoforeignmarket.
Theyconvertrawmaterial(freshliquidmilk)intomoreconcentratedform
(Cheese/butter/powderedmilk).Itgivestwobenefits:
ProductShelflifeisextended.(butter/cheesedoesntdeterioratequicklylikeliquidmilk)
Newproducthashighervalueperunitofweight=>itcanwithstandthegreatertransportcostto
thefarawaymarkets.
Whenmilkisturnedintobutter,thebyproductisskimmedmilk=excellentfeedforpigs
Thereforethedairyfarmingregionsarealsofamousforpigs,pork,andbacon.
Dairy:NewZealand
AucklandandTaranakifamous.
Factor
Impact
coldandhumidclimate+lowundulatingplains=luxuriant,perennialgrowthof
Climate
nutritiousgrass.
possibletograzetheanimalsthroughouttheyear=lowcostoffodder
Labour
Dairyfarmingcarriedonforgenerations=skilled.
http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorsmilkdairyindustryusaeuropenewzealandmarket.html/print/
1/4
6/19/2016
Scientificbreedingofanimals,vaccination,diseasecontrol
Tech.
infrastructureforrefrigeration,transportofmilkproducts
Government
Policy
Governmentexercisesstrictqualitycontroloverexportofmilkandmeat
products=NewZealandsdairyproductscommendrespectandgoodpricesin
internationalmarket.
Geographically,NewZealandislocatedfarawayfromthemarketofmilkproducts.
Liquidmilkisconvertedintosuchasbutter,cheeseandpowderedmilkmeaning
Transport
Longershelflife,canwithstandlongseajourney.
Highervalueperunitproduct(comparetoliquidmilk)canwithstandtransport
cost.
Dairy:Europe
FactorsthatfavoredDairybiz.
Alpineareaswithnaturalgrassland=goodforgrazing.
Switzerland Swiz.alsousesimportedcocoa+localmilk=>exportqualitypremiumchocolate.
hasMNCleveldairychococompanieslikeNestle.
Denmark,Holland,Netherlandsalsofamousfordairyproducts.byandlargethefactorsare
amplegrasslandforgrazing
traditionalskill
scientificbreeding
Againsameconcentrationprinciple:milkturnedintocheese,butter,chocolateetc.forsending
toothercountries.
Dairy:Africa:Whynonexistent
Factor
impact
Thebestmilkproducingcattlebreedbelongtothetemperateregions(Holand,
Climate
Netherlandsetc)Theydonthaveresistancetocertaintropicaldiseases.Evenif
theyreexported,theyllnotsurvivelonginAfricanclimate.
IntheAfricangrasslands,thegrass=thick,roughandtallbutlacksinnutrients.
Raw
Thereforeevenwithcattlepopulation,highmilkyieldnotpossible
Material
Insomeyears,Africanlocustswarmeatsallthegreenvegetation=nopasture/grass
leftforcattle.
inAfrica,Thosewhoowncattle,followarenomadiclifestyle.e.g.Massai,lackthe
Labour
education/trainingforraisingcattlescientifically.
lackofveterinaryservices,
Lackoftransportservices+manynationshaveethnicconflictswitheachother,many
areasunderrebelcontrol=smoothmovementbetweencountries=notpossible.
Transport WhileNewZealandcaneasilyexportitsanimalproductstoEuropean/American
market,andalandlockedAfricancountrycannot.(Exceptviaairtransportbutthen
productpricescannotcompeteduetohightransportcost)
Domesticdemandformilkproducts(Becausepeopledonthavemoney).soproduct
Market
hastoconcentratedintobutter/cheeseandexportbutitcantcompetewithNew
Zealand/DenmarkinUS/EUmarketduetothetransportfactor.
Dairy:USA
2/4
6/19/2016
UScorn/dairy/meatindustrycanbesummarizedinthismap(althoughnotcoveringallstatesor
caveats):
redboxstates=growcornonmassscale,sellittoblueboxstates
blueboxstatesusecornfeedtofattenpigsandcattle
finallytheyreslaughteredinChicago
ThedairyfarminginNorthAmericaspreadsfromLawrenceValley,upstateNewYork,Ontario,
Michigan,Wisconsin,Minnesota,PennsylvaniaandOhio.Coversanareaof2000miles
Factor
Climate
impact
Severewinterregion.Agrodifficult,butcattlecanberaisedindoor.
dueofearlierglacialdepositions,thislandisverystonyandhassteepslopes=not
Soil
goodforagro.
Hencetheyraisecattle+buycheapcornfeedfromotherstates=mosteconomicuse
oflandforthefarmer.
Cattlerearing=lotoflabourrequiredbuttheyuseautomatedfeeding,cleaningand
Labour
wateringapparatus.
Thuslabourshortage=fixedwiththehelpofelaboratedbuildings,expensive
machinery,andlargecapitalinvestment.
capital
Transport
USA=richcountry,livingstd.higher=demandofmilkproduct=high,hencedairy
industrywelldeveloped,bankingfinanceavailable.
Truckbasedrefrigeratedcollectiondistributionnetwork,ownedbyfarmer
cooperatives.
Regionalspecialization:icecream/cheese/butter
Milk=>icecream:doesntleadtosignificantweightloss.Ontheotherhand,
finalproduct amt.offreshliquidmilknecessary
1poundcheese 10poundsofmilk
1poundbutter 20poundsofmilk
3/4
6/19/2016
Therefore,inUS,aswemoveawayfromthemarket(highlyurbanizedareasuchasNY/LA):the
dairyspecializationisfoundinthisorder:icecream>cheese>butter.Becausefartherplacecan
onlycompeteinmarketiftheyconcentratetheirproducetodecreaseweightandincreasevalue.
place
distancefromurbanmarket(LosAngeles) specialization
California nearest
icecream
Minnesota farthest
butter
Inthenextarticle,welltalkaboutthefactorsaffectingthelocationofmeat,pigrearingand
poultryindustry.
URLtoarticle:http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorsmilkdairy
industryusaeuropenewzealandmarket.html
4/4
6/19/2016
MrunalLocationFactors:Pig,Poultry&MeatIndustrygeography
[LocationFactors]Meat,Pig&PoultryIndustryinUSA,
China&India
PostedBySupportStaffOn27/07/2013@9:00amInGeography|NoComments
Meatindustry:USA
ShiftinglocationsofMeatbiz.
Pigrearing
Nearmarket
awayfromMarket
Poultry:India
Factor:infertileland
Factor:Contractfarming
Meatindustry:USA
Chicago=knownforitsbeefindustry.
Often,Animalisrearedinthreedifferentregionsduringitslifetime
Observethefollowingmap:
stage
breeding
initial
growth
Where?
locationfrommarket(Chicagoslaughter
houses)
ranchesinWyoming,Colorado
farthest
Nebraska,Missouri
medium
IowaorIllinois(cornbelt)
fattening
final90dayfatteningprogrambefore nearest
slaughter
So,whythispeculiardistribution/pattern?
place
factor
impact
http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorsmeatpigpoultryindustryusachinaindia.html/print/
1/3
6/19/2016
Wyoming, notgoodforagro
Colorado becauseofitssoil,
Ranchingisthemosteconomicuseoflandforthefarmer.
topographyandclimate
Nebraska,
Missouri
Chicago
(recallthewoolarticle,whyAustraliansrearsheep)
corn=cheapandusedforfatteninganimalbefore
partofUScornbelt
slaughter.+useofgeneticengineering,veterinaryscienceto
maketheanimalgainedweightfaster
portcity,urbanarea,
railroadinfra.
findsmarketallthewaytoNewYork,CanadaEurope.
SimilarpatternisfoundinWesternEuropewheresheeparebredonroughpasturesuplandthen
transferredtolowlandfarmsforfatteningbeforebeingslaughterednearcities.
ShiftinglocationsofUSMeatbusiness
fromthemap,weveseenthatinbeefindustry,rawmaterialmovesfromWest(Colorado
ranches)towardsEast(Chicagosslaughterhouses)
Butnow,theslaughteringbusinessismovedwestwards,towardsthefarmsincornbelt.Why?
Movingtowardsthecornbelt
Factor
impact
Weight
WhenBones,skinsetcremoved=weightlossupto25%.
Loss
lessweight=lesstransportcost
livecattleismuchmoredifficultandbulkytotransport
Transport Todayrefrigeratedtransportfacilitiesmoredeveloped.Thereisnoneedtotransporta
liveanimalallthewaytoChicago.
Quality
Nearesttocattlefarm=uniformityofthefinishedproduct=betterprices(Because
specificbreedofcattleavailable)
Pigrearing
Donebothnearmarketandawayfrommarket.Reasonsarefollowing:
PigscanliveinvarietyofclimatesfrommonsoonAsiatotemperateregionsofNorthernand
Southerncontinents.
Cansurviveonanything:kitchenandfarmwaste,roots,leavesandricebran
Canbekeptindoorsoroutdoors.Dontneedlargegrazingarea.
Theybreedeasilyandmultiplyrapidly[comparedtosheep/buffalosetc.]
Theymaturequicklyforslaughtering.
Pigrearing:Nearmarket
Example:PigsrearednearandinsideeverycityofChina.Why?
FactorsaffectingPigrearing?
Raw
Nearcityareas,pasturelandisscare.Butpigscanbekeptindoor,dontneedlarge
material grazingareaandcanbefedanything.
Demand Thereisnoreligiousrestrictionsonporkeating=Chinesecitieshavelargedemand.
Pigrearing:awayfromMarket
Example:NewZealand,Denmark,corn/dairybeltofUSarealsoleadingproducerofpork/bacon.
Why?
Piggeryisanimportantactivityinalmostallcountrieswheredairyfarmingisdevelopedbecause
theskimmedmilkisavailableaspigfeed.
2/3
6/19/2016
Whenmilk==>butter+skimmedmilk.
Pigscansurviveonskimmedmilk.
InCornbeltofUSA,onabundantfoddersupplies,cerealandsoyabean.Pigsareraisedhereand
senttoslaughterhousesofChicago.
Poultry:India
Bothnear&awayfrommarket
away
from
market
near
market
Chickenrearedinvillagebecauseeggs=cheapsourceofproteinforpoorfamilies.
ExampleWB,Assam,Odisha.Almosteverywhere.
Poultryfarmsexistnearalmosteverybigcity:Mumbai,Kolkata,Delhietc.tomeet
theurbandemand(+eggsbeingafragileproductandmeatbeingaperishable
product)
letslook@USA,theyreleadingcountryinchickenproduction,yetmosttheirpoultryfarmingis
donefarawayfromcities/marketareas.Why?
Factor:bogusagroland
ThePoultryindustrycanworkinremoteareasbetterthananimalfarmingactivitiesbecauseit
takeslessfeedtoproduceonepoundofmeat.
1poundof___meat Poundsof___cornfeedrequired
chicken
pig
cattle
810
Poultryfarmerscantakeadvantageofcheaper,rougherandmoreisolatedland,becausesoil
quality=irrelevantforrearingchicken/turkey.
Thereforelargescalepoultryfarmingdoneinthelessfertile,lessirrigatedareasofArkansas,
Virginiaetc.
Factor:Contractfarming
USA=boomingfastfoodindustry(KFC,McDonaldsetc)=highdemandforbroilerchicken
throughouttheyear=hasledtocontractfarming.
Majorfoodcorporateslineupthefarmersandsigncontracts.Theyprovidestandardequipment,
feedingmaterialtofarmers(sothatfinalmeatproductisuniformintasteandsoftness).
Economiesofscale=lowerproductioncost=offsetsthehightransportationcostsinrunning
poultrybusinessawayfromurbanareas.
Hencecommercialpoultryisdoneawayfromtheurbanmarketareas.
IntheNextarticle,wellseethegeographicalFactorsaffectingthelocationofVegetables,fruits,
wineandviticultureindustryacrosstheworld.
URLtoarticle:http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorsmeatpig
poultryindustryusachinaindia.html
3/3
6/19/2016
MrunalGeographicalFactors:Viticulture,Fruits&VonThunenModel
[LocationFactors]Vegetable,Fruit,Viticultureindustry&
VonThunenModel
VegetablesIndustry
California:veggiesandfruits
Curiouscaseoforanges
VonThunenAgrolandusemodel
Viticulture,Grapes,Liquor
GovernmentpolicyImpact
ViticultureIndia
MockQuestions
Inthepreviousarticle,wediscussedthegeographicalfactorsaffectinglocationofMeat,Poultry
andPigrearingindustry.Movingtothenexttopic:
VegetablesIndustry:Geographicalfactors
Freshvegetablesarewidelygrownnearmajormarketsbecause
Product=perishable.
UrbanConsumerwantitfreshandhasthepurchasingpower.
highvalueproduct=veggie/fruitfarmercanrisktobuy/rentthemoreexpensivelandnearcity
areas(comparedtoawheat/cornfarmer)
Exception:Apples,Oranges,Mangoesetc.theyneedparticularclimate,theycantbegrown
everywhere.
California:veggiesandfruits
California=leadingproducerfruits,veggiesandnuts,viz
Asparagus,cauliflower,broccoli,spinachetc.
orange,lemon,melon,grapes,peaches
fig,dates,wallnuts,almond,pistachios
WhyCalifornialeadingproducer?
Factor
Climate
impact
Mediterraneantype=suitableforthefruits/nuts
DamsonSacramentoRiverandfeatherRiver
Water
ContraCostaCanalforirrigation
Efficientsystemofuserfeesforgettingwaterinfarms
Weeding,harvestinginveggi/fruit=requireasizeablelaborforce.
Labour
Mechanization=notthateasylikeinCorn/cotton.
Butproblemsolvedwiththehelpofillegal/lesseducatedMexicanimmigrantworkers.
Sinceproduct=perishable=hastobetransportedviatruckquicklytomarket.
Transport
Californiahasgoodroads/highways=truckscoveragreaterdistanceinthegiven
http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorsvegetablefruitviticultureindustryvonthunen.html/print/
1/6
6/19/2016
time=areaundertruckfarmingishigherthaninIndiaorelsewhere.
LosAngeles=Hollywood+SiliconValley.
Lotofpeopleinservicesector=Standardoflivingishigh=juntadietconscious=good
demandforfreshveggies/fruits.
Market
Farmershaveturnedintoagribusinessmanager:marketinganddistributionin
corporatelevelefficiency.
Costallocation=processed/frozenproductscanbeexportedtoSingapore,Hongkong,
Japanetc.wherestd.oflivinghigh=demand
Curiouscaseoforanges
OrangearegrowninbothCaliforniaandFlorida,But
state
Whatisdonetooranges?
California mostofthemsoldfreshasfruits
Florida
Mostofthemturnedintoconcentratedjuice.
Recallthedairysector:areafarawayfrommarket=hightransportcost=producthastobe
concentratedtoincreaseitsvalueandshelflife.Incaseoforanges
itselfhasabigdomesticmarketduetoSiliconValleyandurbanized,servicesector
Cali
orientedeconomy=higherstd.ofliving=juntaconsumesmorefruits.
FloridaisfarawayfromtheurbanposhpeopleofNY,LAorEurope.Floridaissurrounded
Florida
bybackwardstateslikeGeorgiaandAlabama.Hencelocal/regionaldemand=notthat
high=>productmustbeconcentrated(fruittoconcentratedpreservedjuice)before
sendingtofarawaymarket.
Fruitforthought:AnalyzethesituationforHimachalApples,NagpurOrangesandAndhra
Mangoes.
VonThunenAgrolandusemodel
farmersnearcitiesgrowvegetables,fruits,milk
whilefamersfarawayfromcitiesgrowfoodgrains
farmersextremelyfarawayfromcitiesrearsheep/goatetc.
Why^thistypeofpattern/distribution?VonThunenexplaineditwithatheory:
Farmerlikeanyotherbusinessmanwantstomaximizeprofit.Buthisprofitdependsonthree
variables:
P=V(E+T)
ProfitP=Valueofhisproduce(V)MINUS[productionexpenses(E)+transportcost(T)]
withoutgoingintoalldetails,whenyouplotagraphofdistancevsprofitforvariouscrops/agro
activitiestheultimatewisdomis:
Asthefarmermovesawayfromthecity,numberofprofitableoptionsdecreases.SinceTransport
costgetshigher,hehastopickanactivitywithlowerproductioncost(e.g.sheepgrazing.)to
makeanyprofit.
ifyouapplyVanThunenonDelhi:
place
RelativedistancefromDelhi Whatwilltheydo?
Haryana,Agra nearest
dairy
Punjab
wheat
medium
2/6
6/19/2016
Jammu
farthest
sheep/goatgrazing
ForUSA,ifyouconsiderNewYorkasonlycityofthewholeUSA,thenobservefollowingmap:
IfyouconsiderLondonastheonlycityoftheworld,then
place RelativedistancefromLondon Whatwilltheydo?
Denmark nearest
dairy
Canada medium
wheat
Australia farthest
sheeprearing
AlthoughitdoesntmeannobodygrowsvegetablesormilkinAustralia.Atlocalscaletheytoo
havetheirvegetable,dairyproductionneartheirbigcities.
VanThunendoesntapplytospecialtycropssuchasoranges,applestheyllonlybegrownwhere
climate/soilpermitsthem,irrespectiveofproximityfrommarket.
Viticulture,Grapes,Liquor
Q.WhydoMediterraneancountriesleadinthisgrape/winebusiness?
factor
Climate
impact
Grapeshatecold=>notgrownbeyond50DegreeNorthand40Degreesouth
latitude.
Grapevineslikeplentyofsunshine
topography
innorthernhemisphere,grownonthehillsfacingSouth
insouthernhemisphere,grownonthehillsfacingnorth
^Thisisdonetoprovidemaximumsunlight
grapevinesdonotrequireplentyofwater.(unlikeSugar)
3/6
6/19/2016
Water
Theirrootscanpenetratedeepforsuckingwater.=cangrowinsemiaridregions
ofMediterranean
Thegrapevinesthemselvesshedthegroundinsummer=soilremainscool+less
moistureloss.
soil
Grapeslikecalcium.FranceItalyhillhavechalk/limestone=goodforgrowth.
grapesrequirespersonalattention
Thegrapesgrowninonefarmarenotsameasthosefromanotherfarm.
Evenslightvariationintemperature,precipitation,sunshine,soil,drainage,
manure,methodoffermentationandstoragecanmakealldifferenceinthefinal
labor
wine.
Mediterraneancountrieshavedensepopulationandlonghistoryofcultivation
=skilledlabouravailable
InCalifornia,GrapevineharvestedusingmachinebutnotpossibleinEurope
becausehillslopesandsmallfarms.
Grapes=perishable.
raw
Wine=nonperishable,canbestoredforyears,infactitsvaleincreaseswithage.
material
Wine=highvalueproduct=canwithstandtransportationcost.
Therefore,wineismadeneartherawmaterialsite(grapecultivationareas.)
Mediterraneanregion=longestablishedwineproducingareashavereputationand
givenexclusivenames.ExamplesherryfromSpain,Champagne/Cognacfrom
Market
Franceetc.
BecauseofGeographicalindicator(GI)system,otherareascannotusethesame
name.(EvenifyoumakesametypeofliquorinIndia)=lesscompetition
+Liquorhashighdemandinanypartoftheworld.
Factor:Governmentpolicy
WhenFrenchoccupiedAlgeriatheystartedgrapecultivation.
Why?BecauseFrenchwantedtoexporttheirownpremiumwinestoothercountries,soforlocal
consumptioninFranceitself,cheapervarietyhadtobeimportedfromAlgeria.
Thus,Algeriabecamealeadinggrapeproducingcountryintheregion.
ButWhenAlgeriawonindependence,thenewgovernmentdidnotallowwineindustryanymore
(becauseAlgeria=Muslimpopulation,alcoholforbidden)=grapecultivationdeclined.
Somemorefactorsonliquorindustry
Justpassingreferencegiveninthebooks:
Liquor
factor
Type
ismadefrombarley
Beer
incountriestoofarnorth=grapecultivationnotpossible.
Barley=glutencontenttoohigh=cantmakegoodbreads=bettermakebeer.Recall
theconcentrationprinciple.
ricewine
InChina,JapanandmanyAsiancountriesbecausegrapeisnotcultivatedandrice
abundantlyavailable.
glutencontenttoohigh=cantmakegoodbreads.
rye
cangrowintheadverseclimateofcentralEurope.
Usedforwhiskeymaking.Againrecalltheconcentrationprinciple.
4/6
6/19/2016
ViticultureIndia
Factor
Climate
Government
Policy
impact
vineyardsinHimachal,Nashik,Bangloreduetofavorableclimate,soil
Stategovernmentsgivingtaxbenefitstoencouragewineindustry.e.g.
MaharashtragivestampandExcisedutyexemption,saletaxholidayetc.tonew
wineunits.
Otherthanthat,booksdontgivemuchwisdomaboutlocationfactorsofwineindustryinIndia.
Butonanonseriousnote,whyaredesiliquordenslocatedclosetoslumareas?
Factor
impact
Climate
irrelevant
Soil
irrelevant
Water
freelyavailablefromnearestsewer
Raw
discarded/badqualitygur(Jaggery),rottenbarleyetc
Material
rawmaterial=nonperishable=>industryneednotbesetupnearrawmaterialsite.
IncaseofAluminumrefining,industryshouldbesetupnearacheapelectricity
source.
Onthesamelogic,thisunitshouldbesetupnearjungle/cityoutskirtsforgetting
Energy
freefirewoodfordistillationprocess.
Butinthatcase,finishedgoodshasriskofgettingcaughtwhileintransittocity.
Thereforeitismorelogicaltosetindustrynearmarket(Slum),ratherthan
@energysource.
Labour
canbedonebyevensingleman,aslongashehasthejigar(guts)andthe
brewingskill,otherwisehoochwillbeproduced=>deaths=norepeatcustomers.
Iftheunitisfartherawayfrommarket(slum)=riskofgettingcaughtduring
Market
transport.Therefore,proximitytomarket(slum)=primefactorindeciding
industriallocation.
althoughwithcorruptpolice,governmentprovidesindirectsupporttotheindustry
buttoincreasethepercapitaavailabilityofdesiliquor,followingreformsare
necessary:
Government
policy
AfforestationprogramsoutsidecityusingMNREGAlabour,toincreasefirewood
availability.
RottengrainfromFCIshouldbehandedovertotheseentrepreneurs
Someschemenamedafteryouknowwho,forprovidingskillupgradationand
subsidizedequipment,implementedwiththehelpoflocalNGO.
anyways,Inthenextarticlewellseelocationfactorsforplantationcropssuchastea,coffee,
rubber,sugarcaneandlaterironsteelindustryetc.
MockQuestions
ForUPSCGeneralStudiesMainsPaperI
5marks,100words
WhydoEuropeanproducershavesupremacyinthewineindustry?
5/6
6/19/2016
WorldproductionofwineisconcentratedintheMediterraneanshorelands.Comment
foranyareaofyourchoice,examinetherelationshipbetweendevelopmentofwheatfarming
withrespecttofollowingfactors
climate
reliefanddrainage
laborSupply
governmentpolicy
Whatfactorsgiverisetotruckfarmingindustrynearurbanareas?Illustratewithexamples.
Farmersawayfromurbanareasusuallygrowcerealcrops.Comment.
AnalyzethefactorresponsibleforunderdevelopmentofDairyindustryintropicalregions.
10marks,200words
InUSA,certaingroupsofstatesareknownasdairybelt,cottonbeltandCornBelt.Explainthe
factorsresponsibleforsuchregionalspecializationofagriculture.
Discussthemajorgeographicalandeconomicfactorsinfluencingthelocationoflivestockfarming
indifferentpartsoftheworld.
ExaminethefactorsresponsibleforlargeproductionofcornandWheatintheNorthAmericaand
compareitwithsuitablestatesofIndia.
URLtoarticle:http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorsvegetablefruit
viticultureindustryvonthunen.html
6/6
6/19/2016
MrunalGeographicafactors:PlantationIndustry&CocoaTriangle
[LocationFactors]Plantationindustry&typesinAsia&
Africa,CocoaTriangle
Prologue
Plantations:Why?
TypesofPlantationcrops
Factor:Gestation
Factor:Priceshocks
Cocoa
Ghana,CocoaTriangle
Factor:BeanProcessing
Prologue
Inthelastthreearticles,wesawgeographicalfactorsthataffectthelocationoftimberandfish
industryNaturalfibers:wool,cotton,silkandjuteindustryCereals:wheat,richandcornand
finallymilk,meat,poultryandpigrearingindustry.Nowletsexaminelocationfactorsforafew
beverageandplantationcropsviz.tea,coffee,cocoa,sugarandrubber.Disclaimerasusual:not
coveringeverything.
Plantations:Why?
FactorsresponsiblefordevelopmentofplantationsinAsiaandAmerica:
SuezCanalwasopenedin1869=thisreducethedistancebetweenAsiaandEurope
sailbasedshipwerereplacedwithsteambasedship=faster,morecarryingcapacity
Industrialrevolution=demandforrubberaseraser,waterproofingmaterial+consumerdemand
fortea,coffee,tobacco.
imperialism:
cheaplabour=alreadyavailableincolonies
Capital/finance=providedbyEuropeans.
thereissomedifferenceintheoriginofAsianvs.Americanplantations:
Whatsthedifference?
Americanplantations
usuallyownedbyrichfamilies
wasstartedwithhelpofAfrican
slavelabor.
Asianplantations
Setup,Financedandcontrolledbycommercialcompanies
basedinEurope.
withhelpoflocals+indenturedlaborersfromIndia,China.
TypesofPlantationcrops
Threetypesbasedonrelativematurationtimeandlongevityofproduction
type
character
lifecycle>2years
http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorssugarteacoffeerubberandcocoaforupscgeneralstudiesmainspaper1.html/print/
1/3
6/19/2016
treecrops
takeyearstomature
remainproductiveforlongperiod
oilpalm,coconut,cocoa,rubber,coffee
fieldcrops
annuals
Needlessmaintenancethantreecrops.
sugarcane,banana
singleplanting,harvestedwithinayear
cotton,jute,tobacco,groundnut
Factor:Gestation
Plantationofrubber,cocoa,coffee=needlargescaleinvestment,youwillnotseeprofitformany
years,untilthetreematures.
Suchcropsareunsuitableforsmallscaleplanterbecausehecantaffordtokeepland
unproductiveformorethanayear.
Annualcroparebettersuitedforsmallholder,theyallowgreaterflexibilityinplantingfollowedby
aharvestthesameyear.Henceplantationsystemhasalmostretreatedfromsubtropics:they
insteadgrowtobacco/cotton.
Factor:Priceshocks
Evenwhenthecommoditypricesfallintheworldmarket,theplantationownermustcontinueto
operate,hecannotisrapidlyswitchtoanothercrop.
Ontheotherhandsmallscalefarmerscangrowanalternativecroptofetchthemhigherprice.
E.g.ManyUPfarmershaveshiftedtoothercrops.
CocoaPlantations
OriginallyfromCentralandSouthAmerica,associatedwithAzteccivilization.
SpanishbroughtittoEurope,butonlyafterEuropeanslearnedtheartofchocolatemaking,
cocoademandincreased.
ThenEuropeansintroducedcocoainWestAfricancountries.
Ghana,CocoaTriangle
InGhana,thetriangularareabetweenTakoradi,KumasiandAccratownshasConcentrationof
cocoaplantations,hencecalledCocoaTriangle.
soil,climate
cocoatreeneedwarmwetclimate,forestprotection.Ghanabeinginthe
equatorialbelt.Soallconditionsmet.
needlotofcheaplaborersbecause
cocoafruitshavetobemanuallycutwithamachete.
labour
Sincecocoatreesgrowninjungleareas=havetomanuallycarryitnearthe
mainroad/railwayline.
GhanahasabundantsupplyofcocoalabourersknownasTumbadors.
transport/market
PortofTakoradiandTema.MainlygrownforexporttoUSanddairycountries
ofEurope(Swiz,Den,Neth).
Factor:Processing
(justforinformation)
cocoafruitpod=>pulpremoved=youget2030seedsfromeachpod
Seedscoveredinbananaleavesandallowedtofermentforaweek=>sundried.
2/3
6/19/2016
Tropicaldampclimate=cocoabeansquicklyloseflavorafterroasting.Therefore,further
processingdoneintheimportingcountry(e.g.USA)
theyroastthebean=>grind=>yougettwoproducts
Powder:mixwithsugar,milk&makechocolate.
Cocoabutter:usedincosmetics,creamlipstick,pharmaceuticalsetc.
SowhydoesGhanaexportcocoabeans,whynotfinishedproducts?
UnlikeUSA,Ghanadoesnthaveabundantsupplyofotheringredientsofchocolate/confectionary
itemsviz.milkandsugar.EvenifGhanaimportedmilk/sugarfromelsewheretomakechocolates,
thefinalmarketisinUS/Europe=>transportcostmakestheindustry@disadvantage.
Ghanadoesnthavedrug/cosmeticindustrythatcanefficientlyutilizebyproduct:cocoabutter.
(becausedrug/cosmeticindustryrequireskilledlabour)
Ecuadorusedtobeamajorcocoaexporterbuttreeswereplaguedbyfungaldisease=>farmer
switchedtobanana,coffeeandsugarcane.
Inthenextarticle,wewilldiscussthegraphicalfactorsaffectingthelocationofrubber
plantationsinMalaysiaandIndia.
URLtoarticle:http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorssugartea
coffeerubberandcocoaforupscgeneralstudiesmainspaper1.html
3/3
6/19/2016
MrunalLocationFactors:RubberPlantationsinMalayasiaandIndia
[LocationFactors]RubberPlantationsinMalayasia,
Kerala&SouthAmerica
RubberPlantations
ProcessingofNaturalRubber
Factor:technology
Rubber:Malaysia
Rubber:Kerala
Factors:WhydeclineinS.America
Inthepreviousarticle,wediscussedthegeographicalfactorsaffectingplantationcrops
particularlyCocoaplantationsinSouthAmerica.Nowletsmovetothenexttopic:
RubberPlantations
NatureofRawMaterial
NaturalRubberisobtainedfromlatexofrubbertrees.
Latex=whitemilkyliquid,collectedbymakingcutonrubbertreebark.
Latex=contains3040%rubber,restmateriallostduringprocessing=>preliminaryprocessingis
donenearRawmaterialsite.
Labouravailablility
Tapperneedtomakecutsdeepenoughtochopthelatextubebutwithoutdamaging
cambium=needskill.
Latexiscollectedbyaffixingartificialcupsonthetreebark.
butlatexwillcoagulateincup,ifkeptforlong=>tapperneedstocollectlatexregularly
Hencerubbercollection=needlotoflaborers.
otherfactors:
factor
impact
climate hatescold+likesabundantmoisture=bothconditionmetneartropics
Latexfromtree=>dilutedwithwater&strainedtoremovedirt.
Dilutedlatex+acid=rubbercoagulatesandformsslabsontop.
theseslabsremoved,pressedinmilltosqueezeoutliquid
slabs=dried=becomethinsheets=easytopack&export
Factor:technology
RiseofNaturalrubberdemand
1830s:CharlesGoodyearoftheUSAinventedvulcanizationprocess=increasedtheindustrial
applicationsofNaturalrubber.
1890s:automobileindustry=pneumaticcars=neededrubber.
FallofNaturalrubberdemand
http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorsrubberplantationsmalayasiakeralaindiasouthamerica.html/print/
1/5
6/19/2016
Inthe1920s,USAbegantodevelopsyntheticrubber.
Althoughnaturalrubberwasstillpreferredbecausenew
technologywascostly.
ButWW2=JapanoccupiedSoutheastAsia=natural
rubberexporttoUSAwascutoff.
Inresponse,USgovernmentdevelopedahugesynthetic
rubberindustryinaveryshorttimeandafterWW2,sold
ittoprivatecompanies.
Rubber:Malaysia
Factor
Climate
Labour
impact
hotmoistequatorialclimate=suitablefor
Rubbertrees.
immigrantsfromChina+Tamilsfrom
India
RubberresearchInstituteinKuala
Lumpur
Technology newselectivebreedingmethods
newtappingmethodstocutthelabour
cost
Replanting:
Anewrubbertreeyields34timesmore
latexthananoldtree.
Hencereplantingofrubber
tree=increasestheyield.
Malaysiangovernment,providedactive
Government
Policy
supportforreplanting.
Qualitycontrol
Governmentregulatestheexportquality
bystandardMalaysianrubber(SMR)
systeme.g.SMR5graderubbber,SMR50
graderubber.
Thus,Malaysianrubbercomments
respectandgoodpricesininternational
marketforitsuniformquality.
Rubber:Kerala
InKerala,RubbergrownonhillslopsofW.GhatsinTravancore,Kozikode,Malabar,Kottayam
distrcits.
factor
impact
Rubberhatescold+likesabundantmoisture
climate Keralabeingcoastalstate+hills=bothconditionmet.
tappingdoneinmorningtoavoidafternoonrains.
2/5
6/19/2016
soil
lateritesoil=goodgrowth.
labour Availableandskiled.Onetappercangothroughalmost250300treesperday.
Kerala=lotofcoconuts=theirshellisusedascuptocollectlatex.Otherthanthat,notmuch
wisdomisgiveninbooksregardinglocationfactor.
WhydeclineinS.AmericasRubberindustry
RubberisoriginallyfromBrazil,theirgovernmenthadbannedexportofrubberplanttomaintain
monopolyHowever,anEnglishmansmuggledtheseedsoutofBrazil,spreadRubberplantationin
SriLankaandotherS.E.Asiancountries.ButtodayS.Americancountriesdontfigureintop
Rubberproducers,why?
SouthAmericanCountries=prolongedstrugglesforindependence,coups,countercoups
=instability=noattentiontoinfra/researchnecessaryforRubber.
TheirgovernmentsdidnotunderstandtheimportanceofreplantinglikeMalaysians=yields
keptdeclineaftereveryyear.
Rubberestatesconfiscatedwithchangeofregimes,landredistributedamongpeasants=small
scalerubberproduction=cannotmaintainuniformqualityforexportedrubber+nomore
economiesofscale=unitcostofproductionincreased.
Inthenextarticle,welldiscussthegeographicalfactorsaffectingthelocationofsugarMillsin
IndiaandCuba.
RubberPlantations
Factor:technology
Rubber:Malaysia
Rubber:Kerala
Factors:WhydeclineinS.America
Inthepreviousarticle,wediscussedthegeographicalfactorsaffectingplantationcrops
particularlyCocoaplantationsinSouthAmerica.Nowletsmovetothenexttopic:
RubberPlantations
NatureofRawMaterial
NaturalRubberisobtainedfromlatexofrubbertrees.
Latex=whitemilkyliquid,collectedbymakingcutonrubbertreebark.
Latex=contains3040%rubber,restmateriallostduringprocessing=>preliminaryprocessingis
donenearRawmaterialsite.
Labouravailablility
Tapperneedtomakecutsdeepenoughtochopthelatextubebutwithoutdamaging
cambium=needskill.
Latexiscollectedbyaffixingartificialcupsonthetreebark.
butlatexwillcoagulateincup,ifkeptforlong=>tapperneedstocollectlatexregularly
Hencerubbercollection=needlotoflaborers.
otherfactors:
factor
impact
3/5
6/19/2016
climate hatescold+likesabundantmoisture=bothconditionmetneartropics
Latexfromtree=>dilutedwithwater&strainedto
removedirt.
Dilutedlatex+acid=rubbercoagulatesandformsslabs
ontop.
theseslabsremoved,pressedinmilltosqueezeout
liquid
slabs=dried=becomethinsheets=easytopack&export
Factor:technology
RiseofNaturalrubberdemand
1830s:CharlesGoodyearoftheUSAinvented
vulcanizationprocess=increasedtheindustrial
applicationsofNaturalrubber.
1890s:automobileindustry=pneumaticcars=neededrubber.
FallofNaturalrubberdemand
Inthe1920s,USAbegantodevelopsyntheticrubber.Althoughnaturalrubberwasstillpreferred
becausenewtechnologywascostly.
ButWW2=JapanoccupiedSoutheastAsia=naturalrubberexporttoUSAwascutoff.
Inresponse,USgovernmentdevelopedahugesyntheticrubberindustryinaveryshorttime
andafterWW2,soldittoprivatecompanies.
Rubber:Malaysia
Factor
impact
Climate
hotmoistequatorialclimate=suitableforRubbertrees.
Labour
immigrantsfromChina+TamilsfromIndia
RubberresearchInstituteinKualaLumpur
Technology newselectivebreedingmethods
newtappingmethodstocutthelabourcost
Replanting:
Anewrubbertreeyields34timesmorelatexthananoldtree.
Hencereplantingofrubbertree=increasestheyield.
Government
Policy
Malaysiangovernment,providedactivesupportforreplanting.
Qualitycontrol
GovernmentregulatestheexportqualitybystandardMalaysianrubber(SMR)
systeme.g.SMR5graderubbber,SMR50graderubber.
Thus,Malaysianrubbercommentsrespectandgoodpricesininternationalmarket
foritsuniformquality.
Rubber:Kerala
InKerala,RubbergrownonhillslopsofW.GhatsinTravancore,Kozikode,Malabar,Kottayam
distrcits.
4/5
6/19/2016
factor
impact
Rubberhatescold+likesabundantmoisture
climate Keralabeingcoastalstate+hills=bothconditionmet.
tappingdoneinmorningtoavoidafternoonrains.
soil
lateritesoil=goodgrowth.
labour Availableandskiled.Onetappercangothroughalmost250300treesperday.
Kerala=lotofcoconuts=theirshellisusedascuptocollectlatex.Otherthanthat,notmuch
wisdomisgiveninbooksregardinglocationfactor.
WhydeclineinS.AmericasRubberindustry
RubberisoriginallyfromBrazil,theirgovernmenthadbannedexportofrubberplanttomaintain
monopolyHowever,anEnglishmansmuggledtheseedsoutofBrazil,spreadRubberplantationin
SriLankaandotherS.E.Asiancountries.ButtodayS.Americancountriesdontfigureintop
Rubberproducers,why?
SouthAmericanCountries=prolongedstrugglesforindependence,coups,countercoups
=instability=noattentiontoinfra/researchnecessaryforRubber.
TheirgovernmentsdidnotunderstandtheimportanceofreplantinglikeMalaysians=yields
keptdeclineaftereveryyear.
Rubberestatesconfiscatedwithchangeofregimes,landredistributedamongpeasants=small
scalerubberproduction=cannotmaintainuniformqualityforexportedrubber+nomore
economiesofscale=unitcostofproductionincreased.
Inthenextarticle,welldiscussthegeographicalfactorsaffectingthelocationofsugarMillsin
IndiaandCuba.
URLtoarticle:http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorsrubber
plantationsmalayasiakeralaindiasouthamerica.html
5/5
6/19/2016
MrunalLocationFactors:SugarMillsinMaharashtra,UP&Cuba
[LocationFactors]SugarMillsinNorth&SouthIndia,
WhyCubacalledSugarbowl
PostedBySupportStaffOn28/07/2013@11:00pmInGeography|NoComments
SugarMills:NatureofRawmaterial
IndianSugarMills:Locationfactors
SugarMills:Maharashtra
SugarMills:UttarPradesh
NorthVsSouthIndia
Cuba,theSugarbowl
Sugarbeet
BananaPlantations
Inthepreviousarticle,wediscussthegeographicalfactorsaffectingthelocationofrubber
plantations,nowletsmovetothenexttopic:
SugarMills:NatureofRawmaterial
Sugarmillsarelocatednearsugargrowingareas,becauseoftwofactors
sugarcane=containssucrose
Perishable Onceyoucutthesugarcane,thesucrosecontentstartstodecline.Hencerawmaterial
mustbequicklytransported.
Weight
sugaraccountsforonly~10%ofthebulkysugarcaneandthereforeitisprohibitively
loss
expensivetotransportsugarcaneoverlongdistanceinitsoriginalform.
SugarMillandsugarrefineryoftwoseparatelocationprinciples
Sugarmill
Input
sugarcane
Sugarrefinery
rawCoarsebrownsugar(fromsugar
mill)
Sugarcaneiscrushedbetweenrollers=sugar
Process juice.
rawsugarisrefined
Sugarjuice+lime=boilingandcrystallization.
rawcoarsebrownsugar=needfurtherrefining
output
bagasse=>fodder,energy,paperpulp
Brownandwhitesugarsofvarious
industry,
grades.
molasses=>ethanol
Location
Principle
Mustbelocatednearsugarfarmingareas
IncountrieslikeJapan(whichrelyon
becausesugarcanebeingbulkyperishable.e.g. imports),thesugarrefineriesare
inUttarPradesh,Maharahstra,SouthGujarat.
setup@portsornearmarketcenters.
LetsexaminethefactorsthatledtogrowthDesividesisugarindustries
IndianSugarMills:Locationfactors
Limitingfactor=proximitytorawmaterial.Sosugarmillsarelocatedin3050kmsradiusof
http://mrunal.org/2013/07/locationfactorssugarmillsnorthsouthindiacubacalledsugarbowl.html/print/
1/4
6/19/2016
sugarcultivatingareas.
(listnonexhaustive)
State
Location
WesternMaharashtrasrivervalleys
Maharahstra Sangli,Solapur,Satara
Ahmednagar,Pune,Nasik
WesternUPandTerairegion
UttarPradesh Meerut,Moradabad,Muzaffarnagar
Sitapur,Gorakhpur,Sharanpur
Tamilnadu
Karnataka
Andhra
Coimbtore,Tiruchirapalli
Chitradurg,Shimoga
Bijaipur,Belagaum,Bellary
Hyderabad,Nizamabad
Sugarmills:Maharashtra
factor
impact
Forsugar,warmerclimate=betteryield=>Maharashtragrowsthickervarietyof
sugarcane.
climate
ProximitytoOcean=thedifferencebetweenminimumandmaximumtemp.During
cropmaturitymonths=verylow=>increasessugaryield.
sugarcrushingseasonislonger
soil
Blacklavasoil=fertile+retainswater=>goodforgrowth.
energy
Millsusebagasseasfuel(recallBagassecogeneration)=dontneedcoal.
transport MumbaiPort=helpsinexport.
labour
available
Sugar:UttarPradesh
factor
soil
impact
potashlimeinsoil=helpsingrowth.
uppergangeticplain=richfertile.
water
Ganga,Yamunaandtheirnumeroustributaries
energy
usebagasseinsteadofcoalforenergy.
transport Denseroadnetwork,flatterrain=easytransport.
labor
Seasonalandmigratorylabouravailable=costofproductionlow.
market
largepopulation=>highdemandforgur,khandsari,sugar.
govt.
sugarpricing=coveredinaseparatearticle.clickme
Factor:NorthIndiavsSouth
InSouthIndia:Noloo,nofrost+moderatingeffectofocean=idealforsugarcanegrowth.
Butthesugarcanecultivate/industryinSouthIndiaisnotaslargeasUPMaharashtrabelt,Why?
DuringBritishraj,NorthIndiausedtocultivateindigoascashcropbuttheninventionof
syntheticdyes=>farmersswitchedtosugarcane.
InSouthIndia,farmershavebettercashcropalternativese.g.cotton,tobacco,coconut,
groundnutetc.soyoudontseealargesugarbeltunlikeUP.
Ratooningtechnology
2/4
6/19/2016
developedbyResearchinsti.@Coimbatore
ratooncrop=duringharvest,youdontuprootsugarcane,leavetherootintact=>sugarcane
growsagainfromthatroot.
Advantage:time,moneysaved.
challenge:sugaryielddecreasesoneverycycle,after12years,youneedtostartfresh.
WhyCubaiscalledthesugarbowlofWorld?
factor
climate
impact
Hotclimate,thenortheasttradewinds=increasesugaryield.
sugarcane Fertilecalcareoussoil=Cropsareobtainedtwiceayear.
LargeinfluxofAmericancapitalaftertheSpanishAmericanwarhelpedsugar
industryofCuba.
capital
WW1destroyedthefarmsinEurope,=AmericanshadtorelymoreonCuban
Sugar=pricessoared,AmericansinvestedmoremoneyinCubanmillsandbought
moreareaundersugarcultivation.
market
labor
CubafacestheUSA(thegreatestsugarmarketintheworld)
notveryfarofffromthenorthwestEuropeancountries
Initiallystartedusingslavelabor.
UntilFidelCastrotookoverin1959,themainexportmarketwasUSA,but
afterwardsmostofthesugarwasexportedtoUSSRandothercommunistcountries.
govt.
policy
CastroconfiscatedtheAmericanownedplantationandEstates,andredistributed
landamongworkers=smallerlandholdings=economyofscaledeclined=>unit
productioncostgothigher.
So,laterheorganizedcooperativeandSugarcollectives.(likewesawinearlierin
Rice:China)
Nowpassingreferences
Misc.Countries
USA
sugarisgrowninLouisianaandHawaii
butindustryishighlymechanizedbecauselackoflabour
Mauritius,Fiji sugarcaneGrownwithhelpofindenturedlabourfromIndia.
Sugarbeet
Germanclimateunsuitableforsugarcultivation.
Theyhadtorelyonimports=sugarshortageduringwartime.
Therefore,GermansdevelopedamethodtoextractSugarfromsugarbeet,andencouragedthe
cultivationofsugarbeetforthestrategicreasonsofselfrelianceduringwartime.
LaterindustryspreadinBelgiumandFranceaswell.
InEuropeancountries,coolautumnretainsthesugarcontentinroot=higheryields.
Sugarjuicemakesupto20%oftheroot=significantweightloss.Therefore,justlikesugarcane,
sugarbeetmustbeprocessedquicklyatnearbyfactories
ButsugarbeetFactoriescannotbefedconsistentlyandonlyoperateduringtheharvestseason=
increasescostofrunning.
BananaPlantations
Justpassingreference
fruitripensveryquickly.
3/4
6/19/2016
withoutrefrigeratedboats,impossibletoshipproductfromtropicstoUS/EUmarket.
bananaproducingregionsnearesttomajormarketshavetradeadvantage.e.g.Caribbean
islands
Inthenextarticle,wewilldiscussthegeographicalfactorsaffectingthelocationofteaandcoffee
plantations.
URLtoarticle:http://mrunal.org/2013/07/locationfactorssugarmillsnorthsouth
indiacubacalledsugarbowl.html
4/4
6/19/2016
MrunalLocationFactors:TeaplantationsinDarjeeling,India&China
[LocationFactors]TeaplantationsDarjeeling,India,
China&effectofclimate,slope&colonization
PostedBySupportStaffOn28/07/2013@11:15pmInGeography|NoComments
Tea:GeographicalFactors
BlackvsGreenTea
Factor:breakofthebulk(London)
Tea:Darjeeling
Tea:China
Inthepreviousarticle,wediscussthegeographicalfactorsaffectingthelocationofrubber
plantation.Nowmovingtothenexttopic
TeaGeographicalFactors
Labouravailablity:
Weeding,manure,pruningandplucking=tediousjob:needskill+patience=>cheapfemale
labourforceisessential.(recallthesamefactorforsericulturedevelopmentinIndia,China)
Sinceteahastobegrowninhillslopes,mechanization=notpossible(likeincaseofwheatin
Canada/corninUS.)
Evenwhiledrying,rolling,fermentation,gradingandpackagingoftea,skilledmanpowerneeded.
Therefore,teaplantationisdonenearareaswithhighpopulationdensity.
Factors
impact
Tealeaves=>teainvolvesconsiderableweightloss.Henceteaprocessingisdone
raw
intheestate/plantationitself.
material
furtherblending/repackingcouldbedonebreakofthebulklocation(e.g.port
citieslikeLondon)
frost=injurestheleaves=>teanotgrownbeyondNorthernChina/Honshu
Climate
verylongwinter=retardsplantgrowth,decreasesyield
Topography
doesntlikestagnantwater=>hastobegrownonhighlandorhillslopese.g.hills
ofDarjiling,JalpaiguriorNilgiri
BlackvsGreenTea
blacktea
greentea
leavesundried=>steamrolled
=>fermented=>roasted.
leavesheatedimmediatelywithsteam,notallowedtoferment
result=considerableweighloss
Result=tannincontentishigher,givesapeculiartasteand
henceprocessingdone@the
kick.
estateitselfbeforeexporting.
PeopleinfareastandJapanlikegreenteamore.They
IndiansandEuropeanslikeblack consumeitwithoutaddingsugar/milk(obviouslybecausethis
tea
regiondoesntahavewelldevelopeddairyindustry.)
http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorsteaplantationsdarjeelingindiachinacolonization.html/print/
1/3
6/19/2016
Breakofthebulk=placewheremodeoftransportationchangese.g.waterwaytorailways.
TheriseofLondonTeaBiz
IntheeraofColonization,BritishcontrolledIndianandSriLankanteaestatesandhadasphere
ofinfluenceinChina.
Therefore,lotofteawenttoLondonportandfromLondonthelargeconsignmentswerebroken,
variousblendsweremixedandteawasreexportedtootherEuropeancountries+USA(which
wasacolonyofBritainatthattime)+localconsumption.
ThefallofLondonTeaBiz
Inworldhistory,wesawthatAmericansrevoltedagainsttheteataximposedbyBritain=Boston
TeaParty,andthenAmericanwarofindependence=ThusteaexporttoUSAdeclined,product
becameexpensive,AmericansshiftedtoCoffeedrinking.
LaterBothIndianandSriLankagainedindependence,CommunistruleinChina=nowteawas
exporteddirectlytotherecipientcountryinEurope,ratherthanviamiddlemanLondon.
Tea:Darjeeling
Capitalavailablity:
BritainhadaccumulatedtruckloadofwealthfromitsAsianAfricancolonies+industrial
revolution.
By1830s,monopolyoverChineseteatradewaslostwiththeentryofotherEuropeanplayers
exercisingsphereofinfluenceoverChina.
TheindigocroppinginBiharwasnotgivinggoodreturns.
SuezCanalopened=distancereduced.
All^thesefactorsledtoBritishFDIgoingintheIndianteaplantationactivity.
Factors
Climate
effect
morningfog,lowtemperature=highgradeleaf
Tista,Rangreej,Mahananda,Balason+manystreams.
water
GradualmeltingofHimalayansnow=feedswatertorivers/streamsevenindry
season.
+southwestmonsoonprovidedsufficientwater
soil
soilhasgoodquantityofphosphorous+potash=>givesspecialflavortoDarjeeling
Tea.
Topography Growninhills=nostagnantwater.
Labour
market
Largeestateshaveresidential,school,hospitalfacilities=>permanentlaborforce
workingforgenerations.
Yes,local+foreigndemand.
ProximitytoKolkataport=goodforexport.
Tea:China
MostlygrownonYangtzeKiangandSikiangvalleys
Factors
Climate
effect
summermonsoonkeepsthetempgoodfortea
Topography hills
grownandusedsinceancienttimes=peopleareskilled@growingtea.
Famersgrowteaonthenearbyhillsassecondarycropforadditionalincome,
2/3
6/19/2016
Labour
otherwiseprimarycropisrice.
ComparedtoIndianEstates,ChineseteaFarmsaresmaller,usuallylessthan1
acre.
Yeslocal+foreigndemand.YangtzeKiangleadstoShanghaiport.AndLocation
market
advantagesofShanghaiportalreadydiscussedinTextilearticle.
AlthoughmostEuropeanspreferIndianblackteabecauseitisstrongerthan
Chinesevariety.
Somepassingreferencetoothercountriesandfactors
country
Japan
factors
mountainslopes
redvolcanicsoilcontainingalotofiron
Cheaplabour,goodclimate,hills
SriLanka Britishtriedcoffee,butablightin1870swipedoutcoffeeplantation=>shiftedto
tea.
Indonesia Oceanbreezeandcheapsupplyoffemalelabour
Inthenextarticle,wellcheckthegeographicalfactorsaffectingthelocationofcoffeeplantation
industryinBrazilandIndia.
URLtoarticle:http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorstea
plantationsdarjeelingindiachinacolonization.html
3/3
6/19/2016
MrunalLocationFactors:CoffeeplantationsSauPaolo,Brazil&Kerala
[LocationFactors]CoffeePlantationsinBrazil&India,
connectionwithAmericanRevolution
PostedBySupportStaffOn28/07/2013@11:30pmInGeography|1Comment
Coffee&AmericanRevolution
Coffee:geographicalfactors
Brazil:SaoPaulo
Coffee:Kerala
Inthepreviousarticle,wetalkedaboutthegeographicalfactorsaffectingthelocationofthetea
plantationindustryinIndiaandChina.Movingtothenexttopic:
Coffee&AmericanRevolution
InitiallytheEuropeansthathadsettledinUSA,consumedteaimportedfromBritain.
ButthenKingGeorgeimposedheavytaxonteaexportedtoUSA=>Bostonteapartyrevolt+
Americanwarofindependence=>teasupplyhalted=AmericansswitchedtoCoffeeandthus
USAbecamemajormarketforBrazilandColumbiancoffeecultivators.
Coffee:geographicalfactors
factor
impact
Coffeeneedstobeprotectedfromdirectsunlight,especiallywhenplantisyoung.
Temperature inYemen/Ethiopiaannualrainfallislessthan20inchesbutstillcoffeegrowswell
becausethickseamist=providesmoistureandprotectsfromexcessiveheat.
Coffeelikesabundantmoisturebuthateswaterlogging=>hillyslopesreceiving
Topography
orographicrainfallarebestsuitedforcoffee.
Hillslopsfacingthesea=evenbetter,becausetheybenefitfromthemistandsea
breezes=cooler.(andcoffeehatesdirectsunlight/heat)
Berryhastobepickedbyhand,sortingtheripeberriesfromleaves,twigsetc.
Labor
alsoneedspatienceandskill.
Sincecoffeehastobegrowninhillslopes,largescalemechanization=notpossible
(unlikewheatinCanadaorCorn/CottoninUS)
Market
Coffeelosesflavourquicklyafterbeingroasted.Therefore,onlypreliminary
processingdoneinexportingcountry,androastingdoneintheimportingcountry.
Letschecksomeimportantcoffeegrowingregionsandfactorresponsible.
Brazil:SaoPaulo
http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorscoffeeplantationsbrazilindia.html/print/
1/3
6/19/2016
CoffeegrownintheNorthEasternregionofBrazil.BrazilianCoffeeplantationsarecalled
fazendas(becauseinPortuguese,Fazenda=farm)
Factor
Impact
volcanicsoilknownasterraroxa(redsoil)=richinminerals,potashandhumus
Soil
soilremainsproductiveformanyyearsofcoffeecultivationwithoutrequiring
additionalfertilizers.
inBraziltallleguminousplantsareusedtoprovideshade+enrichthesoilwith
Temp
nitrogenfixingbacteria
Braziliancurrent=mist=keepstemperaturemoderate.
moderatetemp=notmuchshadeneeded+loweroccurrenceofdiseases
Transport
Specialrailwayspassingthroughhillsandtunnelstoconnectplantationstoport
citiesofRioDeJaneiroetc.
theymovefromoneestatetoanother
Labor
Theirwagesarelow,buttheyareallowedtogrowmaize,vegetables,rearpoultry
forpersonaluseinthefazendas.
Market
Universaldemand,exceptwhereteaisthemainbeverage.
in1870s,ablightdiseasedestroyedSriLankanCoffeeplantation,henceBrazil
tooktheopportunitytofillupthevaccuminworldmarket.
Competition Theyclearedthevirginforestandstartedcoffeeplantations.Whensoilstarted
losingfertilitytheydsimplydestroymoreforestandmoveinteriortomake
anotherplantation=>lowunitproductioncostbecausenofertilizerused.
Coffee:Kerala
Kerala=>WesternGhats+NilgiriHillsregion=suitedforbothTea+coffee.
Factor
impact
2/3
6/19/2016
Soil
redsoil=bestsuited
HillareasofKozhikode,Palakkad,Malappuram,Kottayam=nostagnantwater
CoffeegrownonNorthernandEasternslopesoftheghat(Becausecoffeehatesdirect
Temp
sunlight)
ModeratingeffectofLakshadweepsea=tempstays~25throughouttheyear.
Transport Kochiport
Market
Kochiportto(mostly)Italy+localdemandinSouthIndia
MockQuestions
5marks/100words
Explainthereason(s)foreachofthefollowing:
Sugarcaneismoreeconomicaltoproducecanesugarbeet.
morecanesugarenterstheworldtraderthenbeetsugar
Theinventionofchocolatemakingwasthegreatestsinglefactorinrapidexpansionofcocoa
cultivation
chocolatemakingfactoriesarelocatedinimportingcountriesratherthanincocoaproducing
countries
10marks/200words
TropicalandSubtropicalregionsarethechiefsuppliersofbeveragestothetemperatemarkets.
Comment
Plantationagricultureisessentiallylimitedtothetropicalandsubtropicalareas.Whatarethe
factorsresponsibleforthisparticularconcentration?
AnalyzethefactorresponsibleforunderdevelopmentofPlantationeconomyneartropicalregions.
ExaminethefactorsinfluencingcommercialproductionofrubberinMalaysiaorTobaccoinUSA.
Explainthegeographicalfactorsresponsibleforlargescalecommercialcultivationofanyoneof
thefollowingpairs:
TeaandCoffee
sugarcaneandsugarbeet
considerthebasisofregionalspecializationintropicalbeverageswithspecialreferencetoany
onemajorbeveragecrop.
foranyselectedarea,examinetherelationshipbetweendevelopmentofcoffeeorteabecauseof
followingfactors
climate
reliefanddrainage
labourSupply
governmentpolicy
Formore,visitMrunal.org/GEOGRAPHY
URLtoarticle:http://mrunal.org/2013/07/geographylocationfactorscoffee
plantationsbrazilindia.html
3/3
6/19/2016
MrunalLocationfactors:Ironore,coalfield&IndustrialInertia
[LocationFactors]:IronCoalbasedindustries,&
IndustrialinertiaforUPSCGSMainsPaper1
Prologue
IroncoalindustryLocationfactors
IronIndustry:threelocations
#1:NearForest
#2:Nearcoalfields
#3:Nearcoastalareas
Factor:EmptyWagons
UralKuznetskcombine
BokaroRourkelaCombine
ThecuriouscaseofCleveland
Factor:CokingcoalShortage
Factor:Technology
IndustrialInertia
Whyindustrialinertia?
InertiaduetoGovernmentPolicy
Factor:strategicreasons
Factor:Developmentalpolicies
Ironcoalindustry
Ironore+coke+limestone==heat==>pigiron.
pigiron=moreprocessing=>castiron,wroughtiron,steelandvarietyofalloys
Therefore,Essentialinputsare:
ironore,cokingcoalandlimestone
waterforcooling
energyforheating
Steelindustryalsorequiresdolomite,manganeseetc.butinsmallquantities=>theirpresenceis
notthemaindecidingfactorforthelocation.
Thethreelocations
NearForest
NearCoalmines
NearCoastalAreas
#1:NearForest
Untiltheendofmedievalperiod,ironproductionwasdoneonsmallscale.
Energywasimmobile(Nowirestomoveelectricity,Notrainstomovecoal).
Toproducefivetonsofiron,youhadtochopdownoneacreofforesttogetsufficientcharcoal.
Therefore,woodsupply=primaryfactorfordecidinglocation.Andsmelterswereusuallysetup
nearforestareas
http://mrunal.org/2013/08/geographylocationfactorsironorecoalfieldindustrialinertia.html/print/
1/4
6/19/2016
EveninModerntimes,VisvesvarayaIronandSteelPlant(Karnataka)wassetupnearjungleto
getwoodcharcoal.(LaterswitchedtohydroelectricityfromSharawatiriver)
#2:Nearcoalfields
DuringtheIndustrialRevolution,ironandsteelindustryweresetupnearcoalmines,dueto
followingreasons:
Thecoalfieldregionhadatraditionofironworkingbasedoncharcoalasaresultcoalfieldareas
alreadyhadthelabourandtechnology.
InBritain,ironorewasfoundembeddedwithcoalseams=sameareaprovidedbothironore+
coal
Duringthatera,toprocess1tonsofironore,youneeded812tonsofcoal.Railwayengineswere
alsoinefficient.So,weightwise,itwascheapertotransportironoretocoalfieldsratherthan
transportingcoaltoironoresite.
Ironindustrynearcoalmines:
Germany
RuhrValley,Saxonyregion
Britain
Lancashire,Yorkshire,SouthWales
UnitedStates AppalachianPennsylvaniagreatLakes
Australia
NewSouthWalesregion
China
Wuhan,Anshan,Chongqing
bytheway,
WhydoweneedCokingcoal?
BecauseIronore=hasironoxide.ButWereonlyinterestediniron.So,wevetogetridofthe
oxidepart.
Thenhowcanweremovetheoxidepart?Ans.MakehimmarrywithcarbonandformCarbon
dioxide.
Butwherewillyougetthecarbon?Ans.Cokingcoal.BecauseCokingcoalhashighconcentration
ofcarbon,comparedtocheapvarietiesofcoallikeLignite.Thereforeyouvetomixthecoking
coalwithironore.
IronOre(IronOxide)+CokingCoal(sourceofCarbon)+Limestone(reducingagent)=heat*=>
Iron+CO2+slag.
*forheatingyoucanuseothervarietyofcoal/evenelectricity.
#3:Nearcoastalareas
Byearly20thcenturythecoalandironoreminesinUSEuropestartedgettingdepleted.So,
theystartedimportingironorefromothercountries.
Asaresulttheironspaceandsteelindustrystartedmovingtowardcoastalsitestoreducecostof
transportingoresfromporttofactoryviarailways.
NearCoastalregion:
Japan
India
Ironsteelindustryisdeveloped@coastalareas/portlocationbecausetheyrelyon
importedcoalandironore.E.g.steelindustryinOsakaKobe
Steelplants@Vishakhapatnam,Ratnagiri,Mangalore
HasironorebutnotenoughcoalThereforesteelplantslocatednearcoastalareatoget
2/4
6/19/2016
Malaysia importedcoal@minimumtransportcost.
USA
InthecoastalcitiesofCleveland,Detroit,Chicago(usingimportedoresfromCanada)
Factor:EmptyWagons
UralKuznetskcombine
Ural=richironoredeposit
KuznetskBasininWesternSiberia=richcoaldepositssenttoUralregionbyRailways.
Thereturningwagonsafteremptyingcoal,bringironorefromUralregion.
Result=>ironsteelindustrydeveloped@bothplaces.
BokaroRourkelaCombine
JustlikeUralKuznetsk,InIndia,BokaroandRoukelasteelplants:
TrainsbringironorefromRourkela=>Bokaro
andreturnwithCoalfromBokaro=>Rourkela
Thisoptimizestheuseoftransportation(becausewagonsareneverempty),andhelpedin
growthofironsteelindustry@bothplaces.
ThecuriouscaseofCleveland
Pittsburgh(PennsylvaniaState)=steelindustrywasstartedusinglocalironoreandcoal.
ButLocalironoredepletedsotheystartedimportingironorefromLakeSuperiorregion
Problem:shipswouldbringironorebutontheirreturnjourney,theydbeempty=>
uneconomicuseoftransport.
So,theystartedtransportingPittsburgcoaltoLakeSuperiorregioninthosereturning
ships=>steelindustrydevelopedinthelakeregionaswell.
ButSincePittsburghitselfisnotacoastalcity,sothecoal/ironhadtobetransportedtoaport
(Cleveland)firstusingrailways.
Thus,Cleveland(OhioState)didnthaveironoreorcoal,yetgotaccesstoboth=>ironsteel
industrydevelopedinCleveland.SamereasonforDuluthinMinnesota.
Factor:CokingcoalShortage
Swedenhashighqualityironore,yetitspecializesinnonferrousmetallurgyandlight
engineering,(ratherthanironsteelindustry),why?
3/4
6/19/2016
BecauseSwedenlackscockingcoal.
SwedenexportsitsownironoretoRuhr(Germany)andinreturnimportspigironfromRuhr.
ThenSwedenconvertsimportedGermanPigironintosteel,usingelectricalfurnaces.
(Advantage:cheaphydroelectricpower,becauseSweden=hills+fastflowingrivers).
butsinceimportedpigiron=costlier(thaniftheyhadmadeitlocally)=>thesteelthus
manufactured,isusedformakinghighvalueitemse.g.VolvoCars,BoforsGunsetc.
Factor:Technology
Newtechnologiesforsteelproductionreducedthepullfactorofcoalminesindecidinglocation.
Forexample:
Openhearth
evenscrapmetalcanbeusedtomakesteelreducedfuelconsumptionEven
system
naturalgascanbeused.
Oxygenconverter
process
Furtherreducedcoal/energyrequirement.
Combinedwiththeinventionofelectricsmelters,technologyhelpedindevelopmentofMinisteel
plantsnearindustrialcities(Andawayfromironcoalreserves).
IndustrialInertia
Today,coalisnottheonlysourceofenergy.Wevenaturalgas,hydelelectricityevennuclear
power.
+Thankstonewtechnologiesinsteelproduction,youdontneedmassiveamt.ofcokingcoal.
Butstilltraditional
4/4
6/19/2016
MrunalLocationFactors:SteelplantsinN.SouthIndia,USA&Europe
[LocationFactors]SteelPlantsinNorth&SouthIndia,
PittsburgeUSA,RuhrValleyGermany
SteelBasedIndustrialRegions
USA,GreatLakesPittsburgregion
Canada:StLawrenceValley
Germany,RuhrValley
Britain:Birmingham,Midlands
Sweden,Centralregion
CIS:Uralregion
China:Steelindustry
China:BackyardFurnaces
IntegratedvsMinisteelplants
Desi(Indian)SteelPlants
TISCO,Jamshedpur,Bokaro
Durgapur,Burnpur
Rourkela,Bhilai
SteelPlant:SouthIndia
Vishveshwarya,Karnataka
Salem,TN
Vishakhapatnam,AP
Secondaryindustries
Heavyengineeringindustry
Machinetools
Lightengineeringindustry
Inthepreviousarticle,wesawthegeographicalfactorsaffectingthelocationofironandcoal
industry.Nowmovingtothenexttopic:
SteelBasedIndustrialRegions
Sincemostofthecoalfieldsarelocatedinthemiddlelatitudes=>ironsteelindustrydeveloped
here.
Sincesteelistherawmaterialformanysecondaryindustries(heavy/lightengineering,machine
tools,automobilesetc.).=>ImportantindustrialregionsoftheWorldusuallyfound@middle
latitudes.
Ontheotherhand,tropicalbeltdoesnthaveanysignificantcoalmines=>hardlyanyindustries
belts.
Africadoesnthavecoalorironore(ExceptsomepartsofS.Africa)=>hardlyanyindustrial
development.
anyways,letscheckoutafewVidesisteelbasedindustrialregions(listnotexhaustive)
USA,GreatLakesPittsburgregion
http://mrunal.org/2013/08/geographylocationfactorssteelplantsindiapittsburgeusaruhrgermany.html/print/
1/9
6/19/2016
Factor
impact
GoodqualityCokefromPennsylvania
RawMaterial
ironorefromtheminesLakeSuperiorregion
LimestonefromLakeHuron,AppalachianMountains
coolingwater=fromlocalriversandlakes
Energy
CoallocallyavailableandhydroelectricpowerfromNiagarafalls(Cleveland)
water4cooling lakeErieetc.
Transport
StLawrenceseawayfacilitatestransportingrawmaterialandfinishedproducts
Labour
Largepopulationwithdiversifiedskills,duetoyearsofbraingain
Theregionhasdiversifiedindustrialactivities,onefeedingrawmaterialto
other.forexample
market4steel
Pittsburgh,YoungstownandCleveland=iron,steelandmachineries
PontiacandFlint=carspareparts
Detroit=automobile
Chicago=railways(+beefindustryaswesawinearlierarticleunderGeography
series.)
Canada:StLawrenceValley
ironorefromsteeprock,QubecOntario
RawMaterial coalfromtheAppalachianregion
softwoodfromtheconiferousforests
Energy
Transport
HydroelectricityfromQubec
cheapwatertransporttogreatLakesandStLawrenceRiver
Canadianpacificrailway
market4steel Machinebuildingforpaperpulpandlumberindustry+shipbuilding
Germany,RuhrValley
RawMaterial
Saxonycoalfield
ironorefromBavaria,France,SpainandSweden
water4cooling Ruhrriver
Transport
Rhineriver=inlandwatertransport+accesstosea
Dusseldorf=automobilehub,Volkswagen,Mercedesetc.Shipbuilding
2/9
6/19/2016
market4steel industryinHamburg
Britain:Birmingham,Midlands
Raw
Staffordshire,Warwickshirecoalfield.Although,nowadaysironsmeltingindustry
material
movingtowardscoastallocationsforimportedironore.
Transport
Centrallocation=>Densenetworkofrailroads.
Automobile:Coventry=HQofBritishLeylandcompany.Cars,coachesand
trucks.
market4steel
Lightengineering:regionmakesanythingfromapintoabattleship,but
specializesinsmallermetalgoodsmanufacture:nails,locks,keys,brasswareand
jewelry.Staffordshirecoalfieldhaslongsupportedthisthrivingmetallurgical
industry
Sweden,Centralregion
Raw
SwedenhasoneoftherichestironoreresourcesofEurope.Althoughtheymostly
Material
relyonGermanpigironaswesawearlier,duetolackofcokingcoal.
Energy
Mountainousterrain+fastflowingriver=abundanthydroelectricpower
(HP).CheapHP=electricfurnaces@steelplants,andelectrochemicalindustries.
Goteborg,thepremierport,shipbuildingcentre
Transport
StockholmsconnectedtoGoteboreviaGotaCanal=easytransportandexportof
engineeringproducts.
Otherindustrialtownswellconnectedbyrailways,roadsandinlandwaterways.
Market4steel Volvocars,boforsguns,Electroluxrefrigeratorsetc.
CIS:Uralregion
Ural=richironoredeposit
KuznetskbasininWesternSiberia=richcoaldepositssenttoUralregionby
Raw
Railways.
material
Thereturningwagonsafteremptyingcoal,bringironorefromUralregion.Thus
ironsteelindustrydeveloped@bothplaces.
ThisisknownasUralKuznetskcombine.
Energy
VolgaRiver=Kuybyshevdam=hydroelectricpower
Transport
transSiberianRailway
Market4steel Agriculturalmachinery,becauseAgriculturedevelopedinCentralVolgaregion.
China:Steelindustry
Inthelate19thcentury,inBritain,thecoalproductionandurbanindustrialgrowthoccurred
parallel.SamestoryrepeatinginChina.
DuringMaosera,
Therailwayswasinnascentstageandlackedthecapacitytomovemassivequantitiesofcoalto
industrialareas.
VariousregionsofChinadidnothaveinterconnectedelectricitygrid.
Therefore,manyindustrialregionsweresetupinNorth,nearthecoalmines.
3/9
6/19/2016
steelindustrywassetupbyJapanesecolonialists(afterSinoChinawar,Japanhad
Manchuria
occupiedthisregion)
CoalfromFushan.
Northern
AroundShantungandBeijing.
China
CoalfromShantungandShensi.
RunsalongwiththeYangtzeriver,AroundChongqing,Wuhanetc.
Yangtze
CoalfromChongqing+hydroelectricityfromYangtzeriver.
Valley
IronoredepositsonSouthofYangtzeRiver.
Yangtzeriveritselfprovidescheapinlandtransport.
China:BackyardFurnaces
Attheendof1950s,ChairmanMaohadstartedacampaigncalledGreatLeapforwardwiththe
aimtotransformagrarianChineseeconomytoindustrializedeconomy(similartoRussia).
Oneofthetoolundergreatleapforward=backyardfurnaces.
Maohadorderedeachcommune,tosetupsmallfurnaceandproducesteelusinglocalwood
charcoalandmetalscrap.Butthiscommunistexperimentwasanepicfail.Because:
Peasantsdidnothavetheskillsformetallurgy,workwasdoneinhaste,sometimesvillagers
wouldjustmelttheirkitchenutensilsandproductanunusablemetallumpmeetridiculously
highsteelproductiontargetsgiventoeachcommune.
AlthoughMaowantedtodoubletheNationalsteelproduction,Butresultwas:
Steelproducedbysuchbackyardfurnaceswasveryweakandnonuniforminquality.Ifyou
madeanymachineryorbuildingwiththissubstandardsteel,itwouldbreakdowninafewyears.
Farmlaborerswereshiftedtocollectscrapmetalandcutjunglesforcharcoal=>agroproductivity
declinedandledtofaminesinlateryears.
Forestswerecutdowntomakecharcoal=>environmentproblems,soilerosionetc.
beforegoingintoDesisteelindustry,letsunderstandthedifferencebetween
IntegratedvsMinisteelplants
4/9
6/19/2016
Whatsthedifference?
Integratedsteelplant
Ministeelplant
handleseverythinginone
complex
fromprocessingraw
material,makingtheCoking
coal,
blastfurnaces,production
pigiron,
Runsonelectricfurnaces.
input=scrapmetal,spongeiron
Locatednearindustrialtownsforrecyclingthewastemetal.e.g.in
Maharashtra
steel&otheralloys,
evenuptofinalrollingand
shapingofingotsandrods.
takesyearstoconstructan
integratedsteelplant
Lowgestationperiod.
inIndia,theyre
Theyreusuallyawayfromareashavingintegratedsteelplants
concentratedinDamodar
(WesternIndia),tomeetlocaldemands+toavoidcompetition
Valleyregion(EasternIndia) fromintegratedsteelplantsoftheEast.
IndianSteelPlants
Note:mapsformostofthefollowingsteelplantsaregivenonpage88and89ofNCERTClass11
(IndiaPeopleandEconomy),dorefertoit.
Factor
TISCO,Jamshedpur
NoamundiSinghbhum,Jharkhand
Ironore
Mayurbhanj,Odisha
Bothwithin100kmsradius
Coal
Limestone
Energy
Waterfor
cooling
Labour
Bokaro,Jharkhand
NoamundiinJharkhand
Kiriburu,Odisha
Jharia,Raniganj
JhariaMinesjust65kms
Bothwithin<200kmsradius
away
Sundarghdistrict,Odisha
MaganesefromJodamines,Keonjhar,Odisha
dolomitefromPalamau
HydroelectricityfromDamodarValleycorporation
ViapipelinesfromSubarnarekhaandKharkhoirivers
Damodarriver
AbundantsupplyofCheaplabourfromJharkhand,Bihar,Odishaandthetribalbelt
ofChhotaNagpurplatteau.
Transport RailwayconnectivitytoKolkata,Mumbai,Chennai
railwaterconnectivityto
Kolkata,just300kmsaway
Secondaryindustrieslocatedintheregionthatuse
steeltomanufacturemachinetools,automobiles,
agromachines,tineplates,wiresetc.
TELCO(TataEngineeringandLocomotivecompany)
Market
produces
Consumercars/SUVslikesumo,safari,indica,sierra
etc.andheavyvehicles,includingarmoredcarriersfor
sludgeslagfromtheplant
providesrawmaterialto
Sindrifertilizerindustry.
producescrudesteelandpig
iron
5/9
6/19/2016
army.
Setupin1907,justtwoyearsafterLordCurzon
partitionBengal.
Trivia
TISCO=TataIronandSteelcompany
TISCOplantwasntsetupbyJamshedjiTatabuthis
withSoviethelpin72
sonSirDorabjiTata
Manganeseisusedforhardeningsteel.
MovingtothenexttwoIndiansteelplants:
Factor
Durgapur,WB
Singhbhum,Jharkhand
Ironore
Kendujhargah,Odisha
Mayurbhanj,Odisha
Coal
Raniganj,WB
Burnpur,WB
Singhbhum,Jharkhand
MayurbhanjOdisha
Jharia,just~130kmsaway
Jharia,Jharkhand
Birmitrapur,Odisha
Limestone
Managanese:Bonaigarh,BarbilinNorth
Sundargarh,Odisha,just~300kms
Odisha
Energy
Waterfor
cooling
Labour
Damodarvalley
Damodarriver
Noshortageofcheaplabour.
plantonthemainrailwaylinebetween
Transport
DelhiKolkata
goodrailconnectivityseaports
NavigableCanalfromDurgapurtoHugli
@Odisha+Kolkata
andKolkataPort
Market
Trivia
pigiron,tools,alloys,lightstructural
products
64withcollaborationfromUK
rails,galvanizedsteel,billets
initiallyaprivateplant,nationalizedin
72
MovingtothenexttwoIndiansteelplants:
factor
Rourkela,Odisha
Bhilai,Chhattisgarh
Sundargarh,Keonjar
Ironore
DistrictofOdisha
Dugar,ChandrapurandBastar
withinradiusof
DalliRajhararange80kmaway
~70kms
Coal
Jharia,
Korba,Chhatisgarh(~225kms)
Telchar,
Bokaro,Jharia(~720kms)
Korba
Raniganj,WB
Limestone Birmitrapur
Manganese Barajmda
Energy
Hirakud(just150kms
Nandinimines~25kmsaway
ManganesefromBalaghat(MP)+Bhandara(MH)
Balaghat
KorbaThermalstation
6/9
6/19/2016
away)
Waterfor
cooling
Labour
Bramaniriver
reservoironMandira
TandulaReservoir
Dam(SankhRiver)
cheaplaboravailable.
Transport BothconnectedtoKolkataNagpurRailway
providedspecialsteel
for
Market
ISROslaunchvehicles
Vijayentatanks
itselfusessteeltomakerails,beamsandotherstructural
products.
buildingMathura
refinery
firstSwadeshisteelplant
Trivia
setupin59,Withhelp withhelpofformerUSSR,1959
fromWestGermany
Mainlocationfactor=Governmentpolicytosetupplant
here,toremovebackwardnessofthisregion.
SteelPlant:SouthIndia
factor
Ironore
Vishveshwarya,Karnataka
just40kmsawayBabaBudan
hills,inChikmanglur.
Bhundiguda
Coal
Manganese:Shimoga,
Chitradurgajust50kmsaway
Limestone availablewithin50kmradius
Salem,TN
Bailadilamines,Odishalocalironorealsoavailable
haslowphosphoroussulfurcontent=>helpsmaking
specialgradeIronandSteel.
EitherimportedorbroughtfromJharkhanddepending
onpricefactor
Birmitrapur
Inearlydays,usedcharcoal
fromforestwood.
Energy
nowuseshydroelectricpower Metturhasboththermalandhydroprojects
fromSharawatiandMahatma
Gandhiproject
Waterfor
cooling
Transport
Market
Bhadrariver
locatedonmainrailwaylineof
BiruShimoga.
Chennaiport
SalemsteelisusefulinTNsautomobileindustry,
billets,rails,wheelsalloysteel elevators,lifts,coins,ceilingfans.Alsocaters
andsleepersforrailways.
Governmentmints(formakingcoins).
In1923asprivatecompany
Trivia
dontknowandtootiredtogoogle
MysoreIronandSteel.
Nationalizedin89
Startedin82.Locationchosenduetopolitical
considerations.
Vishakhapatnam,AP
Ironore
Bailadila,Chhattisgarh
7/9
6/19/2016
Coal
DamodarValley,JharkhandalsoimportsmetallurgicalcoalfromAustralia
Limestone FromMP,Odisha,Chhattisgarh
Energy
NaturalgasfromKrishnaGodavariBasin
Transport
trivia
VishakhapatnamitselfaPort=railconnectivitywithotherstates.+helpsinimportof
rawmaterialandexportoffinalproducts.
FirstshorebasedplantofIndia.
Secondaryindustries
theseindustriesrelyontherawmaterialsproducedbyotherindustries
thereforesecondedindustriesareoftenlocatednearthecompanieswhichmaketheirraw
materialindustry,forexample
industry
Heavyengineering
locatednear
steelfactories
petrochem/syntheticfibers crudeoilrefineries
Engineeringindustries
engineering
Light
Heavy
kitchenutensils,refrigerators,vacuum shipbuilding,railwaywagons,hydro
examples
cleanersandvarietyofhomeandoffice turbines,thermalgenerators,transformers
location
appliances.
etc.
Canaffordtotransportsteelover
Needlargequantitiesofsteel=>located
longerdistancesandtherefore
fairlyclosetoironsteelindustrytoreduce
scatteredindistribution.
transportcost.
Heavyengineeringindustry
Theyrequire:
hugeamountofpower
largecapitalinvestment
skilledlabor
Butmainfactoris:transportcostforheavyandbulkyrawmaterial(steel)=>Heavyengineering
industryisusuallylocatednearsteelplants.
EarlierwesawthatsteelplantsthemselvesarelocatedintheDamodarValleyandsurrounding
region(WB,Odisha,Jharkhand)foreasyavailabilityofironore,limestone,cokingcoal,energy
andcoolingwater.Nowletsseeexamplesofhowheavyengineeringindustryisalsolocatedin
thesameregion,becauseofthosesteelplants.
Place
Jharkhand
HeavyIndustry
HeavyengineeringCorporationLtdinRachi.Theymakeblastfurnacesforsteel
plants,heavycrushingandgrindingequipment,rollingmills,rigsforoilwells
Durgapur:heavyengineeringfactoryforminingequipment
ChittaranjanLocomotives:steelfromDurgapur(~70kms)andhydroelectricity
WB
fromDamodarValley.
TextilemachineryCorporationhasmorethan60unitsinKolkataHowrahregion,for
assemblingjutemillmachineries
8/9
6/19/2016
Odisha
machineriesforpaperMillsaremanufactured@Rourkela
ThankstoSalemsteelplant
Chennai
factoriesforagricultural,miningmachinery:earthmovers,excavators,bulldozers,
powerreaders,threshers,harvesters,cutters,tractors
ForthelistofheavyindustriesinForeigncountries,wealreadysawtheexamplesinthose
industrialregiontablesabove.
Machinetools
Unlikeheavyengineeringindustry,themachinetoolindustrydoesntneedtoberightbesides
steelplants.Proximitytomarketandskilledlabor=decidingfactors.Forexample:
HMT
Rajasthan
Kerala
HindustanMachinetools.hasunitsinBangalore,Pinjore(Haryana),Ajmer
(Rajasthan),Srinagaretc.
Instrumentationltd@Kota,
magnetic,electromagneticequipments
@Palkkad,hydraulicandpneumaticinstruments
Observethatnoneofaboveplacesarefamousforironsteelproduction.
Lightengineeringindustry
Thesearticlesarefairlylightandrequiresmallamountofrawmaterials.(e.g.varioushousehold
andofficeequipment)
Suchindustriesrelyonelectricityratherthancoaloroilforpower.
Forthemskilledlabour,transport,market,favorablegovernmentpolicies(SEZ/Taxation)are
moreimportantfactorsthanproximitytorawmaterial.
Theycanbefoundnearmajorcitiesratherthanintraditionalindustrialareasnearcoalmines.
Wellseeaboutthemindetaillaterinthearticlesformarket/labourfactorsinindustriallocation.
Inthenextarticle,wellseegeographicalfactorsaffectingthelocationofautomobileindustry
andshipbuildingindustry.
visitMrunal.org/geographyfortheArchiveofallgeographyarticlespublishedsofar.
URLtoarticle:http://mrunal.org/2013/08/geographylocationfactorssteelplants
indiapittsburgeusaruhrgermany.html
9/9
6/19/2016
MrunalLocationFactors:AutomobileIndustryDetroit,Toyota,Nano
[LocationFactors]AutomobileIndustryDetroit,Toyota,
Sanand,Nanocar&Shipbuilding
Automobileindustry
Detroit:CarCapitalofWorld
DetroitBankruptcy
ToyotaNagoyaregion,Japan
Sanand,Ahmedabad:theNanoFactory
Shipbuildingindustry
JapaneseShipbuildingindustry
GermanShipbuilding
MockQuestions
Inthepreviousarticle,wesawthegeographicalfactorsaffectingthelocationofsteelindustry
andheavyengineeringindustryinIndiaandabroad.Nowmovingtonexttopic:
Automobileindustry
Automobileindustryrequireslargevarietyofrawmaterialsfromotherindustrialsourcesviz.
steel,nonferrousmetals,windowglass,plastic,rubber,wood,paint,textile,electroniccables,
seatcushionsetc.etc.etc.
Forcontinuemassproductionontheassemblyline,youneedcontinuoussupplyofthosespare
parts,rawmaterial.
Therefore,bestlocationforautomobileindustry=establishedindustrialregionthathastradition
ofmanufacturingsuchcomponents.(e.g.wesawearlierMidlands,UK=Layland
Mercedes/VolkswagennearRuhrGermanyVolvoSweden.)
Detroit:CarCapitalofWorld
Factor
impact
onthebankofDetroitRiver,linkedtoLakeHuron
http://mrunal.org/2013/08/geographylocationfactorsautomobileindustrydetroittoyotasanandnanocarshipbuilding.html/print/
1/5
6/19/2016
Transport
DetroitisconnectedtoWindsor,Canadaviatunnelacrosstheriver.Detroitcars
findmarketinCanadaaswell.
Greatlakes=cheapandeasywatertransport.
Inearly19thCentury,flourmillsdevelopedusingrunningwaterfromriveras
energysource.laterinternalcombustionenginesforboats
consequently,manyrepairshopsopenedintheregion
Labor
Theyalsostartedbuildingmachinesneededfortheironsteelsmeltersin
Pittsburgregion.
Thus,Destroithasalongtraditionofbuildingmachines=generationsofskilled
labour+sparepartindustryavailable
WilliamDurant(thefatherofGeneralMotors),initiallyusedtomanufacture
Entrepreneurs
railwaycarriagesinthesameregion.
HenryFord,earlierworkedinDetroitAutomobileCompany,latersetuphisown
FordAutomobilehere.
IronsteelfromthePittsburg
SinceDetroithaslongtraditionofmachinebuilding,therearenumerous
RawMaterial intermediateindustriesprovidingrawmaterialforseatcushions,spraypaint,
tyres,electroniccircuitandvariouscaraccessoriestothetrinityofFord,GMand
Chrysler.
DetroitBankruptcy
Withoutgoingintoalldetails:
ThisbankruptcyisfilledbyDetroitMunicipalityandnotbyDetroitAutomobileindustry
DetroitMunicipalityhadsoldbondstofinancetheiroperations(firedept.,policedept.and
variousmunicipalworks,socialservices,healthcare,pensionexpenses)
Nowtheydonthavetheca$htorepaymoneytobondholders(needaround18billiondollars).
So,MunicipalityfilledBankruptcyunderChapter9ofBankruptcyAct
ThisChapter9protectsfinanciallydistressedmunicipalitiesfromlegalprosecutionfromtheir
creditorswhiletheynegotiateaplanforarrangingmoney/rewritingtheloanconditions.
AlthoughAutomobileindustrywasafactorinDetroitBankruptcy.How?
era
populationofDetroit
1950s around18lakh
present around7lakhandamongthem,barely280,000peopleareofworkingage.
sowhy^thisgrowthanddeclineinpopulation?becauseinthe50s,Detroitwasabooming
automobileindustry.Butlater,otherStatesofUSAalsoofferedtaxbenefitstoAutomobilegiants
sotheystartedsettingupplantselsewhere.
CompetitionfromJapaneseautomobiles
+recession=>autosalesdeclined
Asaresult:automobileandsparepartfactoriesofDetroitbegantoshutdownandworkers
startedmovingtoothercitiesforjobs=lessworkersinDetroit=lesstaxpayers.Andmanyof
Detroitfolksbarelyearn~27,000dollarsperyear=youcannotextractalotoftaxoutthem.
Sincepeopleleftthecity,manyhousesarevacant=lesspropertytax.
ThusDetroitMuni.doesnthavelotofincomingmoney
Ontheotherhand,outgoingmoneyishighbecauseofpensionhealthcaretooldpeople
2/5
6/19/2016
unemployment=>crimerate=>moreexpenditureonpolicevacantproperties=>morefire
incidents=>moreexpenditurefiredepartmentandsoon.
Therefore,DetroitMuni.unabletopaybackthebondmoneyandhencethebankruptcy.
ToyotaNagoyaregion,Japan
ToyotaMotorCompanysetupplantinKoromo.Koromo=silkindustrywason
labor
decline=highunemployment=cheaplabourforcewasavailable.
technology innovationbyreverseengineeringUStechnology
NearbyNagoya=metropolitanarea=idealforauxiliarycorporateservices+portfor
transport
exportingcarstoUSandothercountriesofAsia.
government
policy
Koromoslocalgovernmentprovidedcheaplandforthefactory.
Andthus,aruralsilkgrowingareaturnedintoamajourindustrialdistrictinautomobile
production.
Later,majorityofJapaneseautomobilecompaniessetupplantsintheTokyoNagoyaregions.
(ExceptMazdainHiroshima)
Sanand,Ahmedabad:theNanoFactory
AhmedabadVadodaraindustrialregionhasmanyfactoriesforspareparts,car
Raw
accessories,tires,circuit,glassesetc.
Material
Nanohavingsmallcheapmodel,doesntrequirethatmuchironsteelcomparedtoa
TruckorSUV.+locatednearportsforeasyimport.
LocatedinDelhiMumbaiIndustrialcorridor(DMIC)=>easytransportofspareparts,
rawmaterialandfinishedcars.
Transport Mundraport~180kms:hascontainerdepotsforvehicles+roroterminalforloading
andunloadingvehicles
SimilarlyKandlaPort:just~250kmsaway.
TatasaidtheydtrainthelocalyouthforworkingintheNanoplant.
Labor
Ahmedabaddistrictlargepopulation+urbanamnesties=>noneedtosetupspecial
townshipforworkersandtheirfamilies.
Market
Energy
Land
AbadtoMumbai:developedregionwithlakhsofmiddleclassfamilies.+proximityto
ports=easycarexport.
Tataworkingon4000MWUltraMegaPowerProjectinMundra(~180kms)using
importedcoal.
MostofthelandbelongedtoAnandUniversity(andhencetoStategovernment).
Hence,Landacquisitiondonewithoutmuchproblem.
Anyways,enoughofAutomobileindustry,letsmovetonexttopic:
Shipbuildingindustry
Locationfactors:
physicalfactors
economicfactors
steelavailability
large,levelcoastalland capital
deepnavigablewaters demand
skilledworkers
3/5
6/19/2016
Located@Nagoya,TokyoYokohama,Hiroshima
Japanreliesonimportediron=steelmillsare@costallocation=>heavymarineengineering
industryalso@costallocation=heavymachinery,boilers,engines,cableropesandelectric
installations.alltherawmaterialandsparepartsarelocallyavailableforshipbuilding.
Auxiliaryindustriesalreadydevelopedbecauseofautomobiles.
robots:tocompensateforlessnumberofworkers
Excellentharboursandbaysforlaunchingships.
Mildclimatestokeepwateroftheriversandestuariesfreefromfreezing.
Greatdomesticaswellasforeigndemandforfishingboatsandmerchantvesselsrespectively.
GermanShipbuilding
AvailabilityoftidalestuariesoftheElbe,Weser,OderandLubecBay
Advantageofhighlydevelopedironandsteelindustriesinthecountry.
Possessionoftechnicalandskilledlabour.
Patronageoftechnicalinstitutionsofthecountry.
largedomesticandforeigndemandsforhervessel.
Nowsomepassingreferences
Boston
ChiefcenterofshipbuildingisMidAtlanticcoastregion.
Theareahaseasyaccesstotidalwatersandavailabilityoflargequantitiesofsteel.
India
VishakhapatnamitselfhassteelindustryandKolkatawellconnectedwithsteelindustriesof
JharkhandandWB=rawmaterialavailablenearby.
flat/levelcoastallandavailable
richhinterlandwithexcellentrailroadconnectivityfortransportoflaborandancillarycomponents
IndigenousdemandfromONGC,foroffshoreplatforms,drillingrigsandsteeljackets+from
IndianNavyandCoastguards.
Otherthanthat,notmuchwisdomisgivenonlocationfactorsforshipbuildingindustryinIndia,
justestablishmentyears,namingrenaming,typesofshipsmade/repairedetc.
MockQuestions
ForUPSCCivilserviceexam,GeneralStudies(Mains)Paper1:
5marks,100words
AnalyzethefactorsreasonableforlocationofironsteelindustryinChhotaNagpurregion?
WhatfactorwereconsideredforsettingupironandsteelplantatDurgapur?
ExplainwhyWesternIndiadoesnthaveanymajorironsteelindustry.
Proximitytomineralresourcesisimportantbutnotessentialrequirementfordevelopmentof
ironandsteelindustries.Agree/disagree?JustifyyourstandwithsuitableexamplesfromIndia
/Abroad.
Discusstheroleofenergysourceasafactorforlocationofsteelindustries.
HowdoesIndustrialinertiaaffectthelocationofsecondaryindustries?
Towhatextentistheavailabilityofpowersupplyamajorlocationfactor?Whydocoalfieldsexert
agreaterinfluencethanoilfieldsontheindustriallocation?
4/5
6/19/2016
Assesstheroleplayedbylocalsourcesofironoreinthedevelopmentofironandsteelindustry
eitherinEuropeorinUSA.
Outlinethelocationsofironandsteelindustryinanyonecountry,andshowhowithasfactored
inthelocationofsecondaryindustries.
10marks,200words
Listanythreemajorindustrialregionsinthreedifferentcontinentswhicharefoundnear
coalfieldsandexplainthefactors,apartfromproximitytocoalfieldsthathavehelpedintheir
growth?
ImportantindustrialregionsoftheWorldusuallyfoundatthemiddlelatitudes.Comment
Usingtheexamplesofanytwocountriesofyourchoice,explainthefactorsresponsibleforthe
establishmentanddevelopmentofautomobileindustry.
WriteanoteonthedistributionofIronSteelandheavyengineeringindustryinIndiaandthe
factorsresponsibleforit.
URLtoarticle:http://mrunal.org/2013/08/geographylocationfactorsautomobile
industrydetroittoyotasanandnanocarshipbuilding.html
5/5
6/19/2016
MrunalLocationFactors:AluminiumSmelting,RefiningIndia&Abroad
[LocationFactors]AluminiumBauxiteRefining,Smelting
industriesinIndia&Abroad
Aluminumindustry:ForeignLocations
AluminumIndustries:DesiLocation
Hindalco/Birla
VedantaAluminum
Niyamgirihills
Aluminum
Tounderstandthereasonbehindlocationofaluminumrefineries,firstweneedtounderstand
howaluminumisproducedfrombauxite?
Phase:bauxitetoAlumina
Aluminumisanabundantmineralinthecrustofearthbutforminingorcommercialscale
exploitation,yourequiresignificantconcentrationofbauxiteoreatoneparticularsite.
Bauxiteoccursfrequentlyinthetropicalareaswherelimestonerocksareexposedtoweathering
First,Bauxiteoreiscrushed,washedandmixedwithcausticsodatoremoveimpurities.
Thenitisdriedinlargefurnacestoremovemoisturecontent=>yougetalumina.
Duringthisphase,~50%ormoreweightlosshappens.
Hence,thisprocess(ofconvertingbauxitetoAlumina)isdoneneartherawmaterialside.
Becauselessweight=lesstransportationcost.
Phase:aluminatoaluminum
Involveselectrolysis.
Thewhitepowderofaluminaisdissolvedinabathandelectriccurrentispassedthroughitusing
carbonelectrodes.Resultaluminaisconvertedtoaluminum.
Butthisstagerequiresmassiveamountofelectricity
Therefore,aluminumsmeltingfacilitiesaresetupnearsourcesofcheapelectricity,ratherthan
http://mrunal.org/2013/10/geographylocationfactorsaluminiumbauxitesmeltingrefiningindustry.html/print/
1/4
6/19/2016
neartorawmaterialorneartofinalmarket.
Aluminumindustry:ForeignLocations
Canada donthaveanysignificantquantitiesofbauxiteore,yettheyhavemanyaluminum
and
processingindustriesinthecountry.Why?
Norway Becausebothofthemhavecheaphydroelectricpower.
usedtohavealuminumsmeltersinitsdomesticsoilbutwithrisingcostofelectricity,
Japan
nowtheyveshiftedtheirrefiningtoAustralia,Indonesiaetc.byleasing,longterm
supplyagreementsMergeracquisitionetc.
HaslargestdepositsofBauxite.
Australia Queensland&Victoria:usecoalbasedthermalpowerplants.
Tasmania:usehydroelectricity
EasternUSA:Arkansas,GeorgiaandAlabama
WesternUSA:Arizona,Utah,andNewMexicostates.
USA
Declinedbecausevariousenvironmentaltaxes&regulationshadincreasedthecostof
production.
AsDollarstrengthenedagainstChinese,Australiancurrency,itbecamecheaperto
importaluminumthanproduceitusingexpensiveelectricity+taxes@USA.
Cheapelectricity=decidingfactorforlocationofAluminumrefinery.
LEADINGRefinersINTHE70s
Japan,UnitedStatesandWesternEurope
Declinedbecauseofrisingcostofelectricity+pollution
relatedtaxesandlaws.
LEADINGRefinersTODAY
Australia,Canada,Brazil,MiddleEast,
RussiaandChina.
Cheapelectricityfromcoal/hydro.
Largestproducer(2012data)
Alumina
China
Aluminum Australia
StillChinaimportsasubstantialamountofAluminumfromIndonesia.Why?
AluminumischeapersubstituteofCopper.
usedbackingplatesforflatscreenTVs(alightweightalternativetosteel),tabletcomputers,
mobilephones,laptopsorasalaminatedfilmusedinexteriorpackagingforbatteries
Aluminumingreenapplicationssuchassolarpaneling(usedintheframe)andwindfarms(in
submarinecablesforoffshorewindfarmprojects.
Chineseindustryinvolvedmanufacturingallofabove,henceneedlargescalesupplyof
aluminum.
AluminumIndustries:DesiLocation
2/4
6/19/2016
Hindalco/Birla
FACTOR
Renukoot,UP
RAW
LohardagaPakharregion@Jharkhand,
MATERIAL
KorbaBastarregion@Chhattisgarh
HydroelectricityfromRihandDamon
ENERGY
RihandriverinSonbhadradistrict,UP.
Thereservoirbehindthisdam,knownas
GovindBallabhPantSagar
Hirakud,Odisha
Odishaitselfrichinbauxitereserves,
particularlyKalahandiKoratpur
region.
HirakuddamonMahanadiriver.
+captivecoalblocks@Talabira,
approximately45kmfromHirakud
AluminumRefiningrequiredskilled
worker.
MANPOWER
Skilledlabour=mobile(comparedto
Hirakudhasatownship
uneducated,unskilledlabour).
nearestcitySambalpurjust15kms
Besides,thisplanthasitsown
away.
residentialcolonycumminitownship,
hospitaletc.
connectedtoallimportantindustrial
CONNECTIVITY
regionsandportsviarailroadnetwork. Itissituated6kmawayfromNH6
Nearestairport~160kmsincityof
connectingKolkataandMumbai
Varanasi.
VedantaAluminum
VedantaisanintegratedproducerofAluminuminIndiawithmines,smeltersandassociated
powerplants.
Korba(Chhattisgarh)andJharsuguda(Odisha)
Bothplaceshavebauxiteandcoaldeposits.
Vedantausesthatcoalforgeneratingthermalelectricityinitsowncaptivepowerplants.Same
electricityusedforrefiningaluminatoaluminum.
Niyamgirihills
LocatedinOdisha.ConsideredsacredbythetribalgroupssuchastheDongriaKondh,Kutia
3/4
6/19/2016
Kandhaetc.VedantaResourcesltd.wantedtoextractBauxitefromhere,projectworthmore
than$1.5billion.
ThewholeRahulGandhiepisode.
2010 UnionenvironmentministryrejectedenvironmentclearancetoVedantasprojectinthe
Niyamgirihillscitingseriousviolationofforestandenvironmentlaws
SupremeCourtsaidundertheForestRightsAct(FRA),thegramsabhasofthisareahave
theultimatepowerstotakeadecisiononwhethertheVedantagroupscangoforwardor
2013
not.
FRAprotectsawiderangeofrightsofforestdwellersandSTsincludingthecustomary
rightstouseforestland.Andgramsabhahasthepowertodecideonprotectingforests
andnaturalheritage.
AfterthisVedantaverdict,Andraalsofacingcrisisbecausetheirstategovernmenthasgiven
bauxiteminingprojectsinVisakhapatnamandEastGodavaridistricts.Localtribaldemanding
similarenvironmentalreferendumunderFRA.
OTHERAluminiumCos.
BALCO Ratnagiri,Maharashtra
NALCO Koratpur,Odisha
MALCO Mettur,TN
Inthenextarticle,welllookatthegeographicalfactorsresponsibleforthelocationofCopper,
Zinc,LeadandAcidindustries.
VisitMrunal.org/geographyfortheArchiveofallgeographyarticlespublishedsofar.
URLtoarticle:http://mrunal.org/2013/10/geographylocationfactorsaluminium
bauxitesmeltingrefiningindustry.html
4/4
6/19/2016
MrunalLocationFactors:Zinc,Lead,CopperRefining&Acidindustries
[LocationFactors]Zinc,Lead,CopperRefiningIndustries,
WhyAcidindustrieslocatedinvicinity
CopperRefining
Copper:Foreignlocation
CopperRefining:IndianLocations
Hindalco(AdityaBirlagroup)
SterliteIndustry
AcidIndustry
IndiaCopperIndustry:Challenges
Lead&ZincIndustry
Inthepreviousarticle,wesawthegeographicalfactorsresponsibleforthelocationofAluminium
smeltingindustry.Letsmovetothenexttopic:
CopperRefining
With20thcentury,copperbecameimportantforelectricindustry.
Asthedemandforcopperincreased,newminingsmeltingtechnologiesaredevelopedtoutilize
evenlowerqualityores.
Locationprincipleforcopperandaluminumindustriessame,butsmeltingprocessisdifferent.
Incaseofaluminum,wesawthatprocessisbauxite(ore)=>alumina(weightloss)=>
aluminum(needelectricity).
Incaseofcopper,thefirststage=concentrating.
Stage:Concentratingore
Thecopperoreissoakedinwaterandmixedwithoils.Thecopperreveringmatterfloatsonthe
top,andisseparatedoutforfurtherprocessing.
Afterthisconcentratingstage,barely2.5%oftheoriginalmatterremains.Andlessweight=
lesstransportationcost.
Therefore,copperconcentratingmillsaresetupneartherawmaterial(mines)
Duringthisstage,sulfurandoxygenimpuritiesareseparatedfromtheconcentratedcopperore.
Thuswegetblistercopper.
Eveninthestate,theweightlossratioissignificant,thereforesmeltingisusuallydonenearraw
material.
Stage:blistertocopper(refining)
Sofarwegotcopperore=>Blistercopper.
AlthoughBlistercopperis99%puremetal,butstillunsuitableformanufacturingelectronic
wires,utensilsetc.Why?Becauseitcontainsimpuritiesofgold,silver,leadandzinc.
Therefore,blistercopperisrefinedviaelectrolysismethod.
Theblistercopperisimmersedinabathofcoppersulphate,electricityispassedandimpurities
areremoved.
Here,theweightlossratioisextremelysmall.(~1%).So,thereisnoeconomicfactortosetup
copperrefiningfactoriesneartherawmaterial.
http://mrunal.org/2013/10/geographylocationfactorszincleadcopperrefiningacidindustries.html/print/
1/4
6/19/2016
Location
Zaireand
Zambia
Comment
hadsignificantcopperorereservesandevenrefineries.
Butgovernmentsnationalizedthoserefineries=theybecamelossmakingwhite
elephantsjustlikeourAirIndia.
Utah,Montana,Arizona(UMA)states
USA
InUnitedStates,manycopperrefinerieswerecloseddownduetoincreased
competitionfromforeignrefiners,highercostofelectricity,increasedcostsassociated
withlegalrequirementstocleanupsulphurdioxideemissionetc.
CopperRefining:DesiLocations
HindustanCopper
@Khetri,Jhunjnudistrict,Rajasthan.
Ore:fromMalanjkhandBalaghatregionofMadhyaPradesh.
@Korba,Chhattisgarh
BACLO
Ore:fromAmarkantakRegion
Energy:Korbathermalplant
HINDALCO(AdityaBirla) @DahejinBharuchdistrictofGujarat.
SterliteIndustries.
Tutikorin,TN
AcidIndustry
FromtheCopperrefiningprocess,byproductscanbeusedformakingphosphoricacid,sulphuric
acid.How?
Coppersmelting=>SO2gas=>SulphuricAcid
SameSulphuricacid+RockPhosphate*==>PhosphoricAcid.Furtheritcanbeusedfor
makingfertilizers.
*bytheway,RockPhosphateisusuallyimported.(Foodforthought:whynotsetupPhosphoric
acidplantabroadthen?Ans.BecauseseSO2gasisdifficulttotransport.So,betterimportant
rockphosphatehere!)
Hence,suchacidindustriesarelocatedinthevicinityofCopperrefineries.
Nowadays,thecopperrefiningcompanieshaveintegratedplantstoproducesuchacidswithin
theirpremises.example
HINDALCO(AdityaBirla)
plant@DahejinBharuchdistrictofGujarat.
hasbothCopperrefining+Acidproduction
FromCopperrefining,theyevenextracttheimpuritiesofpuregold,silverandselenium,
platinumandpalladiumwhicharesoldseparately.
Anotherfavorablefactor:Dahejportjust45kmsaway.Helpsexportingsulphuricacid.
SterliteIndustries.
Tuticorin,TN.
Butin2013,Statepollutionboardorderedthemtoclosedownafteremissionofsulphurdioxide
gas=peopleintheareacomplainedofsuffocation,andburningsensationintheeye.
MatterwenttoSC,whileSterlitedeniesemissionsfromtheplantaredangerouslyhigh.This
plantproducesmorethanhalfofIndiastotalrefinedcopper.
BusinessGK:Vedanta=Londonbasedcompany.andSterliteIndustriesisthesubsidiaryof
Vedantaresources
DesiCopperIndustry:Challenges
2/4
6/19/2016
Specialcopperalloysarestillimported.Becausewedonthavetechnologytoproducethem
locally.E.g.Berylliumcopper,.
Mining&smeltingtechnologyisobsolate.Causessubstantialairpollutionbecausesulphur
dioxideemission.
Stilldonthavetechnologyfordownstreamcopperproductse.g.coppertubesfor
refrigeration/ACetc.majorityofthemstillimported.
StilldonthavetechnologyforcompleterecoveryofpreciousmetalssuchasCobalt,Nickeletc
fromcopperconcentration.
Producing1tonCopperfromore=takesalmost14000kwhenergy.Butproducing1toncopper
fromscrap/recycling=takesonly1700kwh.However,scrapbasedcoppersmelterarenotyetwell
establishedinIndia.Veryfewplantsusingscrapmetaltorecyclecopper(e.g.Lonavala,
Hyderabad.)
Manpowerrequirementpertonneoffinishedcopper=veryhighcomparedtodevelopedcountries.
Thereishugegapbetweendemandandsupply.Almost70%copperisimported.
Thereisnosmelter@Malanjkhand(MP).TheconcentratehastobetransportedtoKhetri
(Rajasthan).=costofproductionincreases.
Overall,Indiancopperoreisaveragequality,hencemining/refiningisacostlybecausecopper
yieldislow.
LeadandZinc
Digtheore=>concentrate=>refining.
itrunsontheprinciplethatcertainmineralshaveanaffinityforcertainoils.
Hencetheoreismixedwithwater,oilandchemicals.
Themineralparticlesattachwithoilbubblesandfloatonthesurface.
Thefoam(containingmineralparticles)isskimmedoff.
Location:
Concentrationstage:procedureinvolvessignificantweightloss=>carriedoutnearminingsite.
Refiningstage:requirelotofelectricity=>donenearlargethermalplants/hydroelectricsites.
IndiadoesnthavesufficientoresofLead/Zinc.Somajorityofourrequirementmetthrough
imports.
state
metal
smelterslocation
Jharkhand lead
Tundoo
AP
Vishakhapatnam,basedonimportedleadconcentrates
lead
Rajasthan Zinc
Kerala
Zinc
@Debari:orecomesfromRajpurDaribamines+import.@Chanderia:ore
comesfromBhilwara.
@Always.Basedonimportedzincconcentrates
Inthenextarticle,welllookatthegeographicalfactorsresponsibleforthelocationofPetroleum
Refineriesandsynthetictextileindustry.
URLtoarticle:http://mrunal.org/2013/10/geographylocationfactorszinclead
copperrefiningacidindustries.html
3/4
6/19/2016
4/4
6/19/2016
MrunalLocationfactors:PetroleumRefineries&SyntheticFibres
[Locationfactors]PetroleumRefineriesnearoilwell&at
Ports&SyntheticFibresIndustry
PetroleumRefineries:Location
@rawmaterialsite:Disadvantages
Refineries@portlocations
RelianceJamnagarRefinery:LocationFactors
Refineries@MarketLocation:Advantages
Syntheticfibers
Inthepreviousarticle,wesawthegeographicalfactorsresponsibleforthelocationofCopper
smeltingindustry.Letsmovetothenexttopic:
PetroleumRefineries:Location
Therearetwostages:1)production(drilling)2)refining.
ForPetroleumrefineries,therawmaterialsourceswerelessdecisivefactorsforindustrial
location.Becauseindustrieswerealreadysetupincoalfieldsanddidnotmoveawaydueto
industrialinertia.
Petroleumrefiningdoesnotleadsignificantweightloss,unlikethe
aluminum/copper/sugarcane/timberprocessing.
Virtuallyallthebyproductscanbeused.Therefore,refineriescanbesetup
neartherawmaterialor
nearthemarketor
atanintermediatebreakofthebulklocation(ports/coastallocations)
@rawmaterialsite:Disadvantages
Refinerywillbecomeuselessafteroilisexhaustedfromoilwell.So
NOTINFINITE
whatevermillionsofdollarsyouhadinvestedinsettingupthat
refinery=wasted.
Oilrefiningclosetoproductionsiterepresentsaweightlossof1011%
only=notmuchcostsavingintransporteveniflocatednearrawmaterial
WEIGHTLOSS
site.
Counterargument:refinedproductshavehigherrateofevaporation,
thereforeitisbettertosetuptherefinerynearthesource.
After1970s,manyoftheMiddleEastandAfricancountriesstarted
nationalizingtheiroiloperations.Theownershipofrefineries/oilwellswere
NATIONALIZATION transferredfromMNCstogovernmentownedPSUs.Hencenowadays,
MNCsarereluctanttosetuprefineriesinthisregionforthefearof
nationalization.
Unrest/Instabilityasalocationfactor
MultinationalcompaniesdonotfeelconfidenttosetuprefineriesinsidethemiddleeastorSouth
Americabecause
http://mrunal.org/2013/10/geographylocationfactorspetroleumrefineriesoilwellportssyntheticfibresindustry.html/print/
1/4
6/19/2016
DuringArabIsraeliwar,OPECmembersstoppedsupplyingoiltocountriesthathadsupported
Israel.
Therehavebeenwar/warlikesituationsduetoIsraelPalestineconflicts,IranIraq,IraqKuwait.
Suchinstability,destruction,aerialstrikes=notgoodforbusiness.
InSouthAmerica,therehavebeenfrequent(andviolent)changesintheregimes.
ExamplesofRefineries@RawMaterialSite
Assam:Digboi,GuwahatiandBongaiaon
Gujarat:Koyali
Refineries@portlocations
Middleeast/WestAsiaisalargeproducerofcrudeoilbutthereislittledomesticdemand
becauseregionisnotindustriallydeveloped.
Therefore,manypetrochemicalcomplexesarelocatedonthecoasttofacilitateexport.
Examples
SaudiArab RasTanura
Kuwait
MinaElAhmedi
Thedevelopmentoflargetankersandpipelines=bulktransportationofpetroleumpossible.
thisprovidesfavorableconditionforlocatingrefineriesandpetrochemicalindustriesnearthe
marketandneartheports
Challenge:thelatestvesselsaresobiginsize,theycannotpassthroughSuezandothercanals
ExamplesofRefinariesatPortLocations:
refineriesonEastCoastofUSA:
getcrudeoilfromVenezuelaandWestAsia
USA
thetransportthefinalproductsviapipelinesandtankerstomarketsofPhiladelphia,
ChicagoandgreatLakesregion
useofpipelinestotransportoilfirstbegininPennsylvaniaUSA,beforethat,oilwas
transportedviaRailwaysinwoodenbarrelsbutwasfartooexpensiveandinefficient
EUROPE
JAPAN
refineryclustersarefoundnearportlocationse.g.RotterdamandThames:makingit
easiertotransportthefinalproductsviapipelines,riverbargesandrailroads
SinceJapandependsonimportedoil,therefineriesaresetup@coastalindustrial
regionse.gHonshuisland.
Reliancerefinery(Jamnagar,Gujarat)nearsikkaport.
INDIA
otherrefineriesnearcoastalareas:Trombay,Mangalore,Kochi,Chennai,
Vishakhapatnam,Haldia
RelianceJamnagarRefinery:LocationFactors
AtvillageMotikhavdi,TalukaLalpur,DistrictJamnagar,Gujarat.
FACTOR
impact
SikkaallweatherPort.ProximitytotheGulfofKutch,permitseasyimportfrom
RAW
theMiddleEastcrudeoilsources.
MATERIAL
ReliancehassetupapipelinetodirectlytransportcrudeoilfromSikkaporttoits
Jamnagarrefinery.
Therefineryhasacapacityofprocessing~600,000barrelsofcrudeoilperday
2/4
6/19/2016
TECHNOLOGY EvenmakesAviationTurbineFuel(ATF).
ENERGY
Reliancehasitsownthermalpowerplantsinthisdistrict.
Refineriesneedskilledworkers.Andskilledworkers=mobile.Hencelabourisnot
thedecidingfactorforlocation.
LABOUR
Reliancehassetupaselfcontainedtownship,forover2,500oftheemployees
withschools,hospitals,supermarketetc.
DistrictconnectedtoNationalHighway8
StatehighwaysconnectittoindustrialregionsinAbad,Vadodara,Bharuch
TRANSPORT (helpsitssynthetictextileunitsinthosedistricts).
SameSikkaportfacilitatesexportstomorethan25countries,includingtothe
USandEurope.
Refineries@MarketLocation:Advantages
Youcanuserawmaterial(crudeoil)supplyfrommorethanoneoilfieldofmorethanonecountry.
SoevenifoilwellisexhaustedfromcountryX,youcanshifttocountryY.
Afterrefining,thefinishedpetroleumproductscanbesuppliedtointeriorareaspipeline
connectionandtrucks/tankers.
InEurope,manufacturingindustriesalsoconsumealargeportionofpetroleum
EUROPE productsthereforerefineriesarealsolocatedinmajormanufacturingcenters,where
petroleumproductsaredemanded.e.g.Antwerp,RotterdamandSouthampton.
USA
RefineriesinChicago,PhiladelphiaandNewJersey.
AfterSecondWorldWar,Sovietgovernmentaimedfordecentralizedindustrial
FORMER
USSR
development.
BecauseinWW2,theyhadsufferedmassivedamagesinbombingsbecauseindustries
wereconcentratedonlyatafewplacesnearUkraineandMoscow.
Thereforenewrefinerieswereconstructednearthemarkets/consumptioncenters
Baruauni@Bihar
INDIA
Mathura@UP
Panipat@Haryana
Challenges:environmentalactivism/laws/regulationsfearsofexplosion,terrorism.Hence
becomingdifficulttosetuprefineriesnearmarketlocation.
Syntheticfibers
Whatsthedifferencebetween:
CELLULOSICFIBERS
TRUESYNTHETICS
Rayon
nylon,andpolyester
fromnaturalcellulosefromwood
theyareproducedchemicallyfromcoalorpetroleum
pulp
byproducts
Nearpulpmills
nearpetrochemicalrefineries
SyntheticFibreIndustry:Locationfactor
Thebasematerialformostofthetruesyntheticfibers=benzenefractionofcrudeoil
input Benzene=liquid,evaporatesquickly,hazardoustotransport.
Thereforesyntheticfiberfactorieslocatednear/insidepetrochemicalindustry.
output
Syntheticfibers=nonbulky,nonperishable=easilytransported.
3/4
6/19/2016
Therefore,syntheticfiberindustryneednotbesetupnearmarketlocation.
Although,withtheprogressintransportcargofacilities,nowadayssyntheticfiberindustryisnot
alwaysincloseproximitywithpetroleumindustry.ExampleinUSAwhilePetroleumrefining
businessisconcentratedinSouthernparts,youcanfindsyntheticfiberindustryscattered
throughoutthecountry.
IndiaSyntheticfibreindustry:
Inthelate60s,DhirubhaiAmbanistartedReliancefortextilemanufacture@Narodanear
Ahmedabad,Gujarat.
Butsincepolyesterismadefrompetrochemicals,soheenteredinPetrochemicalbusiness.But
petrochemicalisderivedfromPetroleumrefining,sohemovedintoPetroleumrefiningaswell.
FinallyJamnagerrefinery@Gujarat.Thusheachievedcompleteverticalintegrationinthesupply
chainfromcrudeoiltosyntheticfibers(evengarmentsviaonlyvimalbrand).
NowJamnagarrefinery=>intermediaterawmaterialstoReliancestextileunits@Dahej,Naroda,
VadodarainGujarat.
SimilarlyOildiscoveryinAnkaleshwarSanandKalolledtogrowthofSynthetictextileindustryin
thisregionofGujarat.
Inthenextarticle,welllookatthegeographicalfactorsresponsibleforthelocationofNatural
Gas&Fertilizerindustry.
URLtoarticle:http://mrunal.org/2013/10/geographylocationfactorspetroleum
refineriesoilwellportssyntheticfibresindustry.html
4/4
6/19/2016
MrunalLocationfactors:Naturalgaspipelines,GuanoFertiliserindustry
[LocationFactors]NaturalGasRefining,Pipelines&
Phosphate,Potash,GuanoFertilizerindustry
Naturalgasrefining
ONGCHazira,Gujarat
GAIL:Pipelines
RelianceKGBasin
FertilizerIndustry:Location
MockQuestions
Inthepreviousarticle,wesawthegeographicalfactorsresponsibleforthelocationofPetroleum
refinaries&synthetictextileindustry.Letsmovetothenexttopic:
Naturalgasrefining
NaturalGascomparedtoPetroleum:
GOOD
BAD
Storageanddistributionisdifficult.
cheaper
doesnot
require
extensive
refining
burnsclean
Withthehelpofpipelines,thegascanbetransportedtotheconsumingcenters,
buttheconstructionofpipelineanditssecurityandmaintenanceisexpensive.
Henceexport=problematic.
oncethepipelineislaiditssize/capacitycannotbeincreased.
leakagedetectionisdifficultincaseofundergroundpipelines.
Ifmarket/buyersarenotfound,thengasiswastedbyburning.(flaring).
Thereforeitiseconomicalonlytominegasnearmarketareas/onlyifpipelineis
established.
AftertheSecondWorldWar,UnitedStateswasthefirstcountrytolayacomprehensivepipeline
networkfornaturalgas.
InternationalPipelineProjects
IranPakistanIndia
MyanmarBangladeshIndia
TurkmenistanAfghanistanPakistanIndia(TAPI)
ONGCHazira,Gujarat
INPUT
PROCESS
NaturalgasfromBombayHigh
Theyremovesulphurimpurityfromthe(sour)naturalgas,andsendittoother
regionsviapipeline.(processcalledSweeteningthegas)
thesweetnaturalgasisusedin
OUTPUT
LPGcylinders
Nitrogenbasedfertilizers
Householdviapipelinesascookinggas.
http://mrunal.org/2013/10/geographylocationfactorsnaturalgasrefiningpipelinesphosphatepotashguanofertilizerindustry.html/print/
1/3
6/19/2016
Labor
Notthedecidingfactor.Becauseskilledlabour=mobile.andHazirahastownship
forthem.
HaziraBijaipurJagdhishpur(HBJ)pipelinepassesthroughGujarat,Madhya
TRANSPORT Pradesh,Rajasthan,U.P.,DelhiandHaryana=allbigmarketsareconnected
throughpipeline.
GAIL:Pipelines
JAMNAGARLONILPGPIPELINE VIZAGSECUNDERABADPIPELINE
ReliancerefineryJamnagar
INPUT
EssarrefineryVadinar
ImportedLNGfromKandlaport
VizagHPCRefinery
ImportsfromVishakhapatnamport
Ajmer&JaipurinRajasthan,
MARKET
GurgaoninHaryana,
Vijayawada
Delhi
Secunderabad,NearHyderabad
LoniGaziabad(U.P)
LENGTH 1300kms
600
RelianceKGBasin
Refiningdone@KakinadainAndhraPradesh
input
refining
gasfromoffshoreblockinKrishnaGodawariBasin
OnshoreGasTerminalatGadimoga,about30KmsouthofKakinadainthestateof
AndhraPradesh.
EastWestGasPipeline(EWPL)transportsgasfromKakinada,thelandfallpointofKG
D6gas,toBharuch(Gujarat)andtraversesthroughAndhraPradesh,Karnataka,
MaharashtraandGujarat.
transport
FromBharuch,theyusethepipelinenetworkofGujaratStatePetronettotakethegas
toendconsumersaswellasconnecttoHaziraBijaipurJagdhishpur(HBJ)pipeline.
ThroughthisentirePipelinenetworking,gasreachestofertilizerplantse.g.Tata
Chemicals(Mumbai)andRashtriyaChemicals&Fertilizers(Trombay),IFFCOs
(Phulpur),GSFC(Vadodara),Kribhcoetc.
FertilizerIndustry:Location
Urea/NitrogenBasedindustriesarelocatednearNaturalgassource.Why?
NaturalGashasMethane.(CH 4)
YoumixitwithOxygen,Nitrogenandheatinpresenceofcatalysts=>theHydrogenpart
combineswithNitrogen,thusyougetAmmonia(NH 3).ThisisknownasHaberprocess.
ThisAmmonia(NH 3)canbeusedformakingnitrogenbasedfertilizerse.g.Urea.
Thereforeavailability(andprice)ofNaturalGas,affectsthelocationofFertilizerindustry.
SimilarlyNeptha(obtainedfromcrudeoil)isalsousedinproductionofnitrogenbasedfertilizers.
Henceproximitytooilrefineryisalsoconsideredafavourablefactor.
ThankstooilandgasfromBombayHigh,theGujaratMaharahstraregiongotfertilizerplantsat
Hazira,Mumbai,Trombay,Vadodaraetc.(NowadaystheyalsosourcegasfromRelianceKG
basin).
Similarly,HaziraBijaipurJagdhishpur(HBJ)pipeline=>fertilizerindustryinBijapur,Sawai
Madhopur,Shahjahanpuretc.
2/3
6/19/2016
Geographicalfactors:
FERTILIZER
PHOSPHATE
location
NearrawmaterialRockPhosphateUSA:Florida,NorthCarolina,Utahand
Idaho.India:UP,MP,Rajasthan.
NearrawmaterialPotash.Canada:inthePrairieSaskatchewanregion.India:we
POTASH
donthavepotashreserve.Werelyonimports.IndiaPotashltd.settingupport
@Bhavnagar,Gujarat.
Guano=excreta/dungofseabirds.LargedepositsatPeruChilicoasts.Problem:
GUANO
Oceantemperature/acidificationaffectingplankton=>fishes=>seabirds:hence
Guanoproductiondeclined.
MockQuestions
DiscussthesignificanceoftheForestrightsactwithspecialreferencetoNiyamgiriBauxite
MiningIssue.
GiveanaccountforthepetroleumrefineriesinIndiawithfactorsresponsiblefortheirparticular
location
ExaminethelocationandgrowthoffertilizerindustryinIndia.
DiscussthelocationcharacteristicsofAluminumIndustryinIndia.
GiveabriefaccountofthecoppersmeltinginIndia?Whataretheconstrainsfacedbythem.
VisitMrunal.org/geographyfortheArchiveofallgeographyarticlespublishedsofar.
URLtoarticle:http://mrunal.org/2013/10/geographylocationfactorsnaturalgas
refiningpipelinesphosphatepotashguanofertilizerindustry.html
3/3
6/18/2016
LocationalfactorsofJuteindustryinIndia
Categories
Home
Account
Forum
Search...
Locational factors of Jute

industry in India
Latest News
New
Public
Management
Disaster
Management
GK Geography You are here
Like
Contact Us
Google+
Jute Textile Industry is one of the major and earliest

Industries in the Eastern India, particularly in West
Bengal. Jute for long was the greatest foreign exchange
earner because of which it was called golden ber.
Being a labour intensive sector, it has social relevance
too. Jute supports around 40 Lakh farm families and
provides direct employment to 2.6 Lakh Industrial
Workers and 1.4 Lakh in the tertiary sector.
Traditionally jute was important in packaging industry and
military purposes. India had the monopoly in jute
production.
Jute export started declining from 1920 onwards as India
lost the export market of axis countries after WW-I.
Germany was able to develop synthetic bre. With the
decline in jute products demand, machinery used in jute
industry were not developed elsewhere and India
continued to use obsolete and old technology which are
not cost eective and ecient. This industry suered a
great setback as a result of partition in partition around
80% jute output went to Bangladesh while more than 80%
of jute mills remained in India.
Simons
decisionmaking
theory
Dynamic
Administration
(Mary
Parker..
Good
Governance:
concept
and applic..
The
contribution
of Mayo to
adminis..
Public
Administration
is in t..
Classical
theorists vs
the
Behavour..
Advertisement
Reasons for declining of jute industry:

Export market lost due to World War-I, customer
countries switched to synthetic bre
http://www.takshilaonline.com/gk/geography/locationalfactorofjuteindustryupscgeographypaper2unit4industry105.htm
1/6
6/18/2016
countries switched to synthetic bre
Jute cultivating area lost to Bangladesh due to partition

Obsolete and old technology
Competition from Bangladesh as they set up their mills
later with better technology
However domestic demand in jute has increased:
With Swadeshi movement in 1920s, an encouragement
of domestic industries, many centres of northern plain
developed sugar mill and jute bags were necessary in
packaging.
But in recent years, jute continues to be a declining
industry because:
Jute is not waterproof so it is not convenient option for
transporting sugar and cement.
Railways banned the use of jute for transporting salt
because salt corrodes railway wagons. Sugar, salt, cement
were three largest consuming sectors of jute.
Although there are eorts to use jute blended textiles but
the problem of colors not being fast on bre and problem
of jute shading dust must be addressed.
Jute however has the prospects in recovering its demand
in packaging industry because of its biodegradable
nature. Jute also has prospects in paper industry.
Policy initiatives:
National Jute Board for the development of cultivation,
manufacture and marketing of jute and jute products and
for matters connected.
Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (TUFS) for
facilitating investment in modernization of textile jute
industries.
Related Article: Locational factor of Fertilizer
IndustryandPharmaceutical Industry
2/6
6/18/2016
IndustryandPharmaceutical Industry
Locational factors:
Jute is pure ber.(i.e. weight of raw material = weight of
end product). Therefore following Webers industrial
location model, jute industry need not be set up near jute
cultivating region e.g. Denude (UK) was an important jute
industry centre and was dependent on jute import from
South Asia.
Jute however requires lot of fresh free owing water for
retting process. This explains industry set ups near or
along the rivers.
Jute industry is very labour intensive so it requires cheap
labour in vicinity of industry.
The Hoogly river region has all the factors in support of
jute:
Lower Ganga Plain have traditionally jute growing
regions
Proximity to Calcutta port
Cheap labour from Bihar, Bengal, Orissa, Undivided
Bengal
Early arrival of British in Calcutta, humid climate for
spinning and weaving, coal from Raniganj, Banking and
nance facilities available
Important jute centre along Hoogly: Rishra, Howrah,
Budge-Budge, Titagarh, Serampur, Belur
Trend in shift of Jute Industry:
The Howrah belt developed dis-economies of scale
because of overcrowding & labour problem so jute
industry expanded and shifted towards Howrah.
First shift along the Ganga river because northern plain
traditionally being sugar belt of India.
3/6
6/18/2016
Later shift was towards Godawari delta & along

Godawari river. Lower Godawari also developed paper
industry and uses mixture of sabai grass and jute as raw
material for paper.
Advantage of Calcutta port was lost because India lost
jute export market.
Geography Notes Public Administration Notes
Prelims practice questions
Some Appreciation Please!
Like
Google+
Watershed Management
Rural-Urban fringe
Posted on Tuesday, September 15th, 2015 at 9:49 AM under

Geography
Latest Posts
Civil Service Prelims Last 20 Years Detailed Explanation:
Mobile App
How to solve dice questions in 10 seconds
New Public Management
Backward Area Planning
Disaster Management
Simons decision-making theory
Dynamic Administration (Mary Parker Follett)
Good Governance: concept and application
The contribution of Mayo to administrative thought is

innovative and substantial......PubAd Q&A
Public Administration is in the phase of reconstructions and
deconstruction and its scope is ever expanding.......Q&A
Comments
Recommend
Community
Share
Avatar
SortbyBest
4/6
6/18/2016
PharmaceuticalIndustry
Categories
Home
Account
Forum
Search...
27
New
Public
Management
Contact Us
Latest News
Pharmaceutical Industry
Like
Google+
To make India the Largest Global Provider of Quality

Medicines at Reasonable Prices. vision of Department
of Pharmaceuticals for the development of the Indian
Pharmaceutical Industry.
Image source: www.freestockphotos.name
The Indian pharmaceutical Industry is driven by

knowledge, skills, low production costs, quality. Due to
this, there is demand from both domestic as well as
international markets. This has resulted in a robust
growth of around 14% since the beginning of the 11th
Plan in 2007 from about Rs 71000 crores to over Rs 1 lac
crores in 200910 comprising some Rs 62,055 crores of
domestic market and exports of over Rs 42,154 crores.
Disaster
Management
Simons
decisionmaking
theory
Dynamic
Administration
(Mary
Parker..
Good
Governance:
concept
and applic..
The
contribution
of Mayo to
adminis..
Public
Administration
is in t..
Classical
theorists vs
the
Behavour..
Advertisement
http://www.takshilaonline.com/gk/geography/pharmaceuticalindustryupscgeographypaper2unit4industry95.htm
1/8
6/18/2016
Every 5th Tablet, Capsule and Injectable in generics drugs

consumed anywhere in the world is manufactured in
India. In fact, India manufactures 30% of the world
requirement of AntiHIV drugs. All of this growth has been
with aordable price to the common man one of the
lowest in the world.
Indian pharmaceutical industry is truly international with
leading international manufacturers competing in Indian
domestic market and several Indian pharma companies
having a signicant presence in international market,
especially in the generic segment. However, the Industry
is quite fragmented and comprises of nearly 10,500 units
with majority of them in small sector. Of these, about 300
400 units are categorized as belonging to medium to
large organized sector with the top 10 manufacturers
accounting for 36.5% of the market share.
For the achievement of these Goals, it is necessary for the

Indian Pharmaceutical Industry to become globally
competitive
through
world
class
manufacturing
capabilities with quality and cost eciency of production
capacity and radical up gradation of research and
2/8
6/18/2016
capacity and radical up gradation of research and

development capabilities for new drugs and associated
activities like clinical trials and contract manufacturing.
There is need to develop world class support
infrastructure both for production and research.
Related
Article:
Locational
IndustryandFertilizer Industry
factor
of
Jute
The preparation of the 12th Plan involved a detailed

SWOT analysis of the Indian Pharmaceuticals Industry:
Strengths:
(a) Strong Low cost manufacturing sector
(b) Signicant breadth and depth of product expertise
(c) Low cost of growing Human resources in the pharma
sector.
Weaknesses:
(a) High emphasis on generics both for domestic and
international markets have left little room for R&D on
drugs development
(b) Inadequate R&D Infrastructure
(c) Poor IndustryAcademia linkage
(d) Lack of required highend product development
capable human resources
(e) Lack of time driven regulatory infrastructure
(f) Poor SME base for highend manufacture.
Opportunities:
(a) Global opportunity for increasing Generics and bio
generics market both in developed and emerging
countries due to pressure on budgetary limitations of
these countries as well as emergent patent cli due to o
patenting of major highvalue drugs
(b) Low cost good skill destination for contract research
and manufacturing and resultant opportunities in drug
discovery as well as clinical trials
(d) High growth of domestic market attracting multi
nationals both for brown eld and green eld
investments in production and capacity building.
Threats:
(a) Evergreening strategy of MNCs for denying and
3/8
6/18/2016
(a) Evergreening strategy of MNCs for denying and

limiting the patent cli opportunities with debatable
recourse to TRIPs and FTAs.
(b) Increasingly stringent regulatory and nontari
barriers to generics markets in developed countries
(c) Increased competition for generics and biogenerics
production in terms of high capacity and production
costs
(d) Highentry barriers to enable market share in
development of new drugs.
The present market size of Medical Devices and

Equipments is around Rs 15,000 crores. The medical
device Industry in India is very nascent and is largely
import dependent. More than 65% of Indias requirement
of medical devices and equipments are met through
imports with domestic production being largely restricted
to low technology disposable equipments.
India, at present is recognized as a leading global player

and holds 3rd position in terms of volume and 14th the in
terms of value of the production. Globally, in the overall
pharmaceuticals space, with a turnover of US$21 billion in
2010, Indian Pharmaceutical Industry has a share of 2.4%
in terms of value in global pharmaceutical industry which
is having a turnover of US$ 878 billion in 2010.
Overall drugs manufacturing in India is up to 50% cheaper
than in western industrial countries.
High end R&D was not a requirement and disease control
was more an issue of access to public health
infrastructure and low cost medicines. To that extent the
Indian manufacturing model has served well from the
manufacturing point of view. However now that India is
poised for a greater role in the global economy in general
and also in the pharma sector for reasons discussed
earlier in terms of the growth drivers, the weakness in the
system of poor R&D is quite evident. The industrys total
R&D budget is comparatively very small as compared to
the global competitors.
4/8
6/18/2016
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Historically, it can be seen that when no private player
was ready to invest in the capitalintensive drug sector in
fties and sixties, Government of India invested huge
capital in infrastructure of this sector establishing public
sector units to make lifesaving medicines available at
aordable prices for government health programs. This
also substantially reduced dependence on imports saving
the valuable foreign exchange when the country needed
it most. Even when in eighties, when private players
started entering this eld, public sector helped the
government to keep the prices of essential medicines
under control. Even today the current scenario with
respect to poverty and public health in India poses
serious problems of aordability and availability of key
medicines. Additionally, in cases like epidemics, natural
calamities etc where emergency interventions are
required, Public sector units are a vital tool in the hands
of the government to make desired products available in
volumes and at a reasonable price. While it is admitted
that the share of Public Sector is minuscule in Pharma
sector they can have some strategic importance. It could
be useful to make these units competitive and self
sustaining in the long run by providing the necessary llip
at this juncture.
Major Pharma companies:
Ranbaxy Labs, Dr Reddy's Labs, Lupin, Cipla, Sun
Pharma,Wockhardt
,Jubilant
Lifescience,
Cadila
Healthcare, Biocon, Glenmark Pharma, Stride Arcolab,
Plethico Pharma, Piramal Healthcare, Divi's Labs,
Aurobindo Pharma
2D Barcoding has been made a regulatory requirement
for export of medicines by DGFT to prevent fake
medicines and misrepresentation of Indian exports in
the name of other countries like China etc.
5/8
6/18/2016
LocationalfactorsofFertilizerindustryinIndia
Categories
Home
Account
Forum
Contact Us
Search...
Locational factors of
Fertilizer industry in India
Latest News
New
Public
Management
Disaster
Management
Like
2
78
0
1
Google+
Simons
decisionmaking
theory
Indian soils are generally decient in fertilizing elements

namely NPK Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium,
hence do not give high yield. It is therefore essential to
feed these soils with the chemical fertilizers so that their
productivity increases. The signicant contribution made
by the chemical fertilizers can be seen from the impact of
green revolution on Indian agriculture.
Dynamic
Administration
(Mary
Parker..
Good
Governance:
concept
and applic..
Localisation: The localization of fertilizer industry is

closely related to petrochemicals. About 70% of the plants
producing nitrogeneous fertilizers use neptha as the basic
raw material. This is why most of the fertilizer plants are
located near oil reneries.
The
contribution
of Mayo to
adminis..
Public
Administration
is in t..
Some fertilizer plants draw their feed stock from steel

slug as well as coke and lignite. Phosphatic fertilizer
plants are primarily dependent upon mineral phosphate
which is available in UP, MP and Rajasthan. Sulphur is
another important mineral used for manufacturing
fertilizers. That is available in TN.
During recent years, ease of transport through HBJ gas
pipeline and rail has facilitated diversication of this
industry at Vijaypur, Jagdalpur, Aonla, Gadipan, Babrala
and Shahjahanpur.
Classical
theorists vs
the
Behavour..
Advertisement
Related Article: Locational factor of Jute Industry and

Pharmaceutical Industry
Growth and distribution: The modest beginning w.r.t.
http://www.takshilaonline.com/gk/geography/locationalfactoroffertilizerindustryupscgeographypaper2unit4industry109.htm
1/4
6/18/2016
LocationalfactorsofFertilizerindustryinIndia
Growth and distribution: The modest beginning w.r.t.

manufacturing of chemical fertilizers was made in 1906
when rst super-phosphate factory was set up at Ranipet
in TN. The active growth of fertilizer industry is mainly a
post independence phenomenon. Gujrat, UP, TN,
Maharshtra, Punjab, Kerala are the main fertilizer
producing states.
Today this industry is one of the basic industries which
has taken a rapid strides in recent years. India is now 3rd
largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers in the world.
But at the same time, India is also the 3rd largest
consumer of fertilizers in the world.
Like
2
78
0
1
Rimland Theory
Google+
SBI-PO Free practice test for phase-1
Posted on Tuesday, September 15th, 2015 at 9:45 AM under

Geography
Latest Posts
Civil Service Prelims Last 20 Years Detailed Explanation:
Mobile App
How to solve dice questions in 10 seconds
New Public Management
Backward Area Planning
Disaster Management
Simons decision-making theory
Dynamic Administration (Mary Parker Follett)
Good Governance: concept and application
The contribution of Mayo to administrative thought is

innovative and substantial......PubAd Q&A
Public Administration is in the phase of reconstructions and
deconstruction and its scope is ever expanding.......Q&A
http://www.takshilaonline.com/gk/geography/locationalfactoroffertilizerindustryupscgeographypaper2unit4industry109.htm
2/4
6/18/2016
Ecotourism
Categories
Home
Account
Forum
Search...
New
Public
Management
Contact Us
Latest News
Ecotourism
Like
Google+
Eco tourism is a new approach in tourism sector. Several

terms relating to ecotourism such as, sustainable tourism,
green tourism, rural tourism, community-based tourism,
responsible tourism etc have been emerged over the last
20 years or so.
Eco tourism means preserving travel to natural areas to
appreciate the cultural and natural history of the
environment, taking care, not to disturb the integrity of
the ecosystem, while creating economic opportunities
that make conservation and protection of natural
resources advantageous for local people.
Disaster
Management
Simons
decisionmaking
theory
Dynamic
Administration
(Mary
Parker..
Good
Governance:
concept
and applic..
The
contribution
of Mayo to
adminis..
Public
Administration
is in t..
Classical
theorists vs
the
Behavour..
Advertisement
The potential of ecotourism as a strategy for sustainable

development was recognized during the Earth Summit in
1992, when sustainable tourism was considered as an
environment friendly economic activity.
http://www.takshilaonline.com/gk/geography/ecotourismupscgeographypaper2unit4industry90.htm
1/5
environment friendly economic activity. Ecotourism
6/18/2016
It can provide vitally needed income to poor communities,

giving them an economic stake in protecting the
environment. It led to change in the tourist perceptions,
increased environmental awareness and desire to explore
natural environments. Eco tourism may foster cultural
exchanges between people- leading to greater
understanding.
India, the land of varied geography oers several tourist
destinations that not just de-stress but also rejuvenate
you. The few places like the Himalayan Region, Kerala, the
northeast India, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and the
Lakshdweep islands are some of the places where you
can enjoy the treasured wealth of the Mother Nature.
Thenmala in Kerala is the rst planned ecotourism
destination in India created to cater to the Eco-tourists
and nature lovers.
The India topography boasts an abundant source of ora
& fauna. India has numerous rare and endangered
species in its surroundings. The declaration of several
wildlife sanctuaries and national parks has encouraged
the growth of the wildlife resource. Currently, there are
about 80 national parks and 441 sanctuaries in India,
which works for the protection and conservation of
wildlife resource in India.
There are numerous Botanical and Zoological Gardens in
India, which are working towards the enhancement of the
Ecosystem. Poaching has been stopped to large extent.
There are several animal & plant rights organisations,
which ght for the rights of the animals and plants.
Numerous organisations and NGOs are coming forward
to provide environmental education to the common
people at the grass root level.
Community eco-tourism initiative: Eco-tourism at the
initiative of communities has been started in dierent
states of India like J&K, Nagaland, Kerala, Sikkim and West
Bengal.
In Ladakh, several villages have initiated home stay
programmes for trekkers and other tourists, with funds
2/5
6/18/2016
Ecotourism
programmes for trekkers and other tourists, with funds

going back to conservation and village development.
Khonoma village near Kohima is the site for Green Village
Project set up by the Maharana Kumbha Common
Interest Group, with nine villages from BPL families. The
youths were trained in visitors management. The camp
oers camel and horse riding, hiking, folk dances etc.
If ecotourism is not properly monitored it can be as
damaging as the mass tourism with negative impacts on
ecology, environment, social and economic life of host
communities. With the increased footfalls of tourists, the
deep need today is that tourism like other sector be
planned and managed suitably.
Negative consequence List: commercialization, direct
impact on environment, problem of garbage and
pollution, impact on fauna and ora, encroachment on
virgin land, heavy trac in ecologically fragile areas,
adverse eect on local people, trade of wild animals,
threat to indigenous culture (Jarawa tribe)
The use of plastic cups, bags and bottles causes havoc in
the natural system. Paper cups abandoned in and around
biosphere reserves might cause large scale mortality of
worker bees. It is reported that globally 70% of crop
plants and 98% trees in tropical rain forests are pollinated
by tiny insects like bees.
Like
Google+
General Knowledge Objective Practice Questions - All Topics

Pipeline networks and their complementary roles in regional
development
Posted on Tuesday, April 28th, 2015 at 5:31 AM under Geography
3/5

Locational Factors Combined File PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Locational Factors Combined File PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

6/19/2016

gulfstream labrador US+Canada(NorthWesternAtlanticcoast)

Locational factors of Jute

GK Geography You are here

Jute Textile Industry is one of the major and earliest

Reasons for declining of jute industry:

countries switched to synthetic bre

Jute cultivating area lost to Bangladesh due to partition

Later shift was towards Godawari delta & along

Posted on Tuesday, September 15th, 2015 at 9:49 AM under

How to solve dice questions in 10 seconds

New Public Management

Backward Area Planning

Simons decision-making theory

Dynamic Administration (Mary Parker Follett)

Good Governance: concept and application

The contribution of Mayo to administrative thought is

GK Geography You are here

To make India the Largest Global Provider of Quality

Image source: www.freestockphotos.name

The Indian pharmaceutical Industry is driven by

Every 5th Tablet, Capsule and Injectable in generics drugs

For the achievement of these Goals, it is necessary for the

capacity and radical up gradation of research and

The preparation of the 12th Plan involved a detailed

(a) Evergreening strategy of MNCs for denying and

The present market size of Medical Devices and

India, at present is recognized as a leading global player

GK Geography You are here

Indian soils are generally decient in fertilizing elements

Localisation: The localization of fertilizer industry is

Some fertilizer plants draw their feed stock from steel

Related Article: Locational factor of Jute Industry and

Growth and distribution: The modest beginning w.r.t.

SBI-PO Free practice test for phase-1

Posted on Tuesday, September 15th, 2015 at 9:45 AM under

How to solve dice questions in 10 seconds

New Public Management

Backward Area Planning

Simons decision-making theory

Dynamic Administration (Mary Parker Follett)

Good Governance: concept and application

The contribution of Mayo to administrative thought is

GK Geography You are here

Eco tourism is a new approach in tourism sector. Several

The potential of ecotourism as a strategy for sustainable

environment friendly economic activity. Ecotourism

It can provide vitally needed income to poor communities,

programmes for trekkers and other tourists, with funds

General Knowledge Objective Practice Questions - All Topics

You might also like