E702.
Designing Concrete Structures:
Interaction Diagrams for Concrete
Columns
American Concrete Institute
Advancing concrete knowledge
E702 Example Problems
Interaction Diagrams for Concrete Columns
2/20/2007
D.D. Reynolds ,K.W. Kramer
2-1/2"
Problem Statement: Draw a interaction diagram for a 12" x 12" non- slender tied(non-spiral) column reinforced
w/ 4 - # 8 bars bending around it's x-axis.
Y
f'c = 4000 psi
b = 12"
fy = 60000 psi
2-1/2"
7"
h = 12"
ACI-318 05
Reference
Notes
Calculate Pnmax
Due to the fact concrete structures placed monolithically are continuous, a
minimum eccentricity or minimum moment is assummed in this calculation, the
code reduces the maximum axial load by 20% to account for this minimum
moment.
Pn = .8 [.85 f ' c (Ag Ast ) + Ast f y ]
(Eq. 1-1)
Ag = b h = 12"12"
Ag =
Section R10.3.6
&
R10.3.7
Section 10.3.6.2
Eq (10-2)
144 in2
(Area of 1 - #8 bar = .79 in2)
Ast = (4 * .79) =
Find
2
3.16 in
0.65
Pn = .8(.65)[.85(4ksi)(144in 2 3.16in 2 ) + 3.16in 2 (60ksi)]
Pnmax =
Calculate points
on curve
347.60 kips
It is possible to derive a group of equations to evaluate the strength of columns
subjected to combined bending and axial loads. These equations are tedious to
use, therefore interaction diagrams for columns are generally computed by
assuming a series of strain distributions. These strain distributions correspond fo
a particular point on the interaction diagram, P and M.
Each steel strain is selected by multiplying an arbitrary "Z" factor
and the yield strain of your steel.
s1 = Z y
(Eq. 1-2)
The "Z" factors can range from 1 to -1000 and increments between "Z"
depend on the required detail of diagram. The smaller the increment
the more detailed the diagram will be.
Section 9.3.2.2
E702 Example Problems
Interaction Diagrams for Concrete Columns
2/20/2007
D.D. Reynolds ,K.W. Kramer
ACI-318 05
Reference
Notes
With the wide range of possible "Z" factors, every designer must understand there
are four mandatory points that must be calculated for each interaction
diagram.These four points "Z" factors are 0, -0.5,-1.0,,-2.5, the importance of each
point will now be discussed.
Z = 0 (s1 = 0) - Strain t = 0 in extreme layer in tension. This point marks the
change from compression lap splice being allowed on all longitudinal bars to a
tension lap splice.
Z = -0.5 (fs1 = -0.5fy, s1 = -0.5y) This strain distribution affects the length of
tension lap splice in a column & is customarily plotted on an interaction diagram.
Z = -1.0 (fs1 = -fy, s1 = -y) This is the point of balanced failure. This strain
distribution marks the change from compression failures originating by crushing
of the compression surface of the section to tension failures initiated by yield of
the longitudinal reinforcement.
- Also marks beginning of transition zone for for columns in which increases
from 0.65 or 0.70 up to 0.90
Z = -2.5 (-2.417 if y = .00207) This point corresponds to the tension controlled
strain limit of 0.005.
For this example points will be calculated in the compression controlled
zone, (one with the column entirely in compression) (Z = 0.9, -0.5), the tension
controlled zone (Z = -5.0) and the transition zone (Z = -1.1).
2/20/2007
E702 Example Problems
Interaction Diagrams for Concrete Columns
D.D. Reynolds ,K.W. Kramer
E702 Example Problems
Interaction Diagrams for Concrete Columns
2/20/2007
D.D. Reynolds ,K.W. Kramer
ACI-318 05
Reference
Notes
Compression
Controlled zone
s1 y
Section 10.3.3
Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly proportional to the
distance from the neutral axis "c"
Section 10.2.2
s1
s2
d2
d1
Figure 1.1 - Strain curve for a column entirely in compression
d1 = 9.50 in
d2 = 2.50 in
Given:
Calculate Pn &
Mn for point in
compression
contolled zone &
column entirely in
compression
Z = .9
c =
0.003
f y = Es y y =
y =
Calculate s1
Strain in 1st row
of steel
Es = 29000 ksi
As1 = 1.58 in2
As2 = 1.58 in2
Section 10.2.3
fy
Es
60ksi
29000ksi
(Eq. 1-3)
Section 10.2.4
0.002069
Using Equation 1-2, from previous page calculate s1
s1 = .9(.002069)
s1 =
0.001862
As shown in Figure 1.1: "c" (distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral
axis) can be calculated using similar triangles.
Calculate C
9.5"
d1
= .003
c = .003
.003 .001862
.003 s1
c =
Calculate "a"
(equivalent stress
block)
25.05 in
a = 1C
For f'c 4000 psi
a=
ah
(Eq. 1-5)
For f'c 4000 psi
1 =
(Eq. 1-4)
0.85
"a' must be less than depth of
column
1 = .85
1 = .85 .05( f ' c 4000 )
1 .65
a = .85(25.05") = 21.29" 12"
12.000 in
4
Section 10.2.7.1
Section 10.2.7.3
(Eq. 1-6)
E702 Example Problems
Interaction Diagrams for Concrete Columns
2/20/2007
D.D. Reynolds ,K.W. Kramer
ACI-318 05
Reference
Notes
Calculate s2
Strain in 2nd row
of steel
As shown in Figure 1.1: s2 can be calculated using similar triangles.
C d2
25.05"2.5"
s 2 = .003
= .003
C
25.05"
s2 =
Calculate stress
in each row of
steel (fs1 & fs2)
0.002701
f sx = sx E s
f sx f y
(Eq. 1-8)
Section 10.2.4
f s 2 = .002701(29000ksi) = 78.33 60
f s1 = .001862(29000ksi)
f s 2 = 60 ksi
f s1 = 54 ksi
Calculate force in
each row of steel
(eq. 1-7)
Fx = f sx Asx
Fx = Asx ( f sx .85 f 'c )
Tension Steel:
(Eq. 1-9)
(Eq. 1-10)
Compression Steel:
(must subtract concrete stress when in compression since concrete will be
replaced by steel)
F1 = 1.58in 2 (54ksi .85(4ksi))
F1 =
F2 = 1.58in 2 (60ksi .85(4ksi))
F2 = 89.43 kips
79.95 kips
.85f'c
b
a
a
Cc
/2
Figure 1.2 - Equivalent rectangular stress block diagram
An average stress of .85 f'c is assumed uniformily distributed over an equivalent
compression zone.
Caclulate Cc
(Concrete
Compression
Force)
Using Figure 1.2 - Caclulate Cc
Cc = .85 f 'c ab = .85(4ksi)(12")(12")
C c = 489.60 kips
(Eq. 1-11)
Section 10.2.6
Section 10.2.7
Section 10.2.7.1
E702 Example Problems
Interaction Diagrams for Concrete Columns
2/20/2007
D.D. Reynolds ,K.W. Kramer
ACI-318 05
Reference
Notes
b/2 = 6"
Calculate Pn & Mn
by applying forces
to free body
diagram
Pn
Mn
79.95 kips
89.43 kips
489.60 kips
d2 = 2.5"
a/2 = 6"
d1 = 9.5"
Figure 1.3: Column free body diagram for a "Z" of .9
Using Figure 1.3, Calculate Pn by summing vertical forces:
Fv = 0 = 79.95kips + 489.60kips + 89.43kips Pn
Pn = 658.98 kips
Using Figure 1.3 from previous page, calculate Mn by summing moments about
steel in line d1: (counterclockwise being positive moment)
M = 0 =
489.6kips(3.5") 89.43kips(7") 658.98kips(3.5")
+
Mn
12"
12"
12"
1'
1'
1'
Moment arms will be in inches, must convert to feet for desired Units.
M n = 2.82 kip-ft
Calculate Pn &
Mn
= .65
Section 9.3.2.2
Pn = (.65)658.98
Pn =
428.33 kips
M n =
1.83 kip-ft
M n = (.65)2.82
Point on curve for "Z" = .9
E702 Example Problems
Interaction Diagrams for Concrete Columns
2/20/2007
D.D. Reynolds ,K.W. Kramer
ACI-318 05
Reference
Notes
s1
s2
d2
d1
Figure 1.4 - Strain curve for a column in compression & tension
Calculate Pn &
Mn (column in
compression &
tension)
d1 = 9.50 in
d2 = 2.50 in
Given:
Es = 29000 ksi
As1 = 1.58 in2
As2 = 1.58 in2
Z = -.5
Calculate s1
Strain in 1st row
of steel
Calculate C
c =
0.003
y =
0.002069
s1 = .5(.002069)
s1 =
-0.001034
9.5"
c = .003
.003 ( .001034)
(Eq. 1-2)
(Eq. 1-4)
c = 7.06 in
1 =
Calculate "a"
a = .85(7.06") = 6.00" 12"
a=
Calculate s2
Strain in 2nd row
of steel
steel (fs1 & fs2)
(Eq. 1-5)
6.004 in
7.06"2.5"
7.06"
s 2 = .003
s2 =
Calculate stress
in each row of
0.85
(eq. 1-7)
0.001938
f s1 = .001034(29000ksi)
f s 2 = .001938(29000ksi)
f s 2 = 56.21 kips
f s1 = -30.00 ksi
F1 = 1.58in 2 ( 30ksi)
F2 = 1.58in 2 (56.21ksi .85(4ksi))
Calculate force in
each row of steel
F1 =
(Eq. 1-8)
F2 = 83.44 kips
-47.40 kips
7
(Eq. 1-9)
(Eq. 1-10)
E702 Example Problems
Interaction Diagrams for Concrete Columns
2/20/2007
D.D. Reynolds ,K.W. Kramer
ACI-318 05
Reference
Notes
Caclulate Cc
Cc = .85(4ksi)(6.004")(12")
(Eq. 1-11)
Section 10.2.6
C c = 244.98 kips
b/2 = 6"
Calculate Pn & Mn
by applying forces
to free body
diagram
Pn
Mn
83.44 kips
-47.4 kips
244.98 kips
d2 = 2.5"
a/2 = 3.002"
d1 = 9.5"
Figure 1.5: Column free body diagram for a "Z" of -.5
Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural calculations of
reinforced concrete.
Using Figure 1.5 , calculate Pn by summing vertical forces:
Fv = 0 = 47.4kips + 244.98kips + 83.44kips Pn
Pn =
281.02 kips
Using Figure 1.5, calculate Mn by summing moments about steel in line d1:
(counterclockwise being positive moment)
M = 0 =
244.98kips(6.5") 83.44kips(7") 281.02kips(3.5")
+
Mn
12"
12"
12"
1'
1'
1'
M n = 99.41 kip-ft
Calculate Pn &
Mn
= .65
Pn = (.65)281.02
Pn =
182.67 kips
M n =
64.62 kip-ft
M n = (.65)99.41
Point on curve for "Z" = -.5
Section 10.2.5
E702 Example Problems
Interaction Diagrams for Concrete Columns
2/20/2007
D.D. Reynolds ,K.W. Kramer
ACI-318 05
Reference
Notes
.002 s1 .005
Transition Zone
Calculate Pn &
Mn (column in
compression &
tension)
Calculate s1
Strain in 1st row
of steel
Calculate C
d1 = 9.50 in
d2 = 2.50 in
Given:
c =
0.003
y =
0.002069
s1 = 1.1(.002069 )
1 =
Calculate stress
in each row of
steel (fs1 & fs2)
0.85
(Eq. 1-5)
4.590 in
5.40"2.5"
5.40"
s 2 = .003
s2 =
(eq. 1-7)
0.001612
f s1 = .002276(29000ksi) = 66 60ksi
f s 2 = .001612(29000ksi)
(Eq. 1-8)
(Eq. 1-8)
f s 2 = 46.75 kips
F1 = 1.58in 2 ( 60ksi)
F2 = 1.58in (46.75ksi .85(4ksi))
2
F1 =
Caclulate Cc
(Eq. 1-4)
5.40 in
f s1 = -60.00 ksi
Calculate force in
each row of steel
5.401961
a = .85(5.4") = 4.59" 12"
a=
Calculate s2
Strain in 2nd row
of steel
s1 =
9.5"
c = .003
.003 ( .002276)
c=
Calculate "a"
(equivalent stress
block)
Es = 29000 ksi
As1 = 1.58 in2
As2 = 1.58 in2
(Eq. 1-9)
(Eq. 1-10)
F2 = 68.49 kips
-94.80 kips
Cc = .85(4ksi)(4.59")(12")
C c = 187.27 kips
(Eq. 1-11)
E702 Example Problems
Interaction Diagrams for Concrete Columns
2/20/2007
D.D. Reynolds ,K.W. Kramer
ACI-318 05
Reference
Notes
b/2 = 6"
Calculate Pn & Mn
by applying forces
to free body
diagram
Pn
Mn
68.49 kips
-94.8 kips
187.27 kips
a/2 = 2.295"
d2 = 2.5"
d1 = 9.5"
Figure 1.6: Column free body diagram for a "Z" of -1.1
Using Figure 1.6, calculate Pn by summing vertical forces:
Fv = 0 = 94.8kips + 68.49kips + 187.27 kips Pn
Pn =
160.96 kips
Using Figure 1.6 calculate Mn by summing moments about steel in line d1:
(counterclockwise being positive moment)
M = 0 =
187.27kips(7.205") 68.49kips(7") 160.96kips(3.5")
+
Mn
12"
12"
12"
1'
1'
1'
M n = 105.45 kip-ft
Calculate Pn &
Mn
250
250
= .65 + (.002276 .002 )
= .673
3
3
= .65 + ( s1 .002 )
M n = (.673)105.45
Pn = (.673)160.96
Pn =
108.33 kips
M n =
70.97 kip-ft
Point on curve for "Z" = -1.1
10
Figure R9.3.2
E702 Example Problems
Interaction Diagrams for Concrete Columns
2/20/2007
D.D. Reynolds ,K.W. Kramer
ACI-318 05
Reference
Notes
Tension Controlled
Zone
s1 .005
Calculate Pn &
Given:
Mn for point in
Tension controlled
zone & column in
compression &
tension
Calculate s1
Strain in 1st row
of steel
Calculate C
d1 = 9.50 in
d2 = 2.50 in
As2 = 1.58 in2
Z = -5
c =
0.003
y =
0.002069
s1 = 5(.002069)
1 =
in each row of
steel (fs1 & fs2)
2.14 in
0.85
(Eq. 1-7)
-0.000505
f s1 = .010345(29000ksi) = 300 60ksi
f s 2 = .000505(29000ksi)
F1 = 1.58in 2 ( 60ksi)
F1 =
Caclulate Cc
(Eq. 1-5)
1.819 in
f s1 = -60.00 ksi
Calculate force in
each row of steel
(Eq. 1-8)
(Eq. 1-8)
f s 2 = -14.65 kips
F2 = 1.58in 2 ( 14.65ksi)
(Eq. 1-9)
F2 = -23.15 kips
-94.80 kips
Cc = .85(4ksi)(1.819")(12")
Cc =
(Eq. 1-2)
(Eq. 1-4)
2.14"2.5"
s 2 = .003
2.14"
s2 =
Calculate stress
-0.010345
a = .85(2.14") = 1.819" 12"
a=
Calculate s2
Strain in 2nd row
of steel
s1 =
9.5"
c = .003
.003 ( .010345)
c=
Calculate "a"
Es = 29000 ksi
As1 = 1.58 in2
74.22 kips
11
(Eq. 1-11)
E702 Example Problems
Interaction Diagrams for Concrete Columns
2/20/2007
D.D. Reynolds ,K.W. Kramer
ACI-318 05
Reference
Notes
b/2 = 6"
Calculate Pn & Mn
by applying forces
to free body
diagram
Pn
Mn
-23.15 kips
-94.8 kips
74.22 kips
a/2 = .91"
d2 = 2.5"
d1 = 9.5"
Figure 1.7: Column free body diagram for a "Z" of -5
Using Figure 1.7, calculate Pn by summing vertical forces:
Fv = 0 = 94.8kips 23.15kips + 74.22kips Pn
Pn =
-43.73 kips
Using Figure 1.7 calculate Mn by summing moments about steel in line d1:
(counterclockwise being positive moment)
M = 0 =
74.22kips(8.59") 23.15kips(7") 43.73kips(3.5")
Mn
12"
12"
12"
1'
1'
1'
M n = 52.38 kip-ft
Calculate Pn &
Mn
= .9
Section 9.3.2.2
M n = (.9)52.38
Pn = (.9 )( 43.73)
Pn =
-39.36 kips
M n =
47.14 kip-ft
Point on curve for "Z" = -5
12
E702 Example Problems
Interaction Diagrams for Concrete Columns
2/20/2007
D.D. Reynolds ,K.W. Kramer
ACI-318 05
Reference
Notes
Calculate Pnt
When column is entirely in tension the designer shall assume the concrete in the
column will not contribute to tension strength, only reinforcement shall resist
tension.
Section 10.2.5
Pnt = Ast f y
(Area of 1 - #8 bar = .79 in2)
2
3.16 in
Ast = (4 * .79) =
Pnt = 3.16in 2 (60ksi)
Pnt = -189.60 kips
Find
0.9
Section 9.3.2.2
Pnt = .9( 189.6kips)
Pnt = -170.64 kips
s1
Pn
Mn
0.002069
0.0018621
-0.001034
-0.002276
-0.010345
347.60
347.60
182.67
108.33
-39.36
-170.64
0.00
1.83
64.62
70.97
47.14
0.00
Column Interaction Diagram
400.00
300.00
200.00
Pn (Kips)
Draw interaction
diagram using
points calculated.
100.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
-100.00
-200.00
Mn (k-ft)
13
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
E702 Example Problems
Interaction Diagrams for Concrete Columns
2/20/2007
D.D. Reynolds ,K.W. Kramer
ACI-318 05
Reference
Notes
Finally an actual iteraction diagram will be shown with using more values of "Z", to
get a more detailed curve.
Column Interaction Diagram
400.00
300.00
Pn (Kips)
200.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
-100.00
-200.00
Mn (k-ft)
14
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
