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(b) If special boundary elements are required by (a), then (i) and either (ii) or (iii) shall be satisfied.
(i) Special boundary element transverse reinforcement shall extend vertically above and below the
critical section a least the greater of ℓw and Mu/4Vu, except as permitted in 18.10.6.4(ij).
25.4.3.3 The total cross-sectional area of ties or stirrups confining hooked bars Ath shall consist of (a) or
(b):
(a) Ties or stirrups that enclose the hook and satisfy 25.3.2.
(b) Other reinforcement enclosing the hook, that extends at least 0.75ℓdh from the enclosed hook in the
direction of the bar in tension,.
Ath shall be and is in accordance with (1c) or (2d). For members with confining reinforcement that is both
parallel and perpendicular to ℓdh, it shall be permitted to use the value of Ath based on (1c) or (2d) that
results in the lower value of ℓdh.
(1c) Two or more ties or stirrups shall be provided parallel to ℓdh enclosing the hooks, evenly distributed
with a center-to-center spacing not exceeding 8db, and within 15db of the centerline of the straight portion
of the hooked bars, where db is the nominal diameter of the hooked bar.
(2d) Two or more ties or stirrups shall be provided perpendicular to ℓdh, enclosing the hooked bars, and
evenly distributed along ℓdh with a center-to-center spacing not exceeding 8db, where db is the nominal
diameter of the hooked bar.
When a rectangular beam fails in torsion, the corners of the beam tend to spall off due to the inclined
compressive stresses in the concrete diagonals of the space truss changing direction at the corner as shown
in Fig. R25.7.1.6(ab). In tests (Mitchell and Collins 1976), closed stirrups anchored by 90-degree hooks
failed when this occurred. For this reason, 135-degree standard hooks or seismic hooks are preferable for
torsional stirrups in all cases. In regions where this spalling is prevented by an adjacent slab or flange,
25.7.1.6(ba) relaxes this requirement and allows 90-degree hooks because of the added confinement from
the slab (refer to Fig. R25.7.1.6(ba)).
0.24 f y 0.075 f y fy
db db db
f c f c 50 f c
25.4.9.2(a)
0.24 r f y 0.075 r f y r fy
db db db
f c f c 50 f c
Except for pile caps designed in accordance with 13.2.6.5, the pile cap shall be designed such that (a) is
satisfied for one-way foundations and (a) and (b) are satisfied for two-way foundations.
(a) ϕVn ≥ Vu, where Vn shall be calculated in accordance with 22.5 for one-way shear, Vu shall be
calculated in accordance with 13.4.2.713.4.6.5, and ϕ shall be in accordance with 21.2
(b) ϕvn ≥ vu, where vn shall be calculated in accordance with 22.6 for two-way shear, vu shall be calculated
in accordance with 13.4.2.713.4.6.5, and ϕ shall be in accordance with 21.2
Jurisdictions may adopt ACI 318, ACI 318M, and ACI 318S, or ACI 318SUS.
11.6.2, p. 171, “≤” is not correct and should be corrected/replaced with “>”; revised as:
11.6.2 If in-plane Vu 0.5αc f c Acv Vu >0.5αc f c Acv , (a) and (b) shall be satisfied:…
13.1.1 This chapter shall apply to the design of nonprestressed and prestressed foundations, including
shallow foundations (a) through (f)(e), deep foundations (g)(f) through (i), and retaining walls (j) and (k):
(ii) b 0.025 cw
(ii) b 0.025c w
Fig. R18.14.5.1, p. 353, ℓn is not part of the x-axis and, therefore, deleted in the x-axis title and revised as,
R22.6.4.2, p. 412, revised as:
R22.6.4.2 For two-way members with stirrup … Calculated shear stress at this section must not exceed
the limits given in expressions (b)(a) and (d)(e) in Table 22.6.6.1.
vu , x Vu , x
(a) 0.5 0.5 (22.5.1.10a)
vn , x Vn , x
vu , y Vu , y
(b) 0.5 0.5 (22.5.1.10b)
vn , y Vn , y
Vu 5 tan() s f c bw d
(b) Strength of a shotcrete mixture shall be acceptable if (1) and (2) are satisfied:
(1) Every arithmetic average of the strengths from three consecutive test panels equals or exceeds fc′.
(2) Thethe average compressive strength of three cores from a single test panel is not less than 0.85fc′
with no core having a strength less than 0.75fc′.
(c) If either ofthe requirements of 26.12.4.1(b) areis not satisfied, steps shall be taken to increase the
average of subsequent strength results.
(d) Requirements for investigating low strength-test results shall apply if the requirements of
26.12.6.1(b)(2) 26.12.4.1(b)(2) areis not met.
R26.12.6.1(e) An average core strength of 85 percent … The acceptance criteria for core strengths have
been established with consideration that cores for investigating low strength-test results will typically be
extracted at an age later than specified for fc′. For the purpose of satisfying 26.12.4.1(e)26.12.6.1(e), this
Code does not intend that core strengths be adjusted for the age of the cores.