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Transformer Mechanical Stress Caused by External Short-Circuit: A Time Domain Approach
Transformer Mechanical Stress Caused by External Short-Circuit: A Time Domain Approach
I. INTRODUCTION
f =JXB
(1)
ur
ur
Where: f is the force density vector, J is the current
ur
density vector and B is the leakage flux density vector.
Fig. 1 illustrates a typical leakage flux distribution within
the transformer. Near to the winding ends, the leakage flux
bends towards the core, making shorter its return path. It can
be seen that, at the top and bottom ends of the windings, the
main leakage flux has both axial and radial components and in
the throughout the winding length it is practically axial.
Ba
Br
B
Ba
isc =
k 2 Sn106
A
3VZ
(2)
Fr
Distribution of
axial flux
Ba
Fr
Core
4 (ni )
Ba =
T
104
mean =
Fr
N m2
2nac
(3)
(4)
(5)
Fa
Br
Br
Radial
flux
Fa
heff
Fa
Fa
2 (ni ) 2 Dm 7
Fr =
10 N
h
Br
Br
Core
windings.
The average radial flux density is given by:
Br =
4 a ( ni )
T
104 2heff
(6)
2 a ( ni ) Dm
Fa =
N
heff
107
2
(7)
lm
mean
Fa L2
N m2
=
2
2tb
Outer
winding
(8)
i
X
Inner
winding
Leakage
flux
d1
Ra
Rl
Rc
Rl
Rl
Re
Ra
Rc
Rl
F2
Rl
F2
Re
F2
Rl
F4
Ra
F4
Rc
Rl
Rl
F4
F1
F1
F1
F3
F3
F3
Ry
Rl
Ry
Ry
Ry
d0
d2
d
d
ALeak = lm 1 + d 0 + 2 m 2
3
3
(9)
iR
iT
iS
400
300
current (A)
200
100
0
-100
-200
Bl1 =3.6 T
Bl3 =0.36 mT
1
0
-1
-300
-400
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
-2
0.2
Bl2 =0.92 mT
0.15
0.2
time (s)
Bl1 =0.2 T
0.2
0.35
0.3
(b)
Fig. 8. Short circuit condition: (a) currents waveforms; (b) leakage flux
density.
(a)
0.25
0.25
time (s)
0.15
0.1
Bl3 =0.02 T
Bl2 =0.031 T
0.05
0
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
40,000
-0.2
-0.25
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
time (s)
30,000
(b)
Fig.7. Transformer normal operation: (a) Current waveforms (b) Leakage flux
density.
36,397 N
35,000
0.2
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
0.1
0.11
0.12
time (s)
0.13
0.14
0.15
(a)
25,000
8,000
iR(pico)= 6,510 A
radial force (N)
4,000
current (A)
20,344 N
20,000
6,000
2,000
15,000
10,000
0
5,000
-2,000
-4,000
= -4,809A
S (pico)
-6,000
0.15
0.2
0.25
time (s)
(a)
0.3
0.35
0.1
0.11
0.12
time (s)
0.13
0.14
0.15
(b)
Fig.9. Radial force at normal operation. (a) external winding; (b) internal
winding.
(x103)
14,000
12,3 k N
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.35
0.3
time (s)
(a)
8,000
(x103)
7,000 k N
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
time (s)
(b)
Fig.10. Radial force in short-circuit: (a) external winding; (b) internal
winding.
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
303.2
605.4
907.6
1209.8
1512.0
10,000
normal condition
9,000
short circuit
Fig.13. Leakage flux density along the winding height: normal and short
circuit conditions.
8,000
stress (N/cm2)
1,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
TABLE I
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
0.2
0.22
0.24
time (s)
0.26
0.28
0.3
It can be clearly seen that the results derived from the two
methods are in close agreement. By taking the FEMM
calculations as reference values, the time domain software
performance has shown to be appropriated to calculate
internal forces and to obtain equipment mechanical stress
information.
V. CONCLUSIONS
This paper was concentrated on the use of a time domain
program using reluctance and fmm models to calculate
mechanical stresses occurring in transformer windings during
short-circuit conditions. Using typical data for a 100 MVA,
230 kV transformer studies were carried out to highlight the
method potentiality.
Due to the lack of reference values for validation purposes,
the time domain results were then compared to corresponding
ones obtained from a well established software based on finite
elements. The values obtained from both strategies have
demonstrated the methodology here proposed provided similar
performance with both normal and short-circuit conditions.
This indicates that the time domain approach can be assumed
as a good procedure to evaluate transformer internal forces
and mechanical stresses.
The investigations were carried out only for radial forces.
The software use to achieve the stresses caused by axial force
is to be developed in the sequence.
VI. REFERENCES
[1]
VII. BIOGRAPHIES
Ana Claudia de Azevedo was born in So
Gonalo do Abaet, Brazil, in 1972. She received
her BSc from the Federal University of Mato
Grosso, Brazil in 1999, and her MSc degree from
the Federal University of Uberlandia, Brazil, in
2002. She is currently working towards her PhD
degree. Her research interest areas are:
Electromechanical Stress in Power Transformers.
Antnio Carlos Delaiba was born in Botucatu,
Brazil, in 1954. He graduated from Federal
University of Barretos, Brazil in 1979. He received
his MSc degrees from of University of So Paulo,
Brazil in 1987 and his PhD degree from the
Federal University of Uberlandia, Brazil in 1997.
He is currently a professor and a researcher at the
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal
University of Uberlndia. His research interest
areas are Power Quality, Transmission, and
Distribution of Energy.
Jos Carlos de Oliveira was born in Itajuba, MG,
Brazil. He received his BSc and MSc degrees from
the Federal University of ItajubBrazil, and his
PhD degree from the University of Manchester Institute of Science Technology Manchester-UK.
He is currently a professor and a researcher at the
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal
University of Uberlandia - Brazil. He has taught
and published in a variety of subjects related to
Electrical Power Systems and Power Quality.
Bismarck Castillo Carvalho was born in Robor,
Santa Cruz, Bolivia, in 1957. He received his BSc
from the Federal University of Mato Grosso,
Brazil in 1981 and his MSc and PhD degrees from
the Federal University of Uberlandia, Brazil. His
research interest areas are: Electrical Power
System, Power Quality and Renewable Energy
concerned to Wind Power.
Herivelto de Souza Bronzeado (M 97) was born
in Remgio, Paraiba, Brazil, on April 2, 1953. He
was graduated by the Universidade Federal da
Paraba, Brazil, in July 1975, and since then he
works for the Companhia Hidro Eltrica do So
Francisco CHESF, being responsible for Power
Quality and R&D Projects. He received his MSc
degree in Power System Engineering, in 1993,
from the University of Aberdeen, Scotland (UK).
He is also the chairperson of the Study Committee
C4 of Cigr-Brasil and the IEEE Joint Chapter
PES/IAS/PELS, Northeast 1, Section Bahia,
Brazil. His research interests include transformer
modeling for transient studies and Power Quality
problems.