Lecture - DIS - 6

LECTURE 6 - NATIONALISM (2) - FOR DEFENDING THE COMMUNITY
* = What makes you think so?
1. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING
1) Drake Equation For Multiple Perspective

- What are important variables for a good boy and/or girlfriend?*
- What are important variables for judging if nationalism can be defended? *
2) Linked Question For Application Practice

- What other things (Other themes, books, cases, and movies) does today's topic reminds you of? *
2. BASIC QUESTION FOR CHECKING HOMEWORK AND FOR ACTIVE LEARNING

- What do you think about the "underlined" parts? (If there are from today's material) *
- What are your "underlined" parts? Why did you "highlight" them? Any question? Share opinions. *
- What are your discussion questions for us about the issue?
- What makes you think the questions are important?
3.DESCRIBE - EXPLAIN - PREDICT - CONTROL
[D] - How important do you think the issue is nowadays? Any good example or case related to
"defensive" nationalism? *
[E] - What makes the issue ("defensive nationalism") so important even in the 21st century? What
other things causes you think people not to accept not to accept cosmopolitanism?*
[P] - Future of the issue? *
[C] - Any solution? * (Maybe 15 minutes before the debate session ends)
4. FDDQ - FURTHER DISCUSSION AND DEBATE QUESTIONS
Begin after discuss which question is more intellectually interesting.

1) Hypothetical and Dilemmatic Questions For Perspective Taking
- What if you were in the position of Yoko Watkins (the author of ) and Richard Kim (One of
Korean American parents who have sought to remove the book from the school curriculum since
2006.?)
2) Topic Question
[From Student]
- What are your (interviewee) question about the issue?
[From TA and Teacher]
- Share pros and cons of nationalism.

- How are globalization and nationalism correlated? Positively? Negatively? Or any other relationship?
- Can national characteristics be compatible with "world peace" or globalization? If yes, how? If no,
why not?
- What is more important in history between facts and perspectives?
- How accurate literary and art work should be? Can they?
- Are people always right?
5.LAST SESSION
- How can we solve the problem? What is the best way to make loving my people not hurt people from
different backgrounds?
6.REMAINED QUESTION
- What are your questions that was not answered today but will be answered later?
7.ESSAY QUESTION - Any question above or your question.
ESSAY - club.cyworld.com/learnbyteaching [] (RE) WRITING .

(400 words - 800)
[LECTURE 6 - HANDOUT - VICTIMHOOD NATIONALISM]

TERMS
Diaspora Nationalism ("Long-Distance N") generally refers to nationalist feeling among a diaspora
such as the Irish in the United States, the Jewish in the United States identifying as Israelis. Anderson
states that this sort of nationalism acts as a "phantom bedrock" for people who want to experience a
national connection, but who do not actually want to leave their diaspora community.
"So Far from the Bamboo Grove" is a semi-autobiographical book written by Yoko Kawashima
Watkins, a Japanese American writer. It was originally published by Beech Tree in April 1986. A
Japanese version of this book is not available while China has banned publication of it.
Collective Guilt, or guilt by association, is the controversial collectivist idea that a group of humans
can bear guilt above and beyond the guilt of particular members, and hence an individual holds
responsibility for what other members of his group have done, even if he himself hasn't done this.
Victimhood is the controversial collectivist idea that a group of humans can bear the feeling of being
a victim beyond the experience of particular members, and hence an individual holds victimized idea
for what other members of his group have gone through, even if he himself hasn't done. (~)
Defensive (resistance) Nationalism : Recently, there has been a rise of 3rd World nationalism. It
occurs in those nations that have been colonized and exploited. The nationalisms of these nations
were forged in a furnace that required resistance to colonial domination in order to survive.
Historical Revisionism is the critical reexamination of historical facts, with an eye towards rewriting
histories with either newly discovered information or a reinterpretation of existing information. The
assumption is that history as it has been traditionally told may not be entirely accurate. The pejorative
use refers to illegitimate manipulation of history for political purposes, for example Holocaust denial.
This meaning is described further in the article historical revisionism (negationism). "Japan, a victim of
the European colonial powers, sought only to protect the rest of Asia from them. Japans colonial
occupation of Korea, for example, is described as a partnership."
Collective Guilt ~ Victimhood Nationalism Imagined Community The Unity (Good or Bad?)
THEORY AND SOLUTION
1.Theory About Us And Them (As in LOST)
Identity - An umbrella term used throughout the social sciences to describe an individual's
comprehension of him or herself as a discrete, separate entity. This term, though generic, can be
further specified by the disciplines of psychology and sociology, including the two forms of social
psychology.
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- [] The Self = Ego vs The Other [, ]
- Self : The particular characteristics of the self determine its identity. Self is broadly defined as the
essential qualities that make a person distinct from all others. The task in philosophy is defining what
these qualities are, and there have been a number of different approaches. The self is the idea of a
unified being which is the source of an idiosyncratic consciousness.
- The Other (a key concept in continental philosophy) refers, or attempts to refer to a person other than
oneself, and is often capitalised. A person's definition of the 'Other' is part of what defines or even
constitutes the self.
It has been used in social science to understand the processes by which societies and groups exclude
'Others' who they want to subordinate or who do not fit into their society. For example, Edward Said's
book Orientalism demonstrates how this was done by western societiesparticularly England and
Franceto 'other' those people in the 'Orient' who they wanted to control.
- The Concept of 'Otherness' is also integral to the understanding of identities, as people construct
roles for themselves in relation to an 'other' as part of a fluid process of action-reaction that is not
necessarily related with subjugation or stigmatization.
Othering is a way of defining and securing one's own positive identity through the stigmatization of
an "other." Whatever the markers of social differentiation that shape the meaning of "us" and
"them," whether they are racial, geographic, ethnic, economic or ideological, there is always the
danger that they will become the basis for a self-affirmation that depends upon the denigration of the
other group.
- Orientalism (possibly the most popular one) was given a new twist by Edward Said in his controversial
1978 book Orientalism, where he uses the term to describe a tradition, both academic and artistic, of
hostile and deprecatory views of the East by the West, shaped by the attitudes of the era of
imperialism.
- Imperialism has two meanings, one describing an action and the other describing an attitude. Most
commonly it is understood in relation to Empire building, as the forceful extension of a nation's
authority by territorial conquest establishing economic and political domination over other nations. Its
2nd meaning describes the imperialistic attitude of superiority and subordination over foreign peoples.
2-1.REFLEXIVE NATIONALISM
- PRASENJIT DUARA (UNIV. OF CHICAGO) "

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2-2.DIFFERENCE AND REPETITION by Gilles Deleuze
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Identity politics is political action to advance the interests of members of a group whose members
perceive themselves to be oppressed by virtue of a shared and marginalized identity (such as race,
ethnicity, religion, gender, and sexual orientation). The term has been used principally in United States
politics since the 1970s. Identity politics is a phenomenon that arose first at the radical margins of
liberal democratic societies in which human rights are recognized, and the term is not usually used to
refer to dissident movements within single-party or authoritarian states.
[2012] Identity politics are political arguments that focus upon the self interest and perspectives of
self-identified social interest groups and ways in which people's politics may be shaped by aspects of
their identity through race, class, religion, gender, sexual orientation or traditional dominance. Not all
members of any given group are necessarily involved in identity politics.
Minority influence is a central component of identity politics. Minority influence is a form of social
influence which takes place when a majority is being influenced to accept the beliefs or behavior of a
minority. Unlike other forms of influence this usually involves a personal shift in private opinion. This
personal shift in opinion is called conversion. This type of influence is most likely to take place if the
minority is consistent, flexible and appealing to the majority.
~gay pride
[SUPPLEMENT]
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[The Trouble with Japanese Nationalism]- Francis Fukuyama - ENG VERSION
Barely half a year into his premiership, Japans Shinzo Abe is provoking anger across Asia and mixed
feelings in his countrys key ally, the United States. But will the Bush administration use its influence
to nudge Abe away from inflammatory behavior?
Abes predecessor, Junichiro Koizumi, was a mold-breaking leader, reviving Japans economy,
reforming the postal savings system, and smashing the long-ruling Liberal Democratic Partys faction
system. But Koizumi also legitimized a new Japanese nationalism, antagonizing China and South
Korea by his annual visits to the Yasukuni Shrine. If anything, Abe is even more committed to building
an assertive and unapologetic Japan.
Anyone who believes that the Yasukuni controversy is an obscure historical matter that Chinese and
Koreans use to badger Japan for political advantage has probably never spent much time there. The
problem is not the 12 Class-A war criminals interred at the shrine; the real problem is the Yushukan
military museum next door.
Walking past the Mitsubishi Zero, tanks, and machine guns on display in the museum, one finds a
history of the Pacific War that restores the Truth of Modern Japanese History. It follows the
nationalist narrative: Japan, a victim of the European colonial powers, sought only to protect the rest of
Asia from them. Japans colonial occupation of Korea, for example, is described as a partnership one
looks in vain for any account of the victims of Japanese militarism in Nanjing or Manila.
One might be able to defend the museum as one viewpoint among many in a pluralist democracy. But
there is no other museum in Japan that gives an alternative view of Japans twentieth-century history.
Successive Japanese governments have hidden behind the Yushukan museums operation by a private
religious organization to deny responsibility for the views expressed there.
That is an unconvincing stance. In fact, unlike Germany, Japan has never come to terms with its own
responsibility for the Pacific War. Although socialist Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama officially
apologized to China in 1995 for the war, Japan has never had a genuine internal debate over its
degree of responsibility, and has never made a determined effort to propagate an alternative account
to that of Yushukan.
My exposure to the Japanese right came in the early 1990s, when I was on a couple of panels in
Japan with Watanabe Soichi, who was selected by my Japanese publisher (unbeknownst to me) to
translate my book The End of History and the Last Man into Japanese. Watanabe, a professor at
Sophia University, was a collaborator of Shintaro Ishihara, the nationalist politician who wrote The
Japan That Can Say No and is now the governor of Tokyo.
In the course of a couple of encounters, I heard him explain in front of large public audiences how the
people of Manchuria had tears in their eyes when the occupying Kwantung Army left China, so grateful
were they to Japan. According to Watanabe, the Pacific War boiled down to race, as the US was
determined to keep a non-white people down. Watanabe is thus the equivalent of a Holocaust denier,
but, unlike his German counterparts, he easily draws large and sympathetic audiences. (I am regularly
sent books by Japanese writers that explain how the Nanjing Massacre was a big fraud.)
Moreover, there have been several disturbing recent incidents in which physical intimidation has been
used by nationalists against critics of Koizumis Yasukuni visits, such as the firebombing of former
prime ministerial candidate Kato Koichis home. (On the other hand, the publisher of the normally
conservative Yomiuri Shimbun attacked Koizumis Yasukuni visits and published a fascinating series of
articles on responsibility for the war.)
This leaves the US in a difficult position. A number of American strategists are eager to ring China with
a NATO-like defensive barrier, building outward from the US-Japan Security Treaty. Since the final days
of the Cold War, the US has been pushing Japan to rearm, and has officially supported a proposed
revision of Article 9 of the postwar constitution, which bans Japan from having a military or waging war.
But America should be careful about what it wishes for. The legitimacy of the entire American military
position in the Far East is built around the US exercising Japans sovereign function of self-defense.
Japans unilateral revision of Article 9, viewed against the backdrop of its new nationalism, would
isolate Japan from virtually the whole of Asia.
Revising Article 9 has long been part of Abes agenda, but whether he pushes ahead with it will
depend in large part on the kind of advice he gets from close friends in the US. President Bush was
unwilling to say anything about Japans new nationalism to his good friend Junichiro out of gratitude
for Japanese support in Iraq. Now that Japan has withdrawn its small contingent of troops, perhaps
Bush will speak plainly to Abe.
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[LIKING PASSAGES AND TOPICS]
[A]The will to integrate the nation to global culture is questionable in Korea. Though Korea has won
wide praise for opening up to foreign investors since the 1997 financial crisis, collectivist
nationalism(LEC 7 - NATIONALISM 2) remains dominant in Korean public discourse. To its credit, the
current government has resisted the pull of collectivist nationalism, but it remains entrenched in the
bureaucracy, academia, the media, the labor movement, and most civic organizations. The media and
the educational system continue to extol the virtues of a mythical "uri" based on ethnic(LEC 6 NATIONALISM 1, LEC 9 - POPULISM) and linguistic purity(LEC 8-LANGUAGE IMPERIALISM). It is, as
Michael Breen, author of a provocative book on Korea entitled "The Koreans: Who They are, What They
Want, Where Their Future Lies," wrote, "While many foreigners have very warm experiences with some
Koreans, they often feel rejected by Koreans in general.(LEC 9 - POPULISM) They are rejected because
Koreans are so nationalistic and have a racist obsession with their blood(LEC 5- MULTI CULTURE)."
[1]Victimhood
The critics of the book, "So Far from the Bamboo Grove" expressed that the book makes no mention
of Japanese war crimes, including forced labor and forced prostitution, and portrays Koreans as the
antagonists. Korean American parents have sought to remove the book from the school curriculum
since 2006. After the controversy arose in the Greater Boston area, similar efforts in other parts of the
U.S. have been successful in removing the book from the curriculum and reading lists.
Television program Neukkimpyo (Korean: Exclamation Mark), which criticized the book as an
"unhesitant, outrageous distortion", was the first in the South Korean media to report on this matter.
The Chosun Ilbo and Yonhap News claimed that her father was an officer in Unit 731 and that he was
kept in Siberian prison for six years as a result. They claimed to have uncovered documentation of
organized evacuation of Japanese families from Manchuria and North Korea to Maizuru Bay, the same
route taken by Watkins, under military and medical supervision.
[2]Germans. No More Guilt?
Unlike those in the United States, many of them also argue that the Bush administration was
responsible for Sept. 11. One book, by a former German government minister, argues that the planes
that hit the World Trade Center may have been secretly steered from the ground. Recently, an opinion
poll showed that one in five Germans believe them.
...Not one but two books have become popular through their descriptions of the Allied bombing of
Dresden in 1945. It resulted in fires that caused tens of thousands of deaths. (b)One of the authors
used the word "crematoria" to describe the burning buildings, described the Allied bomber pilots as
the equivalents of Nazi police units that murdered Jews and concluded by wondering whether Winston
Churchill ought to have been condemned as a war criminal.
These books have also been effective: According to another opinion poll, more than a third of the
Germans now think of themselves as "victims" of the Second World War -- just like the Jews. Nor has
this new interpretation of history remained limited to books. Lately momentum has gathered behind a
movement to build a new museum in Berlin dedicated to Germans expelled from their homes at the
end of the war -- just like the Holocaust museum. It's not wrong for Germans to remember their
relatives who suffered, but the tone of the campaigners is disturbing, because they seem, at times,
almost to forget why the war started in the first place. Their leader, for example, is the daughter of a
Wehrmacht officer, and was born in occupied Poland. Tragically, she was expelled from her childhood
home when German troops were defeated -- the adverb "tragically" representing a certain point of view
here, not an objective observation.
That point of view, always popular on the far right of the German political spectrum, has spread rapidly
leftward in recent years, attracting supporters among Social Democrats, bank presidents and
others. ... There are German politicians who will shout down other guests at dinner parties if their right
to victimhood is questioned too harshly.
Germany is reassessing its place in Europe, its role in the world, its postwar subordination to the
United States. ... Germans, or at least some of them, no longer want to apologize for the 20th century.
[3]China as a Victim?
In an increasingly wired society, many, especially the Internet-savvy young, have taken to the Web to
express their feelings and demand action. One popular Chinese online chatroom, Tianya, has called for
donations of Chinese flags to support the relay on the remaining legs of its international tour, which
includes stops in South Korea, Japan and Vietnam.
Countrymen, let our five-star red flag fly high and welcome the Olympic torch!, one post proudly
proclaimed. We Chinese must unite. Let us show those superficial and short-sighted westerners the
style of our spirit! another said.
[4]Understanding The Victims
Mr Rogge says public(?) expectations about the country's pace of change are unrealistic.
"It took us 200 years to evolve from the French Revolution. China started in 1949. At that time it was
a country of famine, epidemics, floods and civil war. It had no economy, no health care, no education
system and there was 600m of them," he says.
Back in 1949, Mr Rogge pointed out, the UK was a colonial power. So too were Belgium, France and
Portugal, "with all the abuse attached to colonial powers. It was only 40 years ago that we gave liberty
to the colonies. Let's be a little bit more modest".
China may not be a role model in the west, Mr Rogge concedes, but "we owe China to give them
time".
LECTURE 7 - POPULISM (1)? OR NATIONALISM (3)?

- What are important variables for good schools?
- What are important variables for judging if public opinion is right? *


Today's Issue - POPULISM
[D] - How important do you think the issue is nowadays? Any good example or case related to
populism? *
[E] - What makes the issue (populism) so important even in the 21st century? What other things
causes you think people not to act rationally?*

- What if you were in the German's situation? *
2) Topic Question
[From Student]
- share pros and cons of populism.

- How are nationalism and populism related? **
- What do you think about the following?
1.Vox populi, vox dei (/vks ppjla vks di.a/), "The voice of the people [is] the voice of God",
Westwing 1-16 33:33
2."Many forms of Government have been tried, and will be tried in this world of sin and woe. No one
pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst
form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time."
5.LAST SESSION
- How can we solve the problem?
6.REMAINED QUESTION

(400 words - 800)
[LECTURE 7 (1) - POPULISM - HANDOUT]

TERMS
Populism
- A discourse (= idea) which supports "the people" versus "the elites". Populism may involve either a
political philosophy urging social and political system changes and/or a rhetorical style, deployed by
members of political or social movements competing for advantage within the existing party system.
- The idea of gathering people "a virtuous and homogeneous people against a set of elites and
dangerous others who are together depicted as depriving (or attempting to deprive) the sovereign
people of their rights, values, prosperity, identity and voice".
Populism From Wikipedia
A third group of recent scholars beginning with Lawrence Goodwyns Democratic Promise: The Populist
Moment in America argues that populism is a movement politics of organizing for popular
empowerment or civic agency -- the capacities of ordinary people to be architects and agents of their
lives, shapers of their communities and the larger world, and collaborators with others from diverse
backgrounds on common challenges.
Populist movements have variously tried to stand up to corporate power, remove "corrupt" elites, fight
for the "poor people of the country", "put people first," and "build a cooperative commonwealth." By
its very nature, Populism incorporates anti-regime politics(fascism) at a time when it asserts it is
due. Because populism motivates people to oppose a ruling class, it has sometimes been maligned
and used as a tool by some regimes in combination with nationalism, jingoism, racism or religious
fundamentalism. Populist movements, as with many political movements, can be maligned, if
definitions of "the people" are used that are different than prevailing ones.
Often populist movements employ dichotomous rhetoric, and claim to represent the majority of the
people. Many populists appeal to a specific region of a country or to a specific social class, such as
the working class, middle class, or farmers or simply "the poor".
Populist styles and methods
Populists are seen by some politicians as a largely democratic and positive force in society, even while
a wing of scholarship in political science contends that populist mass movements are irrational and
introduce instability into the political process. Margaret Canovan argues that both these polar views
are faulty, and has defined two main branches of modern populism worldwide agrarian and political
and mapped out seven disparate sub-categories:
Populism and Fascism
Populist movements can be a precursor for, and building blocks of fascist movements. Conspiracist
scapegoating employed by various populist movements can create a seedbed for fascism. One way
this can happen is in far-right isolationist movements that view globalization as a threat to American
interests.
Populism in various countries
Populism in Latin America
Populism has been an important force in Latin American political history (see Jos Gaspar Rodrguez
de Francia). In Latin America, many charismatic leaders have emerged since the 20th century, such as
Carlos Ibez del Campo, Getlio Vargas, Lzaro Crdenas, Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, Juan Domingo
Pern, Abdala Bucaram and recently Alan Garcia, Daniel Ortega, Hugo Chvez, Rafael Correa, Evo
Morales, Joaquin Balaguer and Nstor Kirchner.
Often adapting a nationalist vocabulary and rhetorically convincing, populism was used to appeal to
broad masses while remaining ideologically ambivalent. Notwithstanding, there have been notable
exceptions. 21st Century Latin-American populist leaders have had a decidedly socialist bent.
When populists do take strong positions on economic philosophies such as capitalism versus
socialism, the position sparks strong emotional responses regarding how best to manage the nation's
current and future social and economic position. Mexico's 2006 Presidential election was hotly
debated within Mexicans who supported and opposed populist candidate Andre Manuel Lopez Obrador.
Inequality
Thus populism in Latin American countries has both an economic and an ideological edge. The
situation is similar in many countries with the legacies of poor and low-growth economies: highly
unequal societies in which people are divided between a relative few wealthy families and masses of
poor (with some exceptions such as Argentina, where strong and educated middle classes are a
significant segment of the population).
Populists can be very successful political candidates in such countries. In appealing to the masses of
poor people prior to gaining power, populists may promise widely-demanded food, housing,
employment, basic social services, and income-redistribution. Once in political power, they may not
always be financially or politically able to fulfill all these broad promises. However, they are very often
successful in stretching to provide many broad and basic services.
The economics debate on populism and socialist populism
In Mexico, Brazil and Argentina in a relatively short period of time, populist leaders were perceived to
have delivered more to their lower class constituents than previous governments. Critics of populist
policies point to the infamous consequences of spending and lack of reform on these countries'
respective finances involving growing debt, pressured currencies, and hyperinflation, which in turn led
to high interest rates, low growth, and debt crisis.
The 1980s in Latin America became referred to as a lost decade during which the region experienced
low economic growth and few if any reductions in poverty while the Asian Tigers have been consistently
developing through high rates of savings, investments, and educational achievements.
Supporters of past economic policies would point to the uncontrollable economic consequences of
high oil prices to much of the world economy during the 1970s and the unanticipated fall in commodity
prices that would later complicate financing past spending.
Populist strength and current socialist tendency
Populism has nevertheless remained a significant force in Latin America. Populism has recently been
re-appearing on the far left with promises of far-reaching socialist changes as seen in Venezuela under
Hugo Chavez. These socialist changes have included policies nationalizing energy companies such as
oil, and consolidation of power into the hands of the President so as to enable a socialist
"transformation." The Venezuelan government often spars verbally with the United States and accuses
it of attempting to overthrow its president Hugo Chavez after supporting a failed coup against him.
Chavez himself has been one of the most outspoken and blunt critics of U.S. foreign policy.
Nevertheless, the Venezuelan and U.S. governments continue to rely on each other for oil sales from
Venezuela to the United States.
France
In France, the populist and nationalist picture was more mystical and metaphysical in nature.
Historian Jules Michelet fused nationalism and populism by positing the people as a mystical unity
who are the driving force of history in which the divinity finds its purpose. For Michelet, in history, that
representation of the struggle between spirit and matter, France has a special place because the
French became a people through equality, liberty, and fraternity. Because of this, he believed, the
French people can never be wrong. Michelet's ideas are not socialism or rational politics, and his
populism always minimizes, or even masks, social class differences.
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Fascism : An authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers the
individual subordinate to the interests of the state, party or society as a whole. Fascists seek to forge
a type of national unity, usually based on (but not limited to) ethnic, cultural, racial, religious
attributes. Various scholars attribute different characteristics to fascism, but the following elements
are usually seen as its integral parts: patriotism, nationalism, statism, militarism, totalitarianism, anticommunism, corporatism, populism, collectivism, autocracy and opposition to political and economic
liberalism. ~Great Depression / Gaining political power by populism / Anti-Rationalism
Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler - "...People try to see what they want to see instead of something that
(they know) they have to see..."

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[QUICK REVIEW AND LINK]
The Other (a key concept in continental philosophy) refers, or attempts to refer to a person other than
oneself, and is often capitalised. A person's definition of the 'Other' is part of what defines or even
constitutes the self.
It has been used in social science to understand the processes by which societies and groups exclude
'Others' who they want to subordinate or who do not fit into their society. For example, Edward Said's
book Orientalism demonstrates how this was done by western societiesparticularly England and
Franceto 'other' those people in the 'Orient' who they wanted to control.
- The concept of 'otherness' is also integral to the understanding of identities, as people

construct roles for themselves in relation to an 'other' as part of a fluid process of action-reaction that
is not necessarily related with subjugation or stigmatization.
Othering is a way of defining and securing one's own positive identity through the stigmatization of
an "other." Whatever the markers of social differentiation that shape the meaning of "us" and
"them," whether they are racial, geographic, ethnic, economic or ideological, there is always the
danger that they will become the basis for a self-affirmation that depends upon the denigration of the
other group.
EXPLANATION
A. Sociology
Sociology by Anthony Giddens
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B. Psychology
Internal versus external
The theory divides the way people attribute causes into two types. "External" or "situational"
attribution assigns causality to an outside factor, such as the weather.
"Internal" or "dispositional" attribution assigns causality to factors within the person, such as their
own level of intelligence or other variables that make the individual responsible for the event.
The covariation model developed by Harold Kelley examines how people decide whether an internal or
an external attribution will be made.
1.DISPOSITION
The Mass Psychology of Fascism by Wilhelm Reich
In this classic study, Reich provides insight into the phenomenon of fascism, which continues to
ravage the international community in ways great and small. Drawing on medical experiences with
people of various classes, races, and religious beliefs, Reich refutes the still generally held notion that
fascism is a specific characteristic of certain nationalities or a political party ideology that is imposed
on innocent people by means of force or political maneuvers.
Responsibility for the elimination of fascism thus results with the masses of average people who might
otherwise support and champion it.
Against Marxists' naive idea .

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2.SITUATION
Banality of Evil
The Banality of Evil is a phrase coined in 1963 by Hannah Arendt in her work Eichmann in Jerusalem.
It describes the thesis that the great evils in history generally, and the Holocaust in particular, were
not executed by fanatics or sociopaths but rather by ordinary people who accepted the premises of
their state and therefore participated with the view that their actions were normal.
Arendt states that aside from a desire for improving his career, Eichmann showed no trace of antiSemitism or psychological damage. Her subtitle famously referred to the "banality of evil," and that
phrase is used quite abruptly as the final words of the final chapter. In part, at least, the phrase refers
to Eichmann's deportment at the trial, displaying neither guilt nor hatred, claiming he bore no
responsibility because he was simply "doing his job" ("He did his duty...; he not only obeyed orders, he
also obeyed the law." p. 135). ~ BUREAUCRACY
FROM SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Persuasion : Psychological researches generally indicate that a shocking (emotional-based)
approach is more effective in communication and persuasion than the logical approach.
Cognitive miser refers to the idea that a small amount of information is actively perceived by
individuals, with many cognitive shortcuts used to attend to relevant information.
Group polarization is the tendency of people to make decisions that are more extreme
when they are in a group as opposed to a decision alone or independently. A military term for group
polarization is "incestuous amplification".
Risky shift - The risky shift is the tendency for decisions taken by a group after discussion
to display more experimentation, be less conservative and be more risky than those made by
individuals acting alone prior to any discussion. In group conditions, people with relatively moderate
viewpoints tend to assume that their groupmates hold more extreme views, and to alter their own
views in compensation--a phenomenon known as groupthink.
deindividuation - the loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group

situations that foster anonymity and draw attention away from the individual (Myers, 305)
Pluralistic ignorance partially explains the bystander effect: the observation that people are more
likely to intervene in an emergency situation when alone than when other persons are present. If
people monitor the reactions of others in such a situation, they may conclude from the lack of initiative
of others that other people think that it is not necessary to intervene. If everyone behaves in this way,
no one may take any action, even though some people privately think that they should do something.
On the other hand, if one person intervenes, others are more likely to follow and give assistance.
The spiral of silence is a political science and mass communication theory propounded by the
German political scientist Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann. The theory asserts that a person is less likely to
voice an opinion on a topic if one feels that one is in the minority for fear of reprisal or isolation from
the majority (Anderson 1996: 214; Miller 2005: 277). Recent investigation into the Internet has raised
the question of if the "spiral of silence" exists on the communicative nature of the Internet.
Diffusion of responsibility - in a group of peers who, through action or inaction, allow events to occur
which they would never allow if alone (action is typically referred to as groupthink; inaction is typically
referred to as the bystander effect) or in hierarchical organizations as when, for example, underlings
claim that they were following orders and supervisors claim that they were just issuing directives and
not doing anything per se.
Conformity is a process by which people's beliefs or behaviors are influenced by others within a
group. People can be influenced via subtle shocks, even unconscious processes, or by direct and overt
peer pressure. Conformity can have either good or bad effects on people, from driving safely on the
correct side of the road, to harmful drug or alcohol abuse.
- Compliance - public conformity, while keeping one's own beliefs private.
- Identification - conforming to someone who is respected, such as a celebrity or a favorite uncle.
- Internalization is acceptance of the belief or behavior and conforming both publicly and privately.
The Asch conformity experiments, which were published in 1953, were a series of studies that
starkly demonstrated the power of conformity in groups. These are also known as the "Asch
Paradigm".
Milgram experiment - The experiments began in July 1961, three months after the start of the trial
of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem. Milgram devised the experiments to answer this
question: "Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following
orders? Could we call them all accomplices?"[3]
Milgram summarized the experiment in his 1974 article, "The Perils of Obedience", writing:
The legal and philosophic aspects of obedience are of enormous importance, but they say little about
how most people behave in concrete situations. I set up a simple experiment at Yale Univ. to test how
much pain an ordinary citizen would inflict on another person simply because he was ordered to by an
experimental scientist. Stark authority was pitted against the subjects' strongest moral imperatives
against hurting others, and, with the subjects' ears ringing with the screams of the victims, authority
won more often than not. The extreme willingness of adults to go to almost any lengths on the
command of an authority constitutes the chief finding of the study and the fact most urgently
demanding explanation.
The Stanford prison experiment was a psychological study of what it meant to be a prisoner and a
prison guard, psychologically. The experiment was conducted in 1971 by a team of researchers led by
psychologist Philip Zimbardo at Stanford University. Twenty-four undergraduates were selected out of
70 to play the roles of both guards and prisoners and live in a mock prison in the basement of the
Stanford psychology building. The students who were assigned to be the prisoners were paid $15 a
day as an incentive.
They rapidly adapted to their roles, stepping beyond the boundaries of what had been predicted and
leading to dangerous and psychologically damaging situations. One-third of the guards were judged to
have exhibited "genuine" sadistic tendencies, while many prisoners were emotionally traumatized and
two had to be removed from the experiment early. Finally, Zimbardo terminated the experiment
because he realized that his experiment was unethical.
Six degrees of separation refers to the idea that, if a person is one step away from each person he
or she knows and two steps away from each person who is known by one of the people he or she
knows, then everyone is an average of six "steps" away from each person on Earth. (A. K. A the Kevin
Bacon Game)
Frustration Aggression Hypothesis states that frustration toward the accomplishment of some goal
produce aggression. Aggression toward the target or a "scape goat.
3.ECLECTIC
Mass Dictatorship -
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[AGAINST POPULISM 2]
In 1990, Congress adopted a new luxury tax on items such as yachts, private airplanes, furs, jewelry,
and expensive cars. The goal of the tax was to raise revenue from those who could most easily afford
to pay. Because only the rich could afford to buy such extravagances, taxing luxuries seemed a logical
way of taxing the rich.Yet, when the forces of supply and demand took over, the outcome was quite
different from what Congress intended. Consider, for example, the market for yachts. The demand for
yachts is quite elastic. A millionaire can easily not buy a yacht; she can use the money to buy a bigger
house, take a European vacation, or leave a larger bequest to her heirs. By contrast, the supply of
yachts is relatively inelastic, at least in the short run. Yacht factories are not easily converted to
alternative uses, and workers who build yachts are not eager to change careers in response to
changing market conditions.Our analysis makes a clear prediction in this case. With elastic demand
and inelastic supply, the burden of a tax falls largely on the suppliers. That is, a tax on yachts places a
burden largely on the firms and workers who build yachts because they end up getting a lower price for
their product. The workers, however, are not wealthy. Thus, the burden of a luxury tax falls more on the
middle class than on the rich.
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Jouissance - The French word jouissance means enjoyment, but it has a sexual connotation (i.e.
orgasm) lacking in the English word "enjoyment", and is therefore left untranslated in English editions
of the works of Jacques Lacan.
LECTURE 8 - DIGITAL DIVIDES
- What are important variables for being a good TA?
- What are important variables for fighting against inequality?

[D] - How important do you think the issue is nowadays? Any good example or case related to divides
or inequality? *
[E] - What makes the issue ("digital divide") so important even in the era of prosperity? *


- How would you respond to the 100 $ laptop if you were in the Brazilian kids' situation? *
2) Topic Question
[From Student]
- Share pros and cons of 100 $ laptop

- How is the digital divide related to other divides and issues?
- What do you think about Prof. Negropontes' idea?
a) The price (100$)

b) Nonprofit strategy
c) Creating a market for digital goods in the long term
d) Giving laptops to children in those 'rogue' states
e) How efficient and effective would his idea be to fight against poverty and other divides?
5.LAST SESSION
6.REMAINED QUESTION

(400 words - 800)
[LECTURE 8 - DIVIDES - HANDOUT]
TERMS
An information society is a society in which the creation, distribution, diffusion, use, integration and
manipulation of information as a significant economic, political, and cultural activity. The knowledge
economy is its economic counterpart whereby wealth is created through the economic exploitation of
understanding.
Specific to this kind of society is the central position information technology has for production,
economy, and society at large. Information society is seen as the successor to industrial society.
Closely related concepts are the post-industrial society (Daniel Bell), post-fordism, post-modern
society, knowledge society, Telematic Society, Information Revolution, and network society (Manuel
Castells).
Broadly speaking, the term Knowledge Society refers to any society where knowledge is the primary
production resource instead of capital and labour. It may also refer to the use a certain society gives
to information. A Knowledge society "creates, shares and uses knowledge for the prosperity and wellbeing of its people".
The knowledge-gap hypothesis theory suggests that each new medium increases the gap between
the information rich and information poor, because of differences in access to the medium, and
control over its use, among other factors. It was first proposed by Phillip J. Tichenor and his
colleagues. The concept of a digital divide is linked to this hypothesis, although its development was
independent.
In the article, "Mass media flow and differential growth in knowledge" that Tichenor and his colleagues
proposed in 1970, it is clear to describe "knowledge gap hypothesis":
As the infusion of mass media information into a social system increases, segments of the population
with higher socioeconomic status tend to acquire this information at a faster rate than the lower status
segments, so that the gap in knowledge between these segments tends to increase rather than
decrease.
The concept of a knowledge divide is used to describe the gap in living conditions between those
who can find, manage and process information or knowledge, and those who are impaired in this, for
one reason or another. As specialized knowledge becomes an ever increasing component in society,
and the spreading of this knowledge becomes ever faster with modern technology, the people that can
not take part in this development will be increasingly isolated and marginalized.
A post-industrial society is a society in which an economic transition has occurred from a

manufacturing based economy to a service based economy, a diffusion of national and global capital,
and mass privatization. The prerequisites to this economic shift are the processes of industrialization
and liberalization.
Media Literacy is the process of accessing, analyzing, evaluating and creating messages in a wide
variety of media modes, genres and forms. It uses an inquiry-based instructional model that
encourages people to ask questions about what they watch, see and read.
Media Literacy Education is one means of developing media literacy. It provides tools to help people
critically analyze messages to detect propaganda, censorship, and bias in news and public affairs
programming (and the reasons for such), and to understand how structural features -- such as media
ownership, or its funding model[1] -- affect the information presented.
Empowerment refers to increasing the spiritual, political, social or economic strength of individuals
and communities. It often involves the empowered developing confidence in their own capacities. The
term Human Empowerment covers a vast landscape of meanings, interpretations, definitions and
disciplines ranging from psychology and philosophy to the highly commercialized Self-Help industry and
Motivational sciences.
Sociological empowerment often addresses members of groups that social discrimination processes
have excluded from decision-making processes through - for example - discrimination based on
disability, race, ethnicity, religion, or gender. Empowerment as a methodology is often associated with
feminism: see consciousness-raising.
The process of empowerment
The process which enables one to gain power, authority and influence over others, institutions or
society. Empowerment is probably the totality of the following or similar capabilities:-
- Having decision-making power of one's own

- Having access to information and resources for taking proper decision
- Having a range of options from which you can make choices (not just yes/no, either/or.)
- Ability to exercise assertiveness in collective decision making
- Having positive thinking on the ability to make change
- Ability to learn skills for improving one's personal or group power.
- Ability to change others perceptions by democratic means.
- Involving in the growth process and changes that is never ending and self-initiated
- Increasing one's positive self-image and overcoming stigma
- Increasing one's ability in discreet thinking to sort out right and wrong
- In short, empowerment is the process that allows one to gain the knowledge, skill-sets and attitude
needed to cope with the changing world and the circumstances in which one lives.
The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) is a measure of inequalities between men's and
women's opportunities in a country. It combines inequalities in three areas: political participation and
decision making, economic participation and decision making, and power over economic resources. It
is one of the five indicators used by the UNDP in its annual Human Development Report.
[ 1]
Ceiling Effect (thunberg, 1979) - In statistics, the term ceiling effect refers an effect whereby data
cannot take on a value higher than some "ceiling." Ceiling effects present statistical problems similar
to those of "floor effect". Specifically, the utility of a measurement strategy is compromised by a lack
of variability. In the case of a ceiling effect, the majority of scores are at or near the maximum possible
for the test. This presents two major problems.
Regression to the mean - . 100

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Jakob Nielsen - a leading web usability consultant. He holds a Ph.D. in human-computer interaction
from the Technical University of Denmark in Copenhagen.
communication effect communication potential
TODAY'S MAIN THEME
Digital divide
The term digital divide refers to the gap between people with effective access to digital and information
technology and those with very limited or no access at all. It includes the imbalances in physical
access to technology as well as the imbalances in resources and skills needed to effectively
participate as a digital citizen. In other words, it is the unequal access by some members of society to
information and communication technology, and the unequal acquisition of related skills.
The term is closely related to the knowledge divide as the lack of technology causes lack of useful
information and knowledge. The digital divide may be classified based on gender, income, and race
groups, and by locations. The term global digital divide refers to differences in technology access
between countries or the whole world.
Origins of the term
The term initially referred to gaps in ownership of computers between groups, during which time the
increase of ownership was limited to certain ethnic groups. The term came into regular usage in the
mid-1990s, though the term had previously appeared in several news articles and political speeches
as early as 1995.[4] The President of the United States Bill Clinton and his Vice President Al Gore
used the term in a 1996 speech in Knoxville, Tennessee. Larry Irving, a former United States head of
the National Telecommunications Infrastructure Administration (NTIA) at the Department of Commerce,
Assistant Secretary of Commerce and technology adviser to the Clinton Administration, noted that a
series of NTIA surveys; were catalysts for the popularity, ubiquity, and redefinition of the term, and he
used the term in a series of later reports. Since the start of the George W. Bush Administration, the
NTIA reports have tended to focus less on gaps and divides and more on the steady growth of
broadband access, especially amongst groups formerly believed to be on the wrong side of the digital
divide.
There is a considerable literature on information and digital inequality that predates this current label.
The concept of a digital divide is more of a new label and less of a unique concept.
Current usage
There are various definitions of the term "digital divide". Bharat Mehra defines it simply as the
troubling gap between those who use computers and the Internet and those who do not.
This term initially referred to gaps in the ownership of, or regular access to, a computer. As Internet
access came to be seen as a central aspect of computing, the term's usage shifted to encompass
gaps in not just computers but also access to the Internet. Recently, some have used the term to refer
to gaps in broadband network access. The term can mean not only unequal access to computer
hardware, but also inequalities between groups of people in the ability to use information technology
fully.
Due to the range of criteria which can be used to assess the imbalance, and the lack of detailed data
on some aspects of technology usage, the exact nature of the digital divide is both contextual and
debatable. Criteria often used to distinguish between the 'haves' and the 'have nots' of the digital
divide tend to focus on access to hardware, access to the Internet, and details relating to both
categories. Some scholars fear that these discussions might be discouraging the creation of Internet
content that addresses these needs.
The discussions on digital divide often are tied with other concepts. Lisa Servon argued in 2002 that
the digital divide "is a symptom of a larger and more complex problem -- the problem of persistent
poverty and inequality". As described by Mehra (2004), the four major components that contribute to
the digital divide are socioeconomic status, with income, educational level, and race among other
factors associated with technological attainment.
Recognition of digital divide as an immense problem has led scholars, policy makers, and the public to
understand the potential of the Internet to improve everyday life for those on the margins of society
and to achieve greater social equity and empowerment.
Digital divide and education
One area of significant focus was school computer access; in the 1990s, rich schools were much
more likely to provide their students with regular computer access. In the late 1990s, rich schools
were much more likely to have Internet access. In the context of schools, which have consistently been
involved in the discussion of the divide, current formulations of the divide focus more on how (and
whether) computers are used by students, and less on whether there are computers or Internet
connections. Public libraries and afterschool programs have also been shown to be important access
and training locations for disadvantaged youth.
The E-Rate program in the United States (officially the Schools and Libraries Program of the Universal
Service Fund), authorized in 1996 and implemented in 1997, directly addressed the technology gap
between rich and poor schools by allocating money from telecommunications taxes to poor schools
without technology resources. Though the program faced criticism and controversy in its methods of
disbursement, E-Rate has been credited with increasing the overall number of public classrooms with
Internet access from 14% in 1996 to 95% in 2005. Recently, discussions of a digital divide in school
access have broadened to include technology related skills and training in addition to basic access to
computers and Internet access.
Technology offers a unique opportunity to extend learning support beyond the classroom, something
that has been difficult to do until now. The variety of functions that the Internet can serve for the
individual user makes it unprecedentedly malleable to the users current needs and purposes.
Digital divide, e-democracy and e-governance
The theoretical concepts of e-democracy are still in early development, but many scholars agree that
blogs (web logs), wikis and mailing lists may have significant effects in broadening the way democracy
operates. There is no consensus yet among scholars about the possible outcomes of this revolution; it
has so far shown promise in improving electoral administration and reducing fraud and
disenfranchisement; particularly positive has been the reception of e-government services related to
online delivery of government services, with portals (such as United States USA.gov in English and
GobiernoUSA.gov in Spanish) used as intermediaries between the government and the citizen,
replacing the need for people to queue in traditional offices.
One of the main problems associated with the digital divide as applied to a liberal democracy is the
capacity to participate in the new public space, the cyberspace - as in the extreme case, exclusively
computer-based democratic participation (deliberation forums, online voting, etc) could mean that no
access meant no vote. Therefore, there is a risk that some social groups those without adequate
access to or knowledge of IT will be under-represented (or others over-represented) in the policy
formation processes and this would be incompatible with the equality principles of democracy.
Proponents of the open content, free software, and open access social movements believe that these
movements help equalize access to digital tools and information.
Overcoming the digital divide
Projects like One Laptop per Child and 50x15 offer a partial solution to the global digital divide; these
projects tend to rely heavily upon open standards and free open source software. The OLPC XO-1 is an
inexpensive laptop computer intended to be distributed to children in developing countries around the
world, to provide them with access to knowledge. Techcrunch's CrunchPad is a low cost tablet pc
which could be used for the same tasks. Programmer and free software advocate Richard Stallman
has highlighted the importance of free software among groups concerned with the digital divide such
as the World Summit on the Information Society.
Organizations such as Geekcorps, EduVision and Inveneo also help to overcome the digital divide.
They often do so through the use of education systems that draw on information technology. The
technology they employ often includes low-cost laptops/subnotebooks, handhelds (eg Simputer, Eslate, ...), tablet PCs, Mini-ITX PCs and low-cost WiFi-extending technology as cantennas and WokFis.
In addition, other information technology material usable in the classroom can also be made diy to
lower expenses, including projectors.
Graph of internet users per 100 inhabitants between 1997 and 2007 by International
Telecommunication Union
Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants growth in developed and developing world between
1997 and 2007
Criticism
The existence of a digital divide is not universally recognized. Compaine (2001) argues it is a
perceived gap. Technology gaps are relatively transient; hence the digital divide should soon disappear
in any case. The knowledge of computers will become less important as they get smarter and easier to
use. In the future people will not need high-tech skills to access the Internet and participate in ecommerce or e-democracy. Thus Compaine argues that a digital divide "is not the issue to expend
substantial amounts or funds nor political capital".
Selective perception may refer to any number of cognitive biases in psychology related to the way
expectations affect perception.
For instance, several studies have shown that students who were told they were consuming alcoholic
beverages (which in fact were non-alcoholic) perceived themselves as being "drunk", exhibited fewer
physiological symptoms of social stress, and drove a simulated car similarly to other subjects who had
actually consumed alcohol. The result is somewhat similar to the placebo effect.[citation needed]
In one classic study on this subject related to the hostile media effect (which is itself an excellent
example of selective
The Shock of the Old 23 things they dont tell you....
In The Shock of the Old Edgerton points out that invention is not the same as implementation, and
when technology is discussed as a historical subject undue emphasis is placed on initial invention,
which Edgerton defines as the moment someone first has the idea for a particular device or concept,
and innovation, which Edgerton defines as the first utilisation of a particular technology.
Edgerton advocates viewing technological history in terms of objects, which have a tangible and
personal effect on the lives of individuals, rather than vague concepts of what any particular
technology actually is.
Guardian Review On The shock of the old
Technology and progress
Is the world really "fast-forwarding to the future at unprecedented speed", as Tony Blair once claimed?
Digital technology, bioscience and economic globalisation all suggest that it is. But this week a
photograph was published that should stand as a corrective to the dazzling rush for novelty. It showed
one of Britain's brand-new and very expensive Eurofighter Typhoons shadowing an elderly, propellerdriven Russian "Bear" reconnaissance aircraft somewhere over the North Atlantic.
On the face of it this was just another sign of technological triumphalism: the Russian plane first flew
in 1952 and has not changed much since. The Eurofighter, three times faster and packed with
electronics, is only just coming into service. But of the two it is the Eurofighter, 25 years in
development, that now lacks a purpose, for all its sophistication. Built for a conflict that ended when
the Berlin wall fell, it has proved a technological dead end, of little use in Britain's conflicts in Iraq and
Afghanistan, let alone against terrorism. It is an airborne lesson in the risks of confusing technological
prowess with real social and political progress.
Sometimes, of course, as in computing, technology really can revolutionise the way people live. But
not always, and not always in predictable ways. Britain, which now has an official department for
innovation, is led by politicians who equate the new with the best. But as a book published earlier this
year points out, the last century is extraordinary more for what has not changed than for the things
that have. The Shock of the Old, by David Edgerton, a historian at Imperial College, may not have
made it on to ministerial summer reading lists. But it offers a view of technology that matters in a
world convinced that it is discovering everything for the first time. It is no Luddite tract but an alert
assessment of the complex way society responds to technology. Edgerton points out an obvious but
underappreciated truth: invention is not the same as utilisation. In the 1960s great chunks of
government money went into Concorde, but railways, a two-century-old technology, now carry millions
of people each month, while supersonic passenger jets carry none. Much money and political energy is
being put into digital television, but it is radio, far simpler, that is on the rise. For consumers, falling
prices of goods invented long ago (such as washing machines) matter at least as much as anything
new. Even mobile phones are used mainly for talking, possible on land lines a century ago.
None of this means Britain (which undertakes 5% of all basic scientific research and spends 1.8% of
GDP on research and development) should stop looking for new discoveries. Innovation is a cause of
economic growth, as well as being a good in itself. Britain's pharmaceutical industry - still, alone
among industrial sectors, a world leader - could not last long without it. But in healthcare as
elsewhere, the temptation is always to emphasise what is new at the expense of established routines.
Some new technologies will go on to make a difference, as penicillin did in the 1940s. But most do
not. Novelty overrides a proper assessment of what is useful - this is certainly the case with British
defence spending, which has seen troop numbers cut to the bone to fund costly technological research
from Eurofighter to Trident, none of which has turned out to be much help in saving lives in Helmand
province or Basra.
Dundee, in Gordon Brown's back yard, really does produce computer games these days, not jute and
jam. But Edgerton's book is a reminder that this sort of clearcut change is not universal; that the old
will survive alongside the new and sometimes outlast it. Just because something is up to the minute,
he argues - whether GM crops or high-definition television - does not make it better. The test is
whether the technology proves useful. That takes time. The future will be different from the present.
But not on quite the scale Mr Blair suggested.
Social Critique
A group of geographers (such as Allen Scott and Edward Soja) argue that industry remains at the
center of the whole process of capitalist accumulation, with services not only becoming increasingly
industrialized and automated but also remaining highly dependent on industrial growth.
Some observers, including Soja (building on the theories of the French philosopher of urbanism Henri
Lefebvre), suggest that although industry may be based outside of a 'post-industrial' nation, that
nation cannot ignore its necessary sociological importance.
EVIDENCE FOR POSITIVE FUTURE
Moore's law describes a long-term trend in the history of computing hardware. Since the invention of
the integrated circuit in 1958, the number of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an
integrated circuit has increased exponentially, doubling approximately every two years. The trend was
first observed by Intel co-founder Gordon E. Moore in a 1965 paper. It has continued for almost half a
century and in 2005 was not expected to stop for another decade at least.
Almost every measure of the capabilities of digital electronic devices is strongly linked to Moore's law:
processing speed, memory capacity, sensors and even the number and size of pixels in digital
cameras. All of these are improving at (roughly) exponential rates as well. This has dramatically
increased the usefulness of digital electronics in nearly every segment of the world economy. Moore's
law describes this driving force of technological and social change in the late 20th and early 21st
centuries.
(Hwang's Law) - . 2002 2

ISSCC( ) ' '
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[SUPPLEMENT]
Information Society
[1] There are plenty of signs of the growing gap between the information rich and the information poor
in our evermore complex, technology driven, so-called information society. If you do not have access to
information of knowledge as a new economic resource, you will be doomed to remain in the underclass
of what are otherwise visibly affluent societies. Surely, education and access to know-howhave
always been a key to upward social mobility, but it seems that in our time with the structural changes
in the post-industrial economy, the lack of these capabilities leaves no feasible alternatives. You
cannot make a decent living with a strong back in an information society.
Digital Divide: The Three Stages
The "digital divide" refers to the fact that certain parts of the population have substantially better
opportunities to benefit from the new economy than other parts of the population. Most commentators
view this in purely economic terms. However, two other types of divide will have much greater impact in
the years to come.
Stage 1: Economic Divide
In its simplest form, the digital divide is manifested in the fact that some people can't afford to buy a
computer. Although politicians always talk about this point, it's growing more irrelevant with each
passing day -- at least in the industrialized world. We should recognize that for truly poor developing
countries, computers will remain out of the average citizen's reach for 20 years or more.
Usability Divide
Far worse than the economic divide is the fact that technology remains so complicated that many
people couldn't use a computer even if they got one for free. Many others can use computers, but
don't achieve the modern world's full benefits because most of the available services are too difficult
for them to understand.
Almost 40% of the population has lower literacy skills, and yet few websites follow the guidelines for
writing for low-literacy users. Even government sites that target poorer citizens are usually written at a
level that requires a university degree to comprehend. The British government has done some good
work on simplifying much of its direct.gov.uk site information, but even it requires at least a high
school education to easily read.
Lower literacy is the Web's biggest accessibility problem, but nobody cares about this massive user
group.
Whereas the economic divide is closing rapidly, I see little progress on the usability divide. Usability is
improving for higher-end users. For this group, websites get easier every year, generating vast profits
for site owners. Because they now follow more e-commerce user experience guidelines, companies
that sell online typically have conversion rates of around 2%, which is twice the conversion rate of the
bubble years. That's all great news for high-end users, but the less-skilled 40% of users have seen
little in the way of usability improvement. We know how to help these users -- we're simply not doing it.
Stage 3: Empowerment Divide
We have the knowledge needed to close the usability divide, and I remain hopeful that we'll get the job
done. The empowerment divide, however, is the hard one: even if computers and the Internet were
extraordinarily easy to use, not everybody would make full use of the opportunities that such
technology affords.
Participation inequality is one exponent of the empowerment divide that has held constant throughout
all the years of Internet growth: in social networks and community systems, about 90% of users don't
contribute, 9% contribute sporadically, and a tiny minority of 1% accounts for most contributions.
Similarly, some users limit themselves to "free" Web applications that display ads. What such users
don't realize is that better applications (more appropriate, powerful, and liberating ones) are available
at a cost that's far less than the value of the time they waste trying not to look at the ads.
[3] Prospects for Bridge Building
The Internet can be an empowering tool that lets people find good deals, manage vendors, and control
their finances and investments. But it can just as easily be an alienating environment where people
are cheated. Members of the Internet elite don't realize the extent to which less-skilled users are left
out of many of the advancements they cheer and enjoy.
Ultimately, I'm extremely optimistic about the economic divide, which is vanishing rapidly in
industrialized countries. The usability divide will take longer to close, but at least we know how to
handle it -- it's simply a matter of deciding to do so. I'm very pessimistic about the empowerment
divide, however, which I expect will only grow more severe in the future.
Current usage
There are various definitions of the term "digital divide". Bharat Mehra defines it simply as the
troubling gap between those who use computers and the Internet and those who do not.
This term initially referred to gaps in the ownership of, or regular access to, a computer. As Internet
access came to be seen as a central aspect of computing, the term's usage shifted to encompass
gaps in not just computers but also access to the Internet. Recently, some have used the term to refer
to gaps in broadband network access. The term can mean not only unequal access to computer
hardware, but also inequalities between groups of people in the ability to use information technology
fully.
Due to the range of criteria which can be used to assess the imbalance, and the lack of detailed data
on some aspects of technology usage, the exact nature of the digital divide is both contextual and
debatable. Criteria often used to distinguish between the 'haves' and the 'have nots' of the digital
divide tend to focus on access to hardware, access to the Internet, and details relating to both
categories. Some scholars fear that these discussions might be discouraging the creation of Internet
content that addresses these needs.
The discussions on digital divide often are tied with other concepts. Lisa Servon argued in 2002 that
the digital divide "is a symptom of a larger and more complex problem -- the problem of persistent
poverty and inequality". As described by Mehra (2004), the four major components that contribute to
the digital divide are socioeconomic status, with income, educational level, and race among other
factors associated with technological attainment.
Recognition of digital divide as an immense problem has led scholars, policy makers, and the public to
understand the potential of the Internet to improve everyday life for those on the margins of society
and to achieve greater social equity and empowerment.
[SUPPLEMENT]
Digital divide
Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants growth in developed and developing world between
1997 and 2007The term digital divide refers to the gap between people with effective access to digital
and information technology and those with very limited or no access at all. It includes the imbalances
in physical access to technology as well as the imbalances in resources and skills needed to
effectively participate as a digital citizen. In other words, it is the unequal access by some members of
society to information and communication technology, and the unequal acquisition of related skills.
The term is closely related to the knowledge divide as the lack of technology causes lack of useful
information and knowledge. The digital divide may be classified based on gender, income, and race
groups, and by locations. The term global digital divide refers to differences in technology access
between countries or the whole world.
Digital divide evolution
Typical measurements of inequality distribution used to describe the Digital Divide are the Lorenz
Curve and Gini coefficient, however, the question of whether or not the digital divide is growing or
closing is difficult to answer.
In Bridging the digital divide: An opportunity for growth for the 21st century, examples of these ways of
measuring are illustrated. In the Lorenz curve, perfect equality of Internet usage across nations is
represented by a 45-degree diagonal line, which has a Gini coefficient of zero. Perfect inequality gives
a Gini coefficient of one. Therefore if you look at figures 2.4 and 2.5 in the document, both graphs
show a trend of growing equality from 1997 to 2005 with the Gini coefficient decreasing. However,
these graphs dont show the important, detailed analysis of specific income groups. The progress
represented is predominantly of the middle-income groups when compared to the highest income
groups. The lowest income groups continue to decrease their level of equality in comparison to the
high income groups. Therefore, there is still a long way to go before the digital divide will be
eliminated.
Global digital divide
Another key dimension of the digital divide is the global digital divide, reflecting existing economic
divisions in the world, which can clearly be seen in The Global Digital Divide image. This global digital
divide widens the gap in economic divisions around the world. Countries with a wide availability of
Internet access can advance the economics of that country on a local and global scale. In today's
society, jobs and education are directly related to the Internet, in that the advantages that come from
the Internet are so significant that neglecting them would leave a company vulnerable in a changing
market.Andy Grove, the former chair of Intel, said that by the mid-2000s all companies will be Internet
companies, or they wont be companies at all. In countries where the Internet and other technologies
are not accessible, education is suffering, and uneducated people and societies that are not
benefiting from the information age, cannot be competitive in the global economy. This leads to these
countries, which tend to be developing countries, suffering greater economic downfall and richer
countries advancing their education and economy. However, when dealing with the global aspect of
digital divide there are several factors that lead to digital divide. For example, country of residence,
ethnicity, gender, age, educational attainment, and income levels are all factors of the global aspects
of digital divide. In addition, a survey shows that in 15 Western European countries females, manual
workers, elderly, and the less educated have less Internet access than males, professional, the young,
and the well educated. The digital divide is a term used to refer to the gap between people who have
access to the Internet and those that do not. It can also refer to the skills people have the divide
between peoples who are at ease using technology to access and analyse information and those who
are not.
Digital divide worldwide
Canada: According to an Autumn 2001 Canadian Internet Use Survey, 73% of Canadians aged 16 and
older went online in the 12 months prior to the survey, compared to 68% in 2005. In small towns and
rural areas, only 65% of residences accessed the Internet, compared to 76% in urban areas. The
digital divide still exists between the rich and the poor; 91% of people making more than
$91,000/year regularly used the Internet, compared to 47% of people making less than $24,000. This
gap has lowered slightly since 2005.
China: China is the largest developing country in the world and therefore saw their Internet population
grow by 20% in 2006. However, just over 19% of Chinese people have access to the Internet and the
digital divide is growing due to factors such as insufficient infrastructure and high online charges.
Europe: A European Union study from 2005 conducted in 14 European countries and focused on the
issue of digital divide found that within the EU, the digital divide is primarily a matter of age and
education. Among the young or educated the proportion of computer or Internet users is much higher
than with the old or uneducated. Digital divide is also higher in rural areas. The study found that the
presence of children in a household increases the chance of having a computer or Internet access,
and that small businesses are catching up with larger enterprises when it comes to Internet access.
The study also notes that "Despite increasing levels of ICT usage in all sections of society, the divide
is not being bridged."
United States: According to a July 2008 Pew Internet & American Life report, 55% of adult Americans
have broadband Internet connections at home, up from 47% who had high-speed access at home last
year at this time [2007]. This increase of 8% compared to the previous years increase of 5%
suggests that the digital divide is decreasing. However, the findings go on to show that low-income
Americans broadband connections decreased by 3%. Therefore as was explained in the Digital Divide
Evolution section, the detailed income groups need to be considered. Digital divide is a common
subject in US politics and various government policies.
LECTURE 9 - COMPETITION IN THE GLOBALIZATION ERA
(WITH WRITING PREPARATION)

- What are important variables for defining a good job?

[D] - How important do you think the issue is nowadays? Any good example or case related to "job
security"? *
[E] - What makes the issue (job security) so important?*

- What if you were in the situation of people who are about to lose jobs?
2) Topic Question
[From Student]
- Share pros and cons of creative destruction
- What is your opinion on creative destruction?
- Share your example of creative destruction?
- What is the relationship between politics and economics? How can you strike a balance between the
two arenas?
- Can we blame farmers and other workers who want to stick to their old life style?
5.LAST SESSION
6.REMAINED QUESTION

(400 words - 800)
1.CRITERIA ON GOOD WRITING
Development (
)
- Given Topic PLUS Critical and Logical Thinking Ability
- THESIS STATEMENT() ?
- FOCUS
- ? ( , FACT , , )
- ?
25
Organization ( )
- ?
- Paragraph ? (If each main point is separated into separate paragraphs and if
these paragraphs include a topic sentence at the beginning.)
- , , ?
- ?
- If conclusion has some connection with the main points made in the essay and leaves the reader
with a sense of closure.
25
Sentence Fluency ( )
- ?
- , , ?
- ?
20
Word Choice &Expression ( )
- ?
- ?
15
Grammar& Punctuation ( )
- ?
- , ?
- ?
15
100
2.SAMPLE WRITING QUESTION
Direction: Think carefully about the issue described in the quotes below and about the assignment that
follows it.
A lot of companies have chosen to downsize, and maybe that was the right thing for them. We chose a
different path. Our belief was that if we kept putting great products in front of customers, they would
continue to open their wallets. -Steve Jobs
Strong managers who make tough decisions to cut jobs provide the only true job security in today's
world. -Jack Welch
Assignment: What is your opinion of true job security? Do you think job security can be ensured
through downsizing (1) or do you think it can be ensured by improving the quality of the products (2) or
is there a third way? (How to ensure job security?) Support your opinion using specific reasons and
examples.
<Writing and/or discussion question>
1.Your opinion about job security?
2.How to ensure job security? (reasons & examples)
<Extra debate questions after reading the sample essay>
1.What are possible shortcomings of flexicurity?
2.Are those just inevitable collateral damage for growth?
3.SAMPLE ESSAY ON SAMPLE QUESTION
Writer's Subject : security by the enhancement of competitiveness

Title : Apple and Denmark
1.Here is an object. Some call it a rectangle while the others call it a circle. How do you think this is
possible? The answer lies in the true shape of the object. It is a cylinder. It looks like a rectangle from
the side while it seems to be like a circle from the top. Limited views of things prevent us from
approaching the essence of the world.
2.Due to our one-dimensional views on job security, Jobs' promise for job security just seems to be a
godsend from heaven whereas Welch's merciless employment philosophy is simply considered as a
curse from hell. However this limited insight originates from our misunderstanding that job security is
just the security of a certain job we currently have. One thing that we have to keep in mind is that in
this harshly competitive world, the meaning of job security extends to the security of employment
status wherever you work.
3.Denmark sets a very good example. It is one of the Northern European countries, well-known for their
job security. However the Danish government decided to introduce integrated views on its job market
facing brutal global competition more frequently. The new system called 'flexicurity' combines flexible
contractual arrangements with an adequate level of income security and effective vocational education
program. This is the harmonized approach of the philosophies of Jack Welch supporting flexible labor
market and Steve Jobs emphasizing competitive power more.
4.If holding firm to the traditional view on job security, one must be in favor of Jobs' idea. However if
we take into consideration how hard it would be to put great products in front of customers
continuously under the supervision of the most innovative CEO in the world, we might have a second
thought. It seems that employees of Steve Jobs who have gone through the difficulty wouldn't be fired
by Mr. Welch because he guarantees job security by only allowing competitive and innovative workers
to stay at his company. The coexistence of two seemingly paradoxical things - flexibility and security is one of the main reason for Apple Inc. being one of the most innovative companies and Denmark
being one of the most competitive countries in the world. Flexibility and security look paradoxical only
to one-dimensional eyes of the beholders.
[LECTURE 9 - HANDOUT]
TERMS
GLOBALIZATION PROCESS
The end of the Cold War, Technological Development (Transportation, Telecommunication) National
Barriers The Power of The State Non-government actors (!!) = Neo-Liberalism The
private = efficiency = competition welfare = effectiveness = Inequality
Flexicurity (a portmanteau of flexibility and security) : a welfare state model with a pro-active labour
market policy. The model is a combination of easy hiring and firing (flexibility for employers) and high
benefits for the unemployed (security for the employees).
Creaming Effect : implies that the most resourceful among the unemployed (minorities) are obtaining
the best quality activation (changes) offers.
Collateral Damage : unintended or incidental damage to the intended outcome. The term originated
in the U. S. military, perhaps as a euphemism, but it has since expanded into general use.
Sustainability : a characteristic of a process or state maintained at a certain level indefinitely.

Sustainable development is the most popular one.
The Third Way : The Renewal Of Social Democracy

- The Marriage Of Social Democracy And Neo-Liberalism
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Creative Destruction
The notion of creative destruction is found in the writings of Mikhail Bakunin, Friedrich Nietzsche, and
in Werner Sombart's Krieg und Kapitalismus (War and Capitalism) (1913, p. 207), where he wrote:
"again out of destruction a new spirit of creativity arises". In Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy,
the Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter popularized and used the term to describe the process of
transformation that accompanies radical innovation. In Schumpeter's vision of capitalism, innovative
entry by entrepreneurs was the force that sustained long-term economic growth, even as it destroyed
the value of established companies that enjoyed some degree of monopoly power.
Polaroid instant cameras have disappeared almost completely with the spread of digital photography.
Contents
1 Theory and examples

2 History
3 Alternative name
1.Theory and examples
Companies that once revolutionized and dominated new industries for example, Xerox in copiers or
Polaroid in instant photography have seen their profits fall and their dominance vanish as rivals
launched improved designs or cut manufacturing costs. Wal-Mart is a recent example of a company
that has achieved a strong position in many markets, through its use of new inventory-management,
marketing, and personnel-management techniques, using its resulting lower prices to compete with
older or smaller companies in the offering of retail consumer products. Just as older behemoths
perceived to be juggernauts by their contemporaries (e. g. Montgomery Ward, Kmart, Sears) were
eventually undone by nimbler and more innovative competitors, Wal-Mart faces the same threat. Just
as the cassette tape replaced the 8-track, only to be replaced in turn by the compact disc, itself being
undercut by MP3 players, the seemingly dominant Wal-Mart may well find itself an antiquated company
of the past. This is the process of creative destruction.
Other examples are the way in which online free newspaper sites such as The Huffington Post and the
National Review Online are leading to creative destruction of the traditional paper newspaper. The
Christian Science Monitor announced in January 2009 that it would no longer continue to publish a
daily paper edition, but would be available online daily and provide a weekly print edition. The Seattle
Post-Intelligencer became online-only in March 2009. Traditional French alumni networks, which
typically charge their students to network online or through paper directories, are in danger of creative
destruction from free social networking sites such as Linkedin and Viadeo.
In fact, successful innovation is normally a source of temporary market power, eroding the profits and
position of old firms, yet ultimately succumbing to the pressure of new inventions commercialised by
competing entrants. Creative destruction is a powerful economic concept because it can explain many
of the dynamics of industrial change: the transition from a competitive to a monopolistic market, and
back again. It has been the inspiration of endogenous growth theory and also of evolutionary
economics.
Creative destruction can hurt. Layoffs of workers with obsolete working skills can be one price of new
innovations valued by consumers. Though a continually innovating economy generates new
opportunities for workers to participate in more creative and productive enterprises (provided they can
acquire the necessary skills), creative destruction can cause severe hardship in the short term, and in
the long term for those who cannot acquire the skills and work experience.
2.History
The expression "creative destruction" was brought in to the economic discourse via Schumpeter's
book, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, first published in 1942. The most likely source can be
found in his 1939 book Business Cycles. Here the Western world first learned about Nikolai
Kondratieff and his long-wave cycle. These cycles, Schumpeter believed, were caused by innovations.
Schumpeter's contributions are not generally included in most undergraduate economic textbooks,
which focus instead on the theories of perfect competition and static supply and demand, models
which Schumpeter claimed had little relevance to the real world.
In 1992, the idea of creative destruction was put into formal mathematical terms by Philippe Aghion
and Peter Howitt in their paper "A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction," published in
Econometrica.
In 1995, Harvard Business School authors Richard L. Nolan and David C. Croson released Creative
Destruction: A Six-Stage Process for Transforming the Organization. The book advocated downsizing to
free up slack resources, which could then be reinvested to create competitive advantage.
More recently, the idea of "creative destruction" was utilized by Max Page in his 1999 book, The
Creative Destruction of Manhattan, 1900-1940. The book traces Manhattan's constant reinvention,
often at the expense of preserving a concrete past. Describing this process as "creative destruction,"
Page describes the complex historical circumstances, economics, social conditions and personalities
that have produced crucial changes in Manhattan's cityscape.
3.Alternative name
Per the following text, this process is also known as Schumpeter's Gale:
The opening up of new markets and the organizational development from the craft shop and factory to
such concerns as US Steel illustrate the process of industrial mutation that incessantly revolutionizes
the economic structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new
one ... [The process] must be seen in its role in the perennial gale of creative destruction; it cannot be
understood on the hypothesis that there is a perennial lull.
Joseph Schumpeter, The Process of Creative Destruction, 1942
Further Study - Flexicurity
The term refers to the combination of labour market flexibility in a dynamic economy and security for
workers.
The Government of Denmark views flexicurity as entailing a golden triangle with a three-sided mix of
(1) flexibility in the labour market combined with (2) social security and (3) an active labour market
policy with rights and obligations for the unemployed.
The European Commission considers flexicurity as an integrated strategy to simultaneously enhance

flexibility and security in the labour market. Flexicurity is designed and implemented across four policy
components: 1) flexible and reliable contractual arrangements; 2) comprehensive lifelong learning
strategies; 3) effective active labour market policies; and 4) modern social security systems providing
adequate income support during employment transitions.
Flexicurity in Denmark
The Danish flexicurity model has its roots in the nineteenth century, when negotiations among
employers and trade unions during the so-called September Compromise of 1899 (also called Labour
Market Constitution) laid the ground for a mutually beneficial (profitable and secure) state. The
Constitution was revised in 1960 and renamed Basic Agreement. It settled the freedom of trade
union association as well as the managerial prerogative to manage and divide the work including the
right to hire and dismiss the labour force at any time necessary. It is thus important to understand
that the Danish model of labour market regulation, including the right to form associations, is based
on these voluntaristic principles and that legislation or interference of the state is kept on a minimum.
The right of association and the recognition of labour market associations are based on the mutual
recognition of conflicting interests. The Danish tripartite agreements amongst employers, workers,
and the state are supported by an intricate system that allows for an active response from the state,
which supports the activation of workers.
In the early 1990s, Danish policymakers established a fiscal policy aimed at breaking the
unemployment trend of the time and was further coupled to the first active labour market policy (ALMP)
of 1994 which sought to reduce structural unemployment. Although some believed that the natural
unemployment rate had simply increased, the Danish Government sought to improve the situation by
implementing what came to be called the flexicurity model. The policy shift thus came about with the
1994 and 1996 labour market reforms, when the introduction of flexibility was linked to security
through the continued provision of generous welfare schemes as well as the activation of the labour
force through a set of ALMPs. Activation in Denmark is regarded as a right and an obligation. The
effects expected from this combination were twofold: qualification effects of the labour market policies
(LMPs) as well as motivational effects through the welfare schemes.
The unemployment benefits and training provision that this system entail place a higher burden of
taxation upon the higher-earning members of the Danish society. Denmark currently has high taxation
rates which in part pay for generous social benefits. Flexicurity may thus favour low- to middle-income
earners. However, this might partially be offset by Denmarks high-output growth which is coupled to
low unemployment figures (2.8% in 2008) and similarly low social-exclusion rates. In recent years,
Danes have been consistently ranked as the happiest nation on Earth, which has in part been
attributed to aspects of Denmark's flexicurity model.
- [ Concept] Solutions
Pigovian Tax -
.
.
The Second Principle of Justice By John Rawls
The First Principle of Justice

First: each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive scheme of equal basic liberties
compatible with a similar scheme of liberties for others.[1]
Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that (Rawls, 1971, p.303):
a) they are to be of the greatest benefit to the least-advantaged members of society.
b) offices and positions must be open to everyone under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.
LECTURE 10 - KEY CONCEPTS

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Communitarianism, as a group of related but distinct philosophies, began in the late 20th century,
opposing individualism while advocating phenomena such as civil society. Not necessarily hostile to
social liberalism or even social democracy, communitarianism emphasizes the interest of communities
and societies over those of the individual.
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Civic virtue
Jacques-Louis David's 1784 painting The Oath of the Horatii, illustrating a dramatic moment from
Livy's history of Rome, embodies eighteenth century ideas about civic virtue.
The identification of the character traits that constitute civic virtue has been a major concern of
political philosophy. The term civility refers to behavior between persons and groups that conforms to a
social mode (that is, in accordance with the civil society), as itself being a foundational principle of
society and law. Generally, civility is a social virtue that involves self-control or moderation and
contrasts with pride, insolence, and arrogance.
Civic virtue has historically been taught as a matter of chief concern in nations under republican forms
of government, and societies with cities. When final decisions on public matters are made by a
monarch, it is the monarch's virtues which influence those decisions. When a broader class of people
become the decision makers, it is then their virtues which characterize the types of decisions made.
This form of decision making is considered superior in determining what best protects the interests of
the majority.
Michael Sandel And Communitarianism
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Internal Colonialism
Internal Colonialism refers to political and economic inequalities between regions within a single
society. The term may be used to describe the uneven effects of state development on a regional
basis and to describe the exploitation of minority groups within the wider society.
The relationship between colonizer and colony is similarly unequal and exploitative in colonialism and
internal colonialism. An internal colony typically produces wealth for the benefit of those areas most
closely associated with the state, usually the capital area. The members of the internal colonies are
distinguished as different by a cultural variable such as ethnicity, language, or religion.
They are then excluded from prestigious social and political positions, which are dominated by
members of the metropolis (Abercrombie et al., 2000:183). The main difference between
neocolonialism and internal colonialism is the source of exploitation. In the former, the control comes
from outside the nation-state, while in the latter it comes from within. One of the pivotal publications
on the subject is Michael Hechter's Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National
Development (1975).
Harm principle
The harm principle is articulated most clearly in John Stuart Mill's On Liberty, though it is also
articulated in John Locke's Second Treatise of Government and in the work of Wilhelm von Humboldt,
to whom Mill is obliged and discusses at length. Mill believes an individual's welfare is his own
concern, arguing that the sole purpose of law should be to stop people from harming others.
Conversely, Mill concludes that government should not forcibly prevent people from engaging in
victimless crimes such as personal drug usage.
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Externality
In economics, an externality is an impact (positive or negative) on any party not involved in a given
economic transaction.
An externality occurs when a decision causes costs or benefits to third party stakeholders, often,
although not necessarily, from the use of a public good. In other words, the participants in an
economic transaction do not necessarily bear all of the costs or reap all of the benefits of the
transaction. For example, manufacturing that causes air pollution imposes costs on others when
making use of public air. In a competitive market, this means too much or too little of the good may be
produced and consumed in terms of overall cost or benefit to society, depending on incentives at the
margin and strategic behavior.
In the absence of significant externalities, parties to an economic transaction are assumed to benefit,
improving the overall welfare of society. If third parties benefit substantially, such as in areas of
education or safety, the good may be under-provided (or under-consumed); if costs to the public
exceed costs to the economic decision makers, such as in pollution, the good may be over-provided, in
terms of overall benefit or cost to society. Here, overall benefit and cost to society are defined as the
collective economic utility for society.
Emissions trading
Emissions trading (or emission trading) is an administrative approach used to control pollution by
providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. It is sometimes
called cap and trade.
A central authority (usually a government or international body) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a
pollutant that can be emitted. Companies or other groups are issued emission permits and are
required to hold an equivalent number of allowances (or credits) which represent the right to emit a
specific amount. The total amount of allowances and credits cannot exceed the cap, limiting total
emissions to that level. Companies that need to increase their emissions must buy credits from those
who pollute less. The transfer of allowances is referred to as a trade. In effect, the buyer is paying a
charge for polluting, while the seller is being rewarded for having reduced emissions by more than was
needed. Thus, in theory, those that can easily reduce emissions most cheaply will do so, achieving the
pollution reduction at the lowest possible cost to society.[1]
There are active trading programs in several pollutants. For greenhouse gases the largest is the
European Union Emission Trading Scheme.[2] In the United States there is a national market to reduce
acid rain and several regional markets in nitrous oxide.[3] Markets for other pollutants tend to be
smaller and more localized.
Carbon trading is sometimes seen as a better approach than a direct carbon tax or direct regulation.
By solely aiming at the cap it avoids the consequences and compromises that often accompany those
other methods. It can be cheaper, and politically preferable for existing industries because the initial
allocation of allowances is often allocated with a grandfathering provision where rights are issued in
proportion to historical emissions. In addition, most of the money in the system is spent on
environmental activities, and the investment directed at sustainable projects that earn credits in the
developing world can contribute to the Millennium Development Goals. Critics of emissions trading
point to problems of complexity, monitoring, enforcement, and sometimes dispute the initial allocation
methods and cap.[4]
Pigovian tax
Pigovian taxes are named after economist Arthur Pigou (1877-1959), who also developed the concept
of economic externalities. William Baumol was instrumental in framing Pigou's work in modern
economics.
A key problem with Pigovian tax is that of calculating what level of tax will counterbalance the negative
externality. Political factors such as lobbying of government by polluters may also tend to reduce the
level of the tax levied, which will tend to reduce the mitigating effect of the tax; while lobbying of
government by special interests who calculate the negative utility of the externality higher than others
may also tend to increase the level of the tax levied, which will tend to result in a sub-optimal level of
production.
A Pigovian tax is considered one of the "traditional" means of bringing a modicum of market forces,
and thus better market efficiency, to economic situations where externality problems exist. More
recently, particularly in the United States since the late 1970s, and in other developed nations since
the 1980s, an alternative to Pigovian taxation has arisen: the creation of a market for "pollution
rights." Pollution rights markets are not generally more efficient than Pigovian taxes but are often more
appealing to policy makers because giving out the rights for free (or at less than market price) allows
polluters to lose less profits or even gain profits (by selling their rights) relative to the unaltered market
case. Markets for emissions trading have been set up to bring better allocative efficiency and
improved information sharing to the pollution externality problem. Pollution rights markets are a part of
the field of Environmental Economics generally, and Free-market environmentalism specifically.
Perhaps the biggest problem with the Pigovian tax is the "knowledge problem" suggested on page 6 of
Pigou's essay "Some Aspects of the Welfare State" (1954) where he writes, "It must be confessed,
however, that we seldom know enough to decide in what fields and to what extent the State, on
account of [the gaps between private and public costs] could interfere with individual choice." In other
words, the economist's blackboard "model" assumes knowledge we don't possess it's a model
with assumed "givens" which are in fact not given to anyone. Indeed, this is knowledge which could
not be provided as a "given" by any "method" yet discovered, due to insuperable cognitive limits
theorized by economists like Friedrich Hayek and researchers in the various fields of nonlinear
dynamics.
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Sliding scale fees
Sliding scale fees are variable costs for services or products based on the buyer's ability to pay, and
the provider's ability to make a variable profit or have the cost subsidised by other means. The
provider may wish to extend a service by reducing the cost to clients who otherwise may not be able to
afford it - and charging a higher cost to a wealthier client.
For example, medical fees may depend on a patient's income. Andrew Carnegie imposed this on his
workers during the Homestead Strike. Some child adoption agencies collect legal fees (normally very
expensive) on a sliding scale so couples across a wider range of incomes are able to adopt children.
Wimbledon Effect
The Wimbledon Effect is a chiefly British and Japanese analogy (which possibly originated in Japan)
which compares the tennis fame of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon,
London with the economic success of the United Kingdom's financial services industries especially
those clustered in the City of London. The point of the analogy is that a national institution (the All
England Club) can be highly successful despite the lack of strong native competition (in modern tennis
England has produced few Wimbledon champions).
London's financial industry has boomed since the deregulation of UK financial markets (the "Big
Bang") in the 1980s under the Thatcher government but has also become dominated by foreign
companies, especially American investment banks, rather than British firms (a result opposite to the
original intention of the reforms).
The analogy is typically used to mark a debate over whether it matters if an industry is primarily
domestically owned if easing of foreign ownership restrictions allows the economy to benefit from
foreign investment and increased global competition. The phrase can be used positively to assert the
economic success of liberal attitudes towards foreign ownership (and sometimes to emphasize that
such attitudes promote a level playing field for domestic and foreign interests alike); or it can be used
negatively to emphasize how these policies have eroded a nation's ability to produce globally leading
domestic companies. This opposing perspective is represented by economic patriotism and "national
champion" policies.
The analogy has also been used in policy discourses outside Britain - most notably in the business
discourse of Japan whose financial markets and other parts of the economy (as of 2006) have not yet
been substantially opened up to foreign competition compared with its international peers. It has also,
for instance, been used in banking reform debates in South Korea as well as in discussing Business
Process Outsourcing in India.
The Vice Fund (NASDAQ: VICEX) is a mutual fund investing in companies that have significant
involvement in, or derive a substantial portion of their revenues from, industries such as tobacco,
gaming, defense/weapons, liquor and other companies irrespective of whether their products or
services may be considered socially correct.
The fund has received a great deal of media coverage.
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In economics, Says Law or Says Law of Markets is a principle attributed to French businessman and
economist Jean-Baptiste Say (1767-1832) stating that there can be no demand without supply. A
central element of Say's Law is that recession does not occur because of failure in demand or lack of
money. The more goods (for which there is demand) that are produced, the more those goods (supply)
can constitute a demand for other goods. For this reason, prosperity should be increased by
stimulating production, not consumption.
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Poison pill
Poison pill is a term referring to any strategy, generally in business or politics, to increase the
likelihood of negative results over positive ones for a party that attempts any kind of takeover. It
derives from its original meaning of a literal poison pill carried by various spies throughout history,
taken when discovered to eliminate the possibility of being interrogated for the enemy's gain.
Public companies
In publicly held companies, various methods to avoid takeover bids are called "poison pills". Takeover
bids are attempts by a bidder to obtain control of a target company, either by soliciting proxies in a
proxy fight to get elected to the board or to acquire a controlling block of shares and use the
associated votes to get elected to the board. Once in control of the target's board, the bidder can
determine the target's management. As discussed further below, targets have various takeover
defenses available, and several types of defense have been called "poison pills" because they not
only harm the bidder but the target (or its shareholders) as well. Currently, the most common takeover
defense known as a poison pill is a shareholder rights plan.
Because the board of directors of the company can redeem or otherwise eliminate a standard poison
pill, it does not typically preclude a proxy fight or other takeover attempts not accompanied by an
acquisition of a significant block of the company's stock. It can, however, prevent shareholders from
entering into certain agreements that can assist in a proxy fight, such as an agreement to pay another
shareholder's expenses. In combination with a staggered board of directors, however, a shareholder
rights plan can be a potential defense.
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Dependency theory is a body of social science theories, both from developed and developing nations,
which are predicated on the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped
states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.
It is a central contention of dependency theory that poor states are impoverished and rich ones
enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the "world system." This is based on the Marxist
analysis of inequalities within the world system, but contrasts with the view of free market economists
who argue that free trade advances poor states along an enriching path to full economic integration.
As such, dependency theory figures prominently in the debate over how poor countries can best be
enriched or developed.
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Economies of scale are the cost advantages that a firm obtains due to expansion. Economies of
scale can be enjoyed by any size firm expanding its scale of operation. The common ones are
purchasing bulk buying of materials through long-term contracts.
The phrase economies of scale describes a situation in which it is cheaper for a company to
produce a product in larger volume than in smaller volume. As the number of units produced
increases, the cost per unit goes down.
In the software industry, economies of scale do not derive from production capacity but rather from the
size of the installed user base, as software is made of electrical pulses that can be downloaded by the
users, at a relatively small cost to the producer (or virtually no cost if using the P2P model of the Web.)
This means that the size of the installed user base replaces production capacity in classical economic
terms.
Economies Of Scope
. () .
Economies of scope are conceptually similar to economies of scale.
Whereas economies of scale primarily refer to efficiencies associated with supply-side changes, such
as increasing or decreasing the scale of production, of a single product type, economies of scope refer
to efficiencies primarily associated with demand-side changes, such as increasing or decreasing the
scope of marketing and distribution, of different types of products.
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Information Asymmetry
Moral hazard occurs when a party insulated from risk behaves differently than it would behave if it
were fully exposed to the risk.
Moral hazard arises because an individual or institution does not take the full consequences and
responsibilities of its actions, and therefore has a tendency to act less carefully than it otherwise
would, leaving another party to hold some responsibility for the consequences of those actions. For
example, a person with insurance against automobile theft may be less cautious about locking his or
her car, because the negative consequences of vehicle theft are (partially) the responsibility of the
insurance company.
Adverse selection, anti-selection, or negative selection is a term used in economics, insurance,

statistics, and risk management. It refers to a market process in which "bad" results occur when
buyers and sellers have asymmetric information (i.e. access to different information): the "bad"
products or customers are more likely to be selected. A bank that sets one price for all its checking
account customers runs the risk of being adversely selected against by its low-balance, high-activity
(and hence least profitable) customers. Two ways to model adverse selection are with signaling games
and screening games.
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Fair trade is an organized social movement and market-based approach that aims to help producers in
developing countries make better trading conditions and promote sustainability. The movement
advocates the payment of a higher price to producers as well as social and environmental standards.
It focuses in particular on exports from developing countries to developed countries, most notably
handicrafts, coffee, cocoa, sugar, tea, cotton, wine, chocolate, flowers and gold.

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A brain drain or human capital flight is a large emigration of individuals with technical skills or
knowledge, normally due to conflict, lack of opportunity, political instability, or health risks. A brain
drain is usually regarded as an economic cost, since emigrants usually take with them the fraction of
value of their training sponsored by the government. It is a parallel of capital flight which refers to the
same movement of financial capital. The term was coined by the Royal Society to describe the
emigration of "scientists and technologists" to North America from post-war Europe. The converse
phenomenon is brain gain, which occurs when there is a large-scale immigration of technically qualified
persons. Brain drain can be stopped by providing individuals who have expertise with career
opportunities and giving them opportunities to prove their capabilities.
"Don't ask, don't tell" is the common term for the U.S. military policy which implements Pub.L. 103160 (10 U.S.C. 654).
Unless one of the exceptions from 10 U.S.C. 654(b) applies, the policy prohibits anyone who
"demonstrate(s) a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts" from serving in the armed
forces of the United States, because it "would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of
morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability." The
act prohibits any homosexual or bisexual person from disclosing his or her sexual orientation, or from
speaking about any homosexual relationships, including marriages or other familial attributes, while
serving in the United States armed forces.
Although disappointing to many who wanted gay servicemen and women to be able to serve openly, in
1993 it was an improvement for gays in the military. The policy requires that as long as gay or bisexual
men and women in the military hide their sexual orientation, commanders are not allowed to
investigate their sexuality.
The net effect of this policy is that the military does not take an official stance against gay or bisexual
desire; one must engage in open homosexual acts to commit a punishable offense.
Candlelight Vigils Coin New Words
What is an Agorian? How about 2MB? They are among descriptive words and phrases being used by
Internet bloggers and even journalists to discuss ongoing anti-U.S. beef protests and the public debate
over the issue.
Here is a guide to these oft-used phrases that have made their way onto Internet blogs and discussion
sites as well as various news reports.
Agora Democracy
`Àgora," an open place of assembly in ancient Greece, is also the name of a popular online
discussion forum at Korean Internet portal Daum. Participants at the forum discuss a wide range of
political issues. Participants at this left-leaning discussion forum, also referred to as `Àgorians,'' have
even led a campaign against the conservative media and conglomerates like Samsung.
Launched in 2004, Agora has now emerged as an online gathering place for citizens opposing
President Lee Myung-bak and his policies. It has produced numerous threads criticizing his policies
such as the cross-country canal project.
In April, the forum also started an online campaign for the impeachment of President Lee. It has so far
secured some 1.4 million signatures. Critics say Agora users have played a role in leading anti-U.S.
beef candlelight vigils.
Direct Democracy
Some Korean academics have been describing the Internet-driven public protests and discussions as
a new form of direct democracy that would complement Korea's representative democracy. ``We are
witnessing the practice of direct democracy in Korea,['' former President Kim Dae-jung said last week,
during a conference to mark the eighth anniversary of the first-ever inter-Korean summit. ``This direct
democracy is practiced both on- and off-line via the Internet and text messages, and candlelight vigils
on the streets.''
Digital Populism
Observers in Korea have been offering views on the growth of Internet-based, digital populism and its
implications. One such commentator was conservative-leaning writer and novelist Yi Mun-yeol, who
spoke out about the vigils during a press conference last week while discussing his latest novel. He
said these protests have been both `à victory of a great digital populism, but it is also a fearsome
digital populism.''
These Internet-driven vigils and protests are ``great because something very challenging has been
achieved. But also, it is fearsome because the public has proven that it can now wield its collective
power against any national and state affairs,'' Yi said.
Cf) Populism is defined by the Cambridge dictionary as "political ideas and activities that are intended
to represent ordinary people's needs and wishes".
2MB
Critics on the Internet have been using this shorthand to describe President Lee. It can actually be a
legitimate description since the surname ``Lee'' and the word for 2 sounds the same in the Korean
language, while MB stands for the President's initials. But MB could also stand for the computer term
``megabytes.'' Some critics and Internet users have been using the term ``2MB'' to argue that the
President lacks sufficient processing capacity.
Street Journalism
The phrase refers to real-time reporting and online video streaming by a new and growing group of
citizen journalists. Equipped with laptop computers and digital video cameras, protesters are reporting
and posting their own news on the Web in real time. This type of reporting has been giving a boost to
Internet reporting and news sites. And online bloggers have also been participating in street journalism
by streaming live video footage. In Korea, these street reporters represent ordinary citizens who upload
real-time broadcasting, using the country's ``WiMax'' wireless Internet network.
Group Think
Some critics of the current protests have used the phrase ``group think'' to describe anti-U. S. beef
opinions. The phrase refers to a universal social tendency in group settings in which members try to
avoid conflict by agreeing to a consensus without fully evaluating ideas.
Group think is described as `à quick way to refer to a mode of thinking that people engage in when
they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when the members' strivings for unanimity override
their motivation to appraise alternative courses of action.'' In Korea, one of the most wired nations in
the world, the Web may facilitate building consensus among the country's Internet users, also referred
to as ``Netizens."
Internet Mob
`Ìnternet mob'' or ``Cyber mob'' are some of the phrases that have been used by critics to describe
the ongoing public backlash. In Korea, the Internet has shown its capacity to connect and organize
participants. In an Internet mob, the high-tech world of Web connectivity may work with the old ``mob
mentality,'' where groups may act together without a specific planned direction. Such mob mentality
can be found in street demonstrations and mob violence as well as everyday decision-making and
opinion-forming processes, even including stock market performances.
Mad Cow Mob
Critics of the anti-U.S. beef protests have used the phrase ``mad-cow mob'' to describe the Korean
public backlash against unrestricted U. S. beef imports. ``The Internet has enabled a lot of social
changes'' in Korea, according to one report. `Ìn Korea, the Internet-organized mob has gone to the
next levelThe Internet has remained the focal point for most of the reactionary responses to U.S.
beef imports.''
A gatekeeper is a person who controls access to something, for example via a city gate. In the late
20th century the term came into metaphorical use, referring to individuals who decide whether a given
message will be distributed by a mass medium.
Gatekeeping roles
Gatekeepers serve several different purposes such as academic admissions, financial advising, and
news editing. Academic admissions plays a vital role in every student's life. They look at qualifications
such as test scores, race, social class, grades, family connections, and even athletic ability. Where
this internal gatekeeping role is unwanted, open admissions can externalize it.
Various gatekeeping organizations administer professional certifications to protect clients from fraud
and unqualified advice, for example for financial advisers.
A news editor picks out what stories would be most informative and popular. For example, a
presidential resignation would be on the front page of a newspaper rather than a celebrity break-up
except for those specializing in the latter.
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Collective intelligence is a shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration and
competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making in bacteria, animals,
humans and computer networks.
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A virtuous circle or a vicious circle is a complex of events that reinforces itself through a feedback loop
toward greater instability. A virtuous circle (or virtuous cycle) has favorable results, and a vicious circle
(or vicious cycle) has deleterious results. A virtuous circle can transform into a vicious circle if eventual
negative feedback is ignored.
Both circles are complexes of events with no tendency towards equilibrium (at least in the short run).
Both systems of events have feedback loops in which each iteration of the cycle reinforces the first
(positive feedback). These cycles will continue in the direction of their momentum until an exogenous
factor intervenes and stops the cycle. The prefix hyper is sometimes used to describe these cycles.
The most well known vicious circle is hyperinflation.
Network effect is a term used narrowly to describe business phenomena, or more broadly to describe
non-business phenomena.
In the narrow usage, a network effect is a characteristic that causes a good or service to have a value
to a potential customer which depends on the number of other customers who own the good or are
users of the service. In other words, the number of prior adopters is a term in the value available to
the next adopter.
One consequence of a network effect is that the purchase of a good by one individual indirectly
benefits others who own the good for example by purchasing a telephone a person makes other
telephones more useful. This type of side-effect in a transaction is known as an externality in
economics, and externalities arising from network effects are known as network externalities. The
resulting bandwagon effect is an example of a positive feedback loop.
Path dependence explains how the set of decisions one faces for any given circumstance is limited by
the decisions one has made in the past, even though past circumstances may no longer be relevant.
Illustration
Consider as an example the technological development of videocassette recorders (VCRs) for home
use. It is argued that management errors and minor design choices by Sony was one of the reasons
why its Betamax format was defeated in market competition by VHS in the 1980s. Two mechanisms
can explain why the small but early lead gained by VHS became larger over time.
The first is the bandwagon effect of VCR manufacturers in favor of the VHS format in the U.S. and
Europe, who switched because they expected VHS to win the standards battle.
The second was a network effect: videocassette rental stores observed that more people had VHS
players and stocked up on VHS tapes; this in turn led other people to buy VHS players, and so on until
there was complete vendor lock-in to VHS.
An alternative explanation, of course, is that VHS was better adapted to market demands (in
particular, the demand for longer recordings) and that path dependence had little or nothing to do with
its success. There is also some support for this latter claim.
Positive feedback mechanisms like bandwagon and network effects are at the origin of pathdependence. They lead to a reinforcing pattern, in which industries 'tip' towards one or another
product design. Uncoordinated standardisation can be observed in many other situations.
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A meme (pronounced /mim/) consists of any idea or behavior that can pass from one person to
another by learning or imitation. Examples include thoughts, ideas, theories, gestures, practices,
fashions, habits, songs, and dances. Memes propagate themselves and can move through the cultural
sociosphere in a manner similar to the contagious behavior of a virus.
Richard Dawkins coined the word "meme" as a neologism in his book The Selfish Gene (1976) to
describe how one might extend evolutionary principles to explain the spread of ideas and cultural
phenomena. He gave as examples melodies, catch-phrases, beliefs (notably religious belief,
clothing/fashion, and the technology of building arches).
Meme-theorists contend that memes evolve by natural selection (similarly to Darwinian biological
evolution) through the processes of variation, mutation, competition, and inheritance influencing an
individual entity's reproductive success. Thus one can expect that some memes will propagate less
successfully and become extinct, while others will survive, spread, and (for better or for worse) mutate.
"Memeticists argue that the memes most beneficial to their hosts will not necessarily survive; rather,
those memes that replicate the most effectively spread best, which allows for the possibility that
successful memes may prove detrimental to their hosts."
(Werther Effect)
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[] To prevent the Werther effect, it is customary for the media to discourage suicide reports except
in special cases.
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[] It appears that the greatest reduction in copycat suicide may come from reducing the sheer
quantity of news on suicide.
[FOUNTAIN]Dark tragedy becomes cue for popularity
All is so quiet around me and so calm my soul. I thank you, God, for giving me this warmth, this
energy in these final moments...I wish to be buried, Lotte, in these clothes, you have touched them,
consecrated them...Lotte! Lotte! Farewell! Farewell!
Leaving a farewell letter to Lotte, young Werther shot himself. The Sorrows of Young Werther, by
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, is based on a true story. As a young man, Goethe met Charlotte at a
dance party and fell in love with her. However, she was already engaged, and he had to give up on her.
The suicide of Werther was inspired by Karl Wilhelm Jerusalem, who also met Charlotte at the same
party. He had also admired Charlotte and killed himself with a gun borrowed from Charlottes husband.
At age 25, young Goethe wrote the masterpiece in four weeks in sympathy for the man who had loved
and been rejected by the same woman. The novel heads a German literature genre known as strum
und drang, or storm and stress. As soon as the novel was published, all of Europe was taken by the
tragic yet romantic story. Young Europeans fell into the so-called Werther syndrome. The brown boots,
blue coat and yellow vest, which Werther had fashioned in the novel, sold briskly. Young men dressed
like Werther and shot themselves with a gun. Sociologists called the phenomenon the Werther Effect.
The Werther Effect could sway the period because Europe was going through social changes. From a
literary point of view, strum und drang romanticises emotion and intuition and criticizes the
classicism of reason and logic. Young Werther was a free-spirited, uninhibited genius overwhelmed by
his own emotions and deriding the logical decision. A suicide was praised as a virtue because it was
an extreme form of expressing emotion. Socially and politically, storm and stress reflected the sense
of alienation of the new citizen class rising against the existing aristocratic system. Werther, who was
expelled from the aristocrats table, loathed the ruling class order.
The Supreme Prosecutors Office cited the Werther Effect to explain the two-fold increase in the number
of suicides after popular actress Lee Eun-ju killed herself last month. Especially, youth suicide
increased. Goethe tried to adapt to the existing order in his later years by serving as a chief minister of
state at Weimar. When the storm and stress of his youth was combined with the experience and
wisdom of the later years, Goethe could write the ultimate masterpiece, Faust.
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"Cultural discount" refers to the unavoidable disadvantage of imported films when foreign people try to
understand.
Reference
The market shares of Hollywood movies in European and Asian markets are so large that policymakers
around the world are concerned about the import domination not only in theaters but also in the
subsequent windows. Media economists acknowledge that domestic producers have an advantage in
terms of a "cultural discount, "referring to the unavoidable disadvantage of imported films.
However, expenditure on a film's production also determines the extent of popular appeal, thus
creating an advantage for films that have a large and wealthy home market base such as Hollywood.
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Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Intrinsic motivation is when people engage in an activity, such as a hobby, without obvious external
incentives. Numerous studies have found it to be associated with high educational achievement and
enjoyment by students.
It is thought that students are more likely to be intrinsically motivated if they:

- Attribute their educational results to internal factors that they can control (e. g. the amount of effort
they put in)
- Believe they can be effective agents in reaching desired goals (i. e. the results are not determined by
luck)
- Are interested in mastering a topic, rather than just rote-learning to achieve good grades.
Note that the idea of reward for achievement is absent from this model of intrinsic motivation, since
rewards are an extrinsic factor.
In knowledge-sharing communities and organizations, people often cite altruistic reasons for their
participation, including contributing to a common good, a moral obligation to the group, mentorship or
'giving back'. In work environments, money may provide a more powerful extrinsic factor than the
intrinsic motivation provided by an enjoyable workplace.
~ IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION

Intrinsic motivation occurs when people are internally motivated to do something because it either
brings them pleasure, they think it is important, or they feel that what they are learning is significant.
Extrinsic motivation comes into play when a student is compelled to do something or act a certain way
because of factors external to him or her (like money or good grades).
~ SELF - CONTROL
The self-control of motivation is increasingly understood as a subset of emotional intelligence; a
person may be highly intelligent according to a more conservative definition (as measured by many
intelligence tests), yet unmotivated to dedicate this intelligence to certain tasks. Yale School of
Management professor Victor Vroom's "expectancy theory" provides an account of when people will
decide whether to exert self control to pursue a particular goal.
Drives and desires can be described as a deficiency or need that activates behaviour that is aimed at
a goal or an incentive. These are thought to originate within the individual and may not require external
stimuli to encourage the behaviour. Basic drives could be sparked by deficiencies such as hunger,
which motivates a person to seek food; whereas more subtle drives might be the desire for praise and
approval, which motivates a person to behave in a manner pleasing to others.
By contrast, the role of extrinsic rewards and stimuli can be seen in the example of training animals by
giving them treats when they perform a trick correctly. The treat motivates the animals to perform the
trick consistently, even later when the treat is removed from the process.
~ Herzbergs two-factor theory

Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory, aka intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, concludes that certain factors
in the workplace result in job satisfaction, but if absent, lead to dissatisfaction.
99999. Lenses
Fruit of the poisonous tree
Fruit of the poisonous tree is a legal metaphor in the United States used to describe evidence
gathered with the aid of information obtained illegally. The logic of the terminology is that if the source
of the evidence (the "tree") is tainted, then anything gained from it (the "fruit") would be likewise.
Such evidence is not generally admissible in court.[2] For example, if a police officer conducted an
unconstitutional (Fourth Amendment) search of a home and obtained a key to a locker in a train
station, thus obtaining evidence of a crime from the locker, then that evidence would more than likely
be excluded in accordance with the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine. The discovery of a witness is
not evidence in itself, due to the fact that the witness is attenuated by separate interviews, in-court
testimony and their own statements.
The doctrine is an extension of the exclusionary rule, which, subject to some exceptions, prevents
evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment from being admitted in a criminal trial. Like
the exclusionary rule, the fruit-of-the-poisonous-tree doctrine is intended to deter police from using
illegal means to obtain evidence.
The doctrine is subject to three main exceptions. The tainted evidence will be admissible if (1) it was
discovered in part as a result of an independent, untainted source; (2) it would inevitably have been
discovered despite the tainted source; or (3) the chain of causation between the illegal action and the
tainted evidence is too attenuated.
Collateral damage
Collateral damage is damage that is unintended or incidental to the intended outcome. The term
originated in the U.S. military, perhaps as a euphemism, but it has since expanded into general use,
including Hollywood and the computing community.
According to the USAF Intelligence Targeting Guide, the term means:
" [the] unintentional damage or incidental damage affecting facilities, equipment, or personnel,
occurring as a result of military actions directed against targeted enemy forces or facilities. Such
damage can occur to friendly, neutral, and even enemy forces".
United States Department of Defense definition collateral damage Unintentional or incidental injury
or damage to persons or objects that would not be lawful military targets in the circumstances ruling at
the time. Such damage is not unlawful so long as it is not excessive in light of the overall military
advantage anticipated from the attack. (Joint Publication 3-60)
The precautionary principle is a moral and political principle which states that if an action or policy
might cause severe or irreversible harm to the public or to the environment, in the absence of a
scientific consensus that harm would not ensue, the burden of proof falls on those who would
advocate taking the action. The principle aims to provide guidance for protecting public health and the
environment in the face of uncertain risks, stating that the absence of full scientific certainty shall not
be used as a reason to postpone measures where there is a risk of serious or irreversible harm to
public health or the environment. Precaution is caution in advance, or caution practised in the context
of uncertainty.
All definitions have two key elements.

1. an expression of a need by decision-makers to anticipate harm before it occurs. Within this element
lies an implicit reversal of the onus of proof: under the precautionary principle it is the responsibility of
an activity proponent to establish that the proposed activity will not (or is very unlikely to) result in
significant harm.
2. the establishment of an obligation, if the level of harm may be high, for action to prevent or
minimise such harm even when the absence of scientific certainty makes it difficult to predict the
likelyhood of harm occuring, or the level of harm should it occur. The need for control measures
increases with both the level of possible harm and the degree of uncertainty.
No introduction to the precautionary principle would be complete without brief reference to the
difference between the precautionary principle and the precautionary approach. Principle 15 of the Rio
Declaration 1992 states that: in order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall
be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or
irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall be not used as a reason for postponing costeffective measures to prevent environmental degradation.
In economics
The precautionary principle has been analysed in terms of the effect on rational decision-making of the
interaction of irreversibility and uncertainty. Authors such as Epstein (1980)[5] and Arrow and Fischer
(1974)[6] show that irreversibility of possible future consequences creates a quasi-option effect which
should induce a "risk-neutral" society to favor current decisions that allow for more flexibility in the
future. Gollier et al. (2000)[7] conclude that "more scientific uncertainty as to the distribution of a
future risk that is, a larger variability of beliefs should induce Society to take stronger prevention
measures today."
Overkill
is the use of excessive force or action that goes further than is necessary to achieve it's goal.
A nuclear land mine is an example of overkill.
Nuclear Weapons
Overkill is especially used to refer to a destructive nuclear capacity exceeding the amount needed to
destroy an enemy.
The term is attested from 1946[2] and was in common use during the Cold War era, referring to the
arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union. Both nations possessed (US and Russia
still possess) more than enough nuclear weapons to destroy one another many times over nuclear
overkill.
US policy was to be able to drop a nuclear bomb on every Soviet town and city forty times over; the
term for this was "pounding the rubble" or, as military officers sometimes joked, "pounding the ruble".
Reasonable doubt
Beyond a reasonable doubt is the standard required by the prosecution in most criminal cases within
an adversarial system, also called the "Burden of Proof". This means that the proposition being
presented by the government must be proven to the extent that there is no "reasonable doubt" in the
mind of a reasonable person that the defendant is guilty. There can still be a doubt, but only to the
extent that it would not affect a "reasonable person's" belief that the defendant is guilty. If the doubt
that is raised does affect a "reasonable person's" belief that the defendant is guilty, the jury is not
satisfied beyond a "reasonable doubt". The precise meaning of words such as "reasonable" and
"doubt" are usually defined within jurisprudence of the applicable country.
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Broken Arrow
An accidental event that involves nuclear weapons or nuclear components but which does not create
the risk of nuclear war, known as a Broken Arrow in United States military terminology.
The United States code for calling in all available aircraft for an airstrike near a friendly position which
has been overrun by the foe, and therefore creating a high probability of 'Blue-on-Blue'. An example of
this use was shown in the 2002 movie, "We Were Soldiers", a true story during which a Broken Arrow
was called in by lieutenant colonel Hal Moore in 1965 while leading his men through the Ia Drang
Valley in Vietnam.
"Food sovereignty" is a term originally coined by members of Via Campesina in 1996 [1] to refer to a
policy framework advocated by a number of farmers', peasants', pastoralists', fisherfolk, Indigenous
Peoples', womens', rural youth and environmental organizations, namely the claimed "right of peoples
to define their own food, agriculture, livestock and fisheries systems," in contrast to having food
largely subject to international market forces.
ECHELON is a name used in global media and in popular culture to describe a signals intelligence
(SIGINT) collection and analysis network operated on behalf of the five signatory states to the UK-USA
Security Agreement (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States,
known as AUSCANZUKUS).
The system has been reported in a number of public sources. Its capabilities and political implications
were investigated by a committee of the European Parliament during 2000 and 2001 with a report
published in 2001.
In its report, the European Parliament states that the term ECHELON is used in a number of contexts,
but that the evidence presented indicates that it was the name for a signals intelligence collection
system. The report concludes that, on the basis of information presented, ECHELON was capable of
interception and content inspection of telephone calls, fax, e-mail and other data traffic globally
through the interception of communication bearers including satellite transmission, public switched
telephone networks and microwave links. The committee further concluded that "the technical
capabilities of the system are probably not nearly as extensive as some sections of the media had
assumed".
Common but differentiated responsibility
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed to a set of a "common but
differentiated responsibilities." The parties agreed that:
1.the largest share of historical and current global emissions of greenhouse gases has originated in
developed countries;
2.per capita emissions in developing countries are still relatively low, and
3.the share of global emissions originating in developing countries will grow to meet their social and
development needs.
In other words, China, India, and other developing countries were not included in any numerical
limitation of the Kyoto Protocol because they were not the main contributors to the greenhouse gas
emissions during the pre-treaty industrialization period. However, even without the commitment to
reduce according to the Kyoto target, developing countries do share the common responsibility that all
countries have in reducing emissions.
There will be a mechanism of "compliance", which means a "monitoring compliance with the
commitments and penalties for non compliance."
[ ]
LECTURE 7 - NATIONALISM (3)

- FOR DEFENDING THE LANGUAGE COMMUNITY

- What are important variables for how much money we should spend for buying a player if you
manager of a sports team? *
- What are important variables for judging if a language can be a lingua franca? *

3.DESCRIBE - EXPLAIN - PREDICT - CONTROL Ex) GALACTICO

Today's Issue - English Fever
[D] - How important do you think the issue is nowadays? *
Any example or case regarding "language" nationalism?
[E]-What makes the issue so important? *

What makes English as an official language an important issue in the 21st century? What other
causes you think people not to accept pragmatism when it comes to learning languages?
[P]-Future of the issue? *

How serious do you think the problem will be in the future and in South Korea and other countries?
[C]-Any solution? * (Maybe 15 minutes before the debate session ends)
- What if you were in Candy's, the mother's, the doctors, and the stockbroker's situation? What makes
you think so?
2) Topic Question
[From Student]
- Share pros and cons of EOL.

- Why are Americans lazy in learning foreign languages?
- Is identity of any kind a stable characteristics? Or should it?
- How valid is comparing language and ecosystem?
- How important is a language in a country?
- What is your definition of tradition?
- How can we balance changes and tradition?
- How can we balance Korean and English?
5.LAST SESSION
- How can we solve the problem? What is the best way to preserve Korean identity? Should we?
6.REMAINED QUESTION
7.ESSAY QUESTION
- How to deal with or fight against the English imperialism or dominance?
(400 words - 800)
[LECTURE 7 - HANDOUT - LANGUAGE IMPERIALISM]

General Terms
English As An Official Language (EOL)
A Lingua Franca (Italian literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian
below) is any language widely used beyond the population of its native speakers. The de facto status
of lingua franca is usually "awarded" by the masses to the language of the most influential nation(s) of
the time. Any given language normally becomes a lingua franca primarily by being used for international
commerce, but can be accepted in other cultural exchanges, especially diplomacy.
The Language Acquisition Device (LAD) is a postulated "organ" of the brain that is supposed to
function as a congenital device for learning symbolic language (i. e., language acquisition). First
proposed by Noam Chomsky, the LAD concept is a component of the nativist theory of language which
dominates contemporary formal linguistics, which asserts that humans are born with the instinct or
"innate facility" for acquiring language.
The Critical Period Hypothesis states that the 1st few years of life is the crucial time in which an
individual can acquire a first language if presented with adequate stimuli. If language input doesn't
occur until after this time, the individual will never achieve a full command of language.
The Battlefield Surrounding EOL
1.Between Nation - Identity ~ IN THE NAME OF NATIONAL IDENTITY DEFENCE
2.Within Nation - Is Eng just a symptom or the cause of the divide?
1.Between Nation - Identity ~ In the name of defending national identity
The more English, the closer to the English colony Korea will be.
Nationalism has had an enormous influence on Modern history, in which the nation-state has
become the dominant form of societal organization. (Capitalism and Nation States )
How To Define A Nation?

1) Common descent : The fact that the ancestry is shared among the members of the nation unites
people.
2) Common language : A shared language is often used as a defining feature of a nation.
3) Common culture : Unlike a language, a national culture is usually unique to the nation, although it
may include many elements shared with other nations. Additionally, the national culture is assumed to
be shared with previous generations. 4) Common religion???
Who Call Is It? Language v. Thought
1-1) Linguistic Determinism
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Wilhelm von Humboldt was an adept linguist and studied the Basque language. He translated Pindar
and Aeschylus into German.
"...first clearly laid down that the character and structure of a language expresses the inner life and
knowledge of its speakers, and that languages must differ from one another in the same way and to
the same degree as those who use them. Sounds do not become words until a meaning has been put
into them, and this meaning embodies ( ) the thought of a community." - 1911
Encyclopdia Britannica
Whorf Hypothesis - (also known as the "linguistic relativity hypothesis" or the SapirWhorf
hypothesis (SWH)) postulates a systematic relationship between the grammatical categories of the
language a person speaks and how that person both understands the world and behaves in it. The
hypothesis postulates that a particular language's nature influences the habitual thought of its
speakers: that different language patterns yield different patterns of thought. This idea challenges the
possibility of perfectly representing the world with language, because it implies that the mechanisms
of any language condition the thoughts of its speaker community.
1984 - 1949
. (, NEWSPEAK)
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"It's a beautiful thing, the destruction of words. Of course the great wastage is in the verbs and
adjectives, but there are hundreds of nouns that can be got rid of as well. It isn't only the synonyms;
there are also the antonyms. After all, what justification is there for a word which is simply the
opposite of some other word? A word contains its opposite in itself. Take 'good', for instance. If you
have a word like 'good', what need is there for a word like 'bad'? 'Ungood' will do just as well-better,
because it's an exact opposite, which the other is not. Or again, if you want a stronger version of
'good', what sense is there in having a whole string of vague useless words like 'excellent' and
'splendid' and all the rest of them? 'Plusgood' covers the meaning, or 'doubleplusgood' if you want
something stronger still... Don't you see that the whole aim of Newspeak [the official language of the
society] is th narrow the range of thought? In the end we shall make thought crime literally
impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it. Every concept that can ever be
needed will be expressed by exactly one word, with its meaning rigidly defined and all its subsidiary
meanings rubbed out and forgotten. Already, in the Eleventh Edition [of the Newspeak dictionary],
we're not far from that point. But the process will still be continuing long after you and I are dead.
Every year fewer and fewer words, and the range of consciousness always a little smaller. Even now, of
course, there's no reason or excuse for committing thought crime. It's merely a question of selfdiscipline, reality-control. But in the end there won't be any need even for that. The Revolution will be
complete when the language is perfect."
An Example Of Whorfian Hypothesis?
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1-2) ? ? Against Linguistic Determinism
The Language Instinct

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The Language Instinct is a book by Steven Pinker, published in 1994. In it, Pinker argues that humans
are born with an innate capacity for language. In addition, he deals sympathetically with Noam
Chomsky's claim that all human language shows evidence of a universal grammar. In the final chapter
Pinker dissents from the skepticism shown by Chomsky that evolution by natural selection is up to par
with the challenge of explaining a human language instinct. (
.)
Thesis
Pinker sets out to disabuse the reader of a number of common ideas about language, e. g. that
children must be taught to use it, that most people's grammar is poor, that the quality of language is
steadily declining, that language has a heavy influence on a person's possible range of thoughts (the
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis), and that nonhuman animals have been taught language (see Great Ape
language).
Each of these claims, he argues, is false. Instead, Pinker sees language as an ability unique to
humans, produced by evolution to solve the specific problem of communication among social huntergatherers. He compares language to other species' specialized adaptations such as spiders' webweaving or beavers' dam-building behavior, calling all three "instincts."
By calling language an instinct, Pinker means that it is not a human invention in the sense that
metalworking and even writing are. While only some human cultures possess these technologies, all
cultures possess language itself. As further evidence for the universality of language, Pinker notes that
children spontaneously invent a consistent grammatical speech (a creole) even if they grow up among
a mixed-culture population speaking an informal trade pidgin with no consistent rules. Deaf babies
"babble" with their hands as others normally do with voice, and spontaneously invent sign languages
with true grammar rather than a crude "me Tarzan, you Jane" pointing system. Language (speech) also
develops in the absence of formal instruction or active attempts by parents to correct children's
grammar. These signs suggest that rather than being a human invention, language is an innate human
ability. Pinker also distinguishes language from humans' general reasoning ability, emphasizing that it
is not simply a mark of advanced intelligence but rather a specialized "mental module".
He attempts to trace the outlines of the language instinct by citing his own studies of language
acquisition in children, and the works of many other linguists and psychologists in multiple fields, as
well as numerous examples from popular culture. He notes, for instance, that specific types of brain
damage cause specific impairments of language such as Broca's aphasia or Wernicke's aphasia, that
specific types of grammatical construction are especially hard to understand, and that there seems to
be a critical period in childhood for language development just as there is a critical period for vision
development in cats. Much of the book refers to Chomsky's concept of a universal grammar, a metagrammar into which all human languages fit. Pinker explains that a universal grammar represents
specific structures in the human brain that recognize the general rules of other humans' speech, such
as whether the local language places adjectives before or after nouns, and begin a specialized and
very rapid learning process not explainable as reasoning from first principles or pure logic. This
learning machinery exists only during a specific critical period of childhood and is then disassembled
for thrift, freeing resources in an energy-hungry brain.

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Cases Studies : Japan
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2.On the negative side, however, these twin forces (globalization and informatization) threaten to
undermine centuries of tradition, local autonomy, and cultural integrity. The internet, for example, is
overwhelmingly an English language medium, and those who want to participate fully with all it has to
offer had best read English.
In fact, a high level government panel recently recommended that Japan consider adopting English as
an official language in the future. Moreover, globalization establishes a global economic system in
which those with the most capital are best able to capitalize on the global market, setting up what
Friedman calls a "winner take all" system (1999, p. 245). Although technology levels the playing field,
it does nothing to diminish the size of the competitors. The US, for example, overwhelmingly benefits
from the rise of information technology,(~another divide) as it is the US that dominates almost all
commercial sites and many, if not most, of the most profitable technology manufacturers.
The idea of making English a second official language in Japan is a call to make Japan's new
operating system fully bilingual and "globally compatible." To achieve a paradigm shift of this
magnitude requires two things: strong political will and solid English infrastructure.
Alternative?
. , .
.
2.Within Nation - Is English just a symptom or the cause of the divides?
~ In The Name Of National Equality - The Origins Of Divides
Digital divide refers to the gap between those people with effective access to digital and information
technology and those without access to it. It includes the imbalances in physical access to technology
as well as the imbalances in resources and skills needed to effectively participate as a digital citizen.
The English divide is growing now that position, promotion and income may all depend on facility in
the language. Language skills set those with bright futures apart from those with limited opportunities
most glaringly in professional fields such as law and medicine.

.
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34.1% 50.7% 16% .

. .
.
Path Dependence : Path dependence refers to the lock-in effects of choices among competing
technologies. It is possible, following widespread adoption, for inferior technologies to become so
dominant that superior technologies cannot unseat them in the marketplace. Standard examples
include keyboards (QWERTY vs. Dvorak), video (VHS vs. Betamax).
In economics and in business decision-making, sunk costs are costs that have been incurred and
which cannot be recovered to any significant degree.
In many markets, consumers are forced to incur costs when switching from one supplier to another.
These costs are called switching costs and can come in many different shapes.
[SUPPLEMENTS 1]
[A]The will to integrate the nation to global culture is questionable in Korea. Though Korea has won
wide praise for opening up to foreign investors since the 1997 financial crisis, collectivist nationalism
remains dominant in Korean public discourse. To its credit, the current government has resisted the
pull of collectivist nationalism, but it remains entrenched in the bureaucracy, academia, the media, the
labor movement, and most civic organizations. The media and the educational system continue to
extol the virtues of a mythical "uri" based on ethnic (LEC 9 - POPULISM) and linguistic purity(LEC 8LANGUAGE IMPERIALISM). It is, as Michael Breen, author of a provocative book on Korea entitled "The
Koreans: Who They are, What They Want, Where Their Future Lies," wrote, "While many foreigners
have very warm experiences with some Koreans, they often feel rejected by Koreans in general.(LEC 9 POPULISM)
(1)On the negative side, however, these twin forces(globalization and informatization) threaten to
undermine centuries of tradition, local autonomy, and cultural integrity. The internet, for example, is
overwhelmingly an English language medium, and those who want to participate fully with all it has to
offer had best read English (Barber, 1995). In fact, a high level government panel recently
recommended that Japan consider adopting English as an official language in the future.
Moreover, globalization establishes a global economic system in which those with the most capital
are best able to capitalize on the global market, setting up what Friedman calls a "winner take all"
system (1999, p. 245). Although technology levels the playing field, it does nothing to diminish the
size of the competitors. The US, for example, overwhelmingly benefits from the rise of information
technology,(~another divide) as it is the US that dominates almost all commercial sites and many, if
not most, of the most profitable technology manufacturers.
The idea of making English a second official language in Japan is a call to make Japan's new
operating system fully bilingual and "globally compatible." To achieve a paradigm shift of this
magnitude requires two things: strong political will and solid English infrastructure. Without strong
political will, the project will be doomed by those who find exclusive national culture more comfortable.
Without a solid English education infrastructure, proficiency levels will not rise substantially. The
development of an English education infrastructure, of course, depends on political will to allocate
resources to create a linguistic and cultural environment that is conducive to raising and, equally
important, maintaining English proficiency.
The will to integrate the nation to global culture is questionable in Korea. Though Korea has won
wide praise for opening up to foreign investors since the 1997 financial crisis, collectivist nationalism
extol the virtues of a mythical "uri" based on ethnic and linguistic purity. They (foreigners) are rejected
because Koreans are so nationalistic and have a racist obsession with their blood."
(2)Those who speak English or other Germanic languages account for more than 40 percent of the
world GDP, while comprising only about 8 percent of the world's population.
Several years ago, before his death, the distinguished musician, historian, philosopher and
columnist Balint Vazsonyi told me he did not think it was possible for people who did not understand
the English language to fully understand the English concepts of liberty, freedom and rule of law.
Other immigrants tell me the experience of living in a free market democratic country is what gives
the real meaning to the words. I have been involved with a project of attempting to have standard
translations of economic and financial terms and concepts so, regardless of language, everyone on
the globe would understand the meaning of the ideas in the same way. Not being a linguist, I have
found this is easier said than done, which caused me to remember his comments.
(3)Multilingualism--where each language is assigned its own distinctive societal functions--may be

the wave of the future. The language characteristically used with intimate family and friends, the
language generally used with coworkers or neighbors, and the language used with one's bosses or
government, need not be one and the same. Many West Africans, for example, are trilingual on a fully
functional basis: they use local mother tongues when among "their own," Hausa for regional trade and
secular literacy, and Arabic for prayer and Koranic study.
What is to come of English? It may well gravitate increasingly toward the higher social classes, as
those of more modest status turn to regional languages for more modest gains. Or it might become
widely disliked as a linguistic bully, even as it is widely learned. Resentment of both the predominance
of English and of its tendency to spread along class lines could in the long term prove a check against
its further globalization.
There is no reason to assume that English will always be necessary, as it is today, for technology,
higher education, and social mobility, particularly after its regional rivals experience their own growth
spurts. The decline of French has not irreparably harmed art or diplomacy, nor has the similar decline
of German harmed the exact sciences. Just because the use of English around the world might drop
does not mean the values associated today with its spread must also fade. Ultimately, democracy,
international trade, and economic development can flourish in any tongue.
[SUPPLEMENTS 2] []
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DIS Writing - How to deal with or fight against the English imperialism or dominance?
Title : ? (Based on the discourse of English as an official language) XXX = Points to be
revised.
When trying to write a good essay, we should always begin from focusing on what the question really is
about. It seems that the question gives 2 sets of choices one of which is between a coping strategy
and war tactics against the power of English. Before deciding which one is more appropriate from the
1st choice, the answer for the 2nd choice seems to influence the choice for the 1st one. If we
describe the power of English as the result from English imperialism, then the logical answer for the
1st option is that we should come up with a desperate war strategy.
Be calm and let's begin from thinking about how to define the current world and its relationship with
English and whether this manifests the 21st century English imperialism. Imperialism, as defined by
The Dictionary of Human Geography, is "the creation and maintenance of an unequal economic,
cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based
on domination and subordination." Can you determine the current world as the world of English
imperialism? I don't think so. At least I think it is an exaggeration to say so. Creation and maintenance
requires the actor or the agent of the action. Imperialism by Queen Victoria can be defined as "English
or British imperialism' per se since there were many agents to serve the purpose of the once great
nation including the Queen and many workers hired by East India Company.
While imperialism is an evaluative judgement, a rather descriptive concept might help us get closer to
more realistic picture of the world. In economics, market dominance is a measure of the strength of a
brand, product, service, or firm, relative to competitive offerings. There is often a geographic element
to the competitive landscape. In defining market dominance, you must see to what extent a product,
brand, or firm controls a product category in a given geographic area. Set aside for a while the
question of how appropriate applying economics knowledge to language war is, here the 1st goal is to
choose a better concept and more accurate picture of what we have now leading us to get what we
want to and must have. While imperialism seems to be an overstatement, dominance sounds like an
understatement. However it seems to be that their distance from the real situation is significantly
different. XXX And if this is the case, thinking about how to cope with the dominance sounds more
logical. The question I am going to answer? How should we deal with the problem of English
dominance?
There are two lenses to watch the language battle with. One is the lens of language communities and
their identities. The other is that of classes. With the 1st lens worn in their eyes, people in the
communities where dominated languages are used worry that English invasion would wind up
eradicating the value and identities of those communities. The 2nd lens focuses our attention not so
much on unequal power between communities as on different level of power within communities.
Within each community, English competency draw a line between haves and have-nots. Whether
different level of English is the cause or the result of income gap doesn't seem to matter. If there is a
clear correlation between the two, governments and leaders of the communities should not spare
effort to fight the problem.
One of the common denominators is the idea of English as an official language (EOL). People with the
1st lens would abhor EOL idea because of the history of imperialism thinking that EOL is the 21st
version of invasion. Some, if not almost, with the 2nd lens think EOL can and should discussed as an
option to fight back what has been called "English divide." They say English divide will significantly
shrink at least in the long-run because people in each community don't usually compete over how good
their mother tongue or native language are. Therefore 'degrading' speaking English from a prestigious
ability to what most people are good at through EOL will help.
Since the 2 issues - the identity crisis of language communities and English divide - are not mutually
exclusive, I think we should solve the problems as if they are in a package. I will establish why and
how we can solve the problems together assuming that they are interconnected together.
General Discussion - Pass 0305 12
- Is English an obstacle or an opportunity?

- Is a language a substitutes or a complement to others?
Between Nations
- How important is language in forming identity?
- How similar language and ecosystem are?
- Some suggest the worst case scenario of having to study Chinese instead of English. What do you
think about it?
- Do all the English speaking countries have the same identities?
- Is the argument from precautionary principle valid?
- Some say we are the victims of "the curse of history." in the discourse of EOL. The curse of history
implies that although learning from the past is generally good, too vivid memory from the past can
cause people to be swayed so much by Japanese colonial era that our rational thinking is blurred by
that. What do you think?
- To the extent that we follow Pinker's idea on language, it seems that language is arbitrary. Then, why
do we have to be obsessed with the rigid status of Korean language? Its superiority by the most recent
inventions?
- The value of Community (Public philosophy - "There are some innate values that have arisen since its
development of human societies.)
- Imperialism itself have not so much killed identities of communities as strengthened them. For
example, victimhood nationalism and collective guilt. So complicated identity is the battle related to
identities that the blanket explanation about it is destined to be limited.
Within Nations
- Wouldn't EOL be the worst nightmare the heads of private English institutes can ever imagine?
- The issue seems to be the logically gray or so very important area where the two dimensions (within
nations and between nations) are crossed making the issue more difficult to be solved.
It seems that there is one clear consensus about the issue of EOL in Korea. That is the concern about
English divide, which can be led to other fields of divides including economic divide and digital divide.
While most are in favor of government intervention, it is still unclear why EOL can't be discussed as a
fundamental and long-term solution for English divide?
Presumably, EOL is and should not be the only solution for English divide. Predictable cases
demanding attention is that thinking about other solutions will be sure to make the current gap bigger
and bigger. That is what have always been and will always be in the field of competitions. -
? .
- Assuming that we are and have lived in the colony of English language, another question can be
asked. Are we admiring them without self or group esteem? Or do we just envy their status not
respecting English speakers? How valid is the contrast between focusing on what others have and selfesteem?
- .
. ? . .
?
On English & Extra Question
- Some say we don't have to have inferiority complex against Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare wrote
since it is possible to describe it just as the first book popularizing and beautifying romance. The type
of romance is not the invention of Shakespeare but was just first known by them. R & J as a totem. (~
- 49) It might just be a perceptual illusion that people tend to equate the first with the best.
- Precautionary principle and burden of proof on EOL
- No such thing in U. S.
My note - On Identity From
Dilemma Of Bilingual? ? (~ )
~ effective psychological environment
Dilemma most Korean English learners have is very similar to Prisoners' dilemma. Knowing that people
with high command of English laugh at others having discussions on the issue and continuously get
competitive edges, policy makers are split into two groups one of which focuses on making them and
their children winners and the other of which is trying to bell the cat with the idea of EOL. (Although I
am not sure about whether EOL is a decisive and fundamental solution for the issue.)
Others
- The pleasure of buying books lies not so much in reading them as in having them available.
( - The pleasure of buying books lies not in reading them but in having them available.)
- . for 10 100
.
The imperialism of the last 500 years, as described by the above work, is primarily a western
undertaking that employs "expansionist mercantilism and latterly communist systems."
Market dominance is a measure of the strength of a brand, product, service, or firm, relative to
competitive offerings. There is often a geographic element to the competitive landscape. In defining
market dominance, you must see to what extent a product, brand, or firm controls a product category
in a given geographic area.
Dominance
1. rule; control; authority; ascendancy.

2. the condition of being dominant.
3. Psychology . the disposition of an individual to assert control in dealing with others.
4. Animal Behavior . high status in a social group, usually acquired as the result of aggression, that
involves the tendency to take priority in access to limited resources, as food, mates, or space.
5. Neurology . the normal tendency for one side of the brain to be more important than the other in
controlling certain functions, as speech and language.
Domination
noun
1. an act or instance of dominating.
2. rule or sway; control, often arbitrary.
3. dominations, Theology . one of the nine orders of celestial attendants of god. Compare angel ( def.
1).
Attack of neo-liberalism is ok. since .

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fight deal with.
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Imperialism, as defined by The Dictionary of Human Geography, is "the creation and maintenance of
an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the
form of an empire, based on domination and subordination." The imperialism of the last 500 years, as
described by the above work, is primarily a western undertaking that employs "expansionist
mercantilism and latterly communist systems."[1] Geographical domains have included the
Mongolian Empire, Roman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the Portuguese
Empire, the Spanish Empire, the Dutch Empire, the Persian Empire, the French Empire,[2] the Russian
Empire,[3] the Chinese Empire, and the British Empire,[4] but the term can equally be applied to
domains of knowledge, beliefs, values and expertise, such as the empires of Christianity (see
Christendom)[5] or Islam (see Caliphate).[6] Imperialism is usually autocratic, and also sometimes
monolithic (i.e. having a massive, unchanging structure that does not permit individual variation)[7] in
character.
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- diet v. eng as a sources of fever negative to the prospect for the brighter future.
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- existence of lang efficient way of communicating

- need history to build the concept if extinct
- sig dif in concept
~ fever rig me of opportunity to study English at my convenience
- the poet / J culture accepted better - culture and language should be compared in terms of
/
LECTURE 10 - POPULISM (2) AND ELITISM(1)
[SESSION 1. EQ - ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING]

1.Drake Equation For Multiple Perspective
[SAMPLE] IMPORTANT VARIABLESFACTORS(VF) FOR THE INVESTIGATION?
- WHAT ARE IMPORTANT VF FOR DECIDING HOW TO DEFINE AND ELECT GOOD ELITES?
2.Linked Question For Application Practice

- WHAT OTHER THINGS (OTHER THEMES, BOOKS, CASES AND MOVIES) DOES TODAY'S TOPIC REMIND
YOU OF?
[SESSION 2. BQ - BASIC QUESTION TYPE FOR CHECKING HOMEWORK AND FOR ACTIVE LEARNING]
3.Learner Based Active Learning
- WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT ALAN'S "UNDERLINED" PARTS? (IF THERE ARE FROM TODAY'S
MATERIAL.)
- WHAT ARE YOUR "UNDERLINED" PARTS? WHY DID YOU "UNDERLINE" THEM? OR ANY OTHER
QUESTION? SHARE OPINIONS. (HOMEWORK. IF THERE ARE READING MATERIAL.)
4.Critical And Scientific Thinking - [SAMPLE] THE INVESTIGATION

Today's Issue - OBEYING AUTHORITARIAN RULERS
[DESCRIBE] - HOW IMPORTANT DO THINK THE ISSUE IS NOWADAYS? ANY GOOD EXAMPLE OR CASE
REGARDING POPULISM?
[EXPLAIN] - WHAT MAKES ELITISM AN IMPORTANT ISSUE EVEN IN THE ERA OF DEMOCRACY AND
PEOPLE WITH POWER OF ANY KIND?
[PREDICT] - HOW SERIOUS DO THINK THE PROBLEM WILL BE IN THE FUTURE AND IN KOREA AND
OTHER COUNTRIES?
[CONTROL] - HOW CAN WE SOLVE THE PROBLEM? (MAYBE 15 MINUTES BEFORE THE DEBATE
SESSION ENDS)
[SESSION 3. FDDQ - FURTHER DISCUSSION AND DEBATE QUESTIONS]
DISCUSS WHICH QUESTION IS MORE INTELLECTUALLY INTERESTING THAN THE OTHERS AND BEGIN
DEBATE AND/OR DISCUSSION FROM THEM ACCORDINGLY.
5.Hypothetical and Dilemmatic Questions For Perspective Taking
- WHAT IF YOU WERE IN THE 'S SITUATION? WHAT MAKES YOU THINK SO?
6.Topic Question
6-1.FROM STUDENT (HOMEWORK)
- WHAT ARE YOUR (INTERVIEWEE) QUESTIONS FOR US ABOUT THE ISSUE?
- WHAT MAKES YOU THINK THE QUESTION'S ARE IMPORTANT?
6-2.[FROM TA AND TEACHER] (TA'S HOMEWORK)

- SHARE PROS AND CONS OF ENGLISH AS ELITISM.
- HOW ARE NATIONALISM, ELITISM AND POPULISM RELATED?
- WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THE FOLLOWING EXCERPT?
1.Intelligence is not a privilege, it's a gift, to be used for the good of mankind.
2.With great power comes with great responsibility.
7.Last Session [CONTROL]

- HOW CAN WE SOLVE THE PROBLEM? (MAYBE 15 MINUTES BEFORE THE DEBATE SESSION ENDS)
8.Remained Question - DEMOCRACY AND ELTISM
- WHAT ARE YOUR QUESTIONS THAT IS NOT ANSWERED TODAY AND YOU EXPECT TO BE ANSWERED
LATER. E. G. ALTERNATIVES.
+ESSAY QUESTION : ANY QUESTION ABOVE OR YOURS

(THRU E-MAIL. 48 HOURS BEFORE THE NEXT CLASS)
[LECTURE 10 - ELITISM HANDOUT]
TERMS
Populism
- A discourse (= idea) which supports "the people" versus "the elites". Populism may involve either a
political philosophy urging social and political system changes and/or a rhetorical style, deployed by
members of political or social movements competing for advantage within the existing party system.
- The idea of gathering people "a virtuous and homogeneous people against a set of elites and
dangerous others who are together depicted as depriving (or attempting to deprive) the sovereign
people of their rights, values, prosperity, identity and voice".
Fascism : an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers the
individual subordinate to the interests of the state, party or society as a whole. Fascists seek to forge
a type of national unity, usually based on (but not limited to) ethnic, cultural, racial, religious
attributes. Various scholars attribute different characteristics to fascism, but the following elements
are usually seen as its integral parts: patriotism, nationalism, statism, militarism, totalitarianism, anticommunism, corporatism, populism, collectivism, autocracy and opposition to political and economic
liberalism.
Mass [, ] If you talk about the masses, you mean the ordinary people in society, in contrast
to the leaders or the highly educated people.
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Public to the general body of mankind or of a nation, state, or community; the people, indefinitely;
as, the public; also, a particular body or aggretion of people; as, an author's public. "Public network"
means a network that is regulated as a common carrier.
Aggens (1983) in the paper titled "Identifying different levels of public interest in participation" states:
"There is no single public, but different levels of public based on differing levels of interest and
ability". (Public, adj, is of or pertaining to the people; relating to, or affecting, a nation, state, or
community; opposed to private; as, the public treasury, a road or lake. Public, n, is also defined as the
people of a nation not affiliated with the government of that nation.)
Sociologist C. Wright Mills made a distinction between a society of "masses" and "public".
As he tells:"In a public, as we may understand the term, (1) virtually as many people express opinions
as receive them, (2) Public communications are so organised that there is a chance immediately and
effectively to answer back any opinion expressed in public. Opinion formed by such discussion (3)
readily finds an outlet in effective action, even against if necessary the prevailing system of
authority. And (4) authoritative institutions do not penetrate the public, which is thus more or less
autonomous in its operations.
In a mass, (1) far fewer people express opinions than receive them; for the community of publics
becomes an abstract collection of individuals who receive impressions from the mass media. (2) The
communications that prevail are so organised that it is difficult or impossible for the individual to
answer back immediately or with any effect. (3) The realisation of opinion in action is controlled by
authorities who organise and control the channels of such action. (4) The mass has no autonomy from
institutions; on the contrary, agents of authorised institutions penetrate this mass, reducing any
autonomy it may have in the formation of opinion by discussion". C. Wright Mills, on Democracy in The
Power Elite (1956)
Crowd [, ] .
, .
, . . A crowd is a
group of people. The crowd may have a common purpose or set of emotions, such as at a political
rally, at a sports event, or during looting, or simply be made up of many people going about their
business in a busy area (eg shopping).
In "Public Opinion" Price compares masses and crowds: Crowds are defined by their shared emotional
experiences, but masses are by their interpersonal isolation.
PEOPLE (MASSES) VS ELITES
Democracy - "Rule by the people". Democracy and aristocracy are incompatible as forms of
government due to the hereditary nature of power in an aristocratic system. Exclusion of this was
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, where kind of democracy of nobility (szlachta) existed.
Autocracy - "rule by a single individual", such as a dictator or absolute monarch.
Monarchy - "rule by a single individual". Historically, the vast majority of monarchs have been
aristocrats themselves. However, they have also been very often at odds with the rest of the
aristocracy, since it was composed of their rivals. The struggle between a ruling dynastic family and
the other aristocratic families in the same country has been a central theme of medieval history.
Oligarchy - "rule by the few". Whether an aristocracy is also an oligarchy depends entirely upon one's
idea of what is a "few".
Meritocracy - "rule by those who most deserve to rule". While this appears to be the same as the
original meaning of "aristocracy", the term "meritocracy" has usually implied a much more fluid form of
government in which one is, at most, considered "best" for life, but must continually prove one's
"merit" in order to stay in power. This power is not passed on to descendants.
Plutocracy - "rule by the wealthy". In actual practice, aristocrats' wealth allows them to portray their
own virtues as the "best" ones. Usually, this wealth is passed down through inheritance, and in
countries like England may be kept intact through primogeniture, in which the oldest child (usually first
male) inherits the bulk of the wealth and titles.
FOR ELITES
Elitism - The view that the formation of lites in some sphere is desirable, and that the status and
privileges of existing lites are worth protecting. Plato is the most famous advocate of the view that
government is the job of those who are superior in wisdom, but since people are unlikely to recognize
those wiser than themselves, this is not the usual result of democracy.
- Political Dictionary: elitism
(1) The belief: that government ought in principle, always and everywhere, to be confined to elites.
Rarely a worked-out doctrine in its own right, more often a piece of unexamined value judgement, or a
view which follows from some more general argument in political philosophy, as for example in Plato's
Republic.
(2) The belief: that government is in practice confined to elites; that, following a maxim of Hume,
'ought implies can' (in other words, that there is no point in saying that government ought to be
controlled by the people if in practice it cannot); and that we might just as well accept what we are
bound to have anyhow. These views are especially associated with Mosca and with Pareto in the early
twentieth century, and with Schumpeter in mid-century. All three writers shade into elitism in sense 1
because they go on to produce normative justifications of rule by elites in a democracy. However, their
earlier arguments do not in themselves imply that if democratic control of the government were
somehow achievable it would be undesirable.
(3) The belief: that government is in practice confined to elites; that this has often been justified by
arguments from Plato or Schumpeter; but that this is undesirable because elite rule is in practice rule
on behalf of the vested interests of (usually economic) elites. See also community power.
Tyranny Through Majority by Alexis de tocqueville
The phrase tyranny of the majority, used in discussing systems of democracy and majority rule, is a
criticism of the scenario in which decisions made by a majority under that system would place that
majority's interests so far above a minority's interest as to be comparable to tyrannical despots.
The most basic and straightforward notion of democracy is that of simple majority rule. This means
that a majority of the people must give their consent to specific policies or leaders. They can do so
either directly or through representatives selected to rule in the name of the people. But does
majoritarian democracy give rise to a reasonably workable, equitable, and fair political system? Will a
majority, for example, decide to outlaw certain religions or political factions? Will it take away the
property of the few who hold great wealth? Will it be able to run the government in a coherent and
sensible fashion? These are questions that a simple definition cannot answer. Yet they are the very
questions that have been asked about majoritarian democracy since its beginnings in ancient Greece.
Il Principe (The Prince) = (Niccol Machiavelli)

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On Luxury Tax
In 1990, Congress adopted a new luxury tax on items such as yachts, private airplanes, furs, jewelry,
and expensive cars. The goal of the tax was to raise revenue from those who could most easily afford
to pay. Because only the rich could afford to buy such extravagances, taxing luxuries seemed a logical
way of taxing the rich.Yet, when the forces of supply and demand took over, the outcome was quite
different from what Congress intended. Consider, for example, the market for yachts. The demand for
yachts is quite elastic. A millionaire can easily not buy a yacht; she can use the money to buy a bigger
house, take a European vacation, or leave a larger bequest to her heirs. By contrast, the supply of
yachts is relatively inelastic, at least in the short run. Yacht factories are not easily converted to
alternative uses, and workers who build yachts are not eager to change careers in response to
changing market conditions.Our analysis makes a clear prediction in this case. With elastic demand
and inelastic supply, the burden of a tax falls largely on the suppliers. That is, a tax on yachts places a
burden largely on the firms and workers who build yachts because they end up getting a lower price for
their product. The workers, however, are not wealthy. Thus, the burden of a luxury tax falls more on the
middle class than on the rich.
Consequentialism refers to those moral theories which hold that the consequences of a particular
action form the basis for any valid moral judgment about that action. Thus, from a consequentialist
standpoint, a morally right action is one that produces a good outcome, or consequence.
AGAINST ELITES - HOW CAN WE FIGHT?
Why do we obey?
FROM SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Stockholm syndrome is a psychological response sometimes seen in abducted hostages, in which

the hostage shows signs of loyalty to the hostage-taker, regardless of the danger or risk in which they
have been placed. The syndrome is named after the Norrmalmstorg robbery of Kreditbanken at
Norrmalmstorg in Stockholm, in which the bank robbers held bank employees hostage from August 23
to August 28 in 1973. In this case, the victims became emotionally attached to their victimizers, and
even defended their captors after they were freed from their six-day ordeal. The term "Stockholm
Syndrome" was coined by the criminologist and psychiatrist Nils Bejerot, who assisted the police
during the robbery, and referred to the syndrome in a news broadcast.
In 2007, a group of scholars studied twelve highly-publicized cases of Stockholm syndrome, publishing
their results in Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia. They argued that, as the media accounts lacked "access
to primary sources" or an "identification of a pattern of features exhibited in Stockholm syndrome,"
the characterization of any of these events as Stockholm syndrome could have been due to reporting
bias.
Psychoanalytic explanations
According to the psychoanalytic view of the syndrome, the tendency might well be the result of
employing the strategy evolved by newborn babies to form an emotional attachment to the nearest
powerful adult in order to maximize the probability that this adult will enable at the very least the
survival of the child, if not also prove to be a good parental figure. This syndrome is considered a
prime example for the defense mechanism of identification.
deindividuation - the loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group

situations that foster anonymity and draw attention away from the individual (Myers, 305)
Pluralistic ignorance partially explains the bystander effect: the observation that people are more
likely to intervene in an emergency situation when alone than when other persons are present. If
people monitor the reactions of others in such a situation, they may conclude from the lack of initiative
of others that other people think that it is not necessary to intervene. If everyone behaves in this way,
no one may take any action, even though some people privately think that they should do something.
On the other hand, if one person intervenes, others are more likely to follow and give assistance.
The spiral of silence is a political science and mass communication theory propounded by the
German political scientist Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann. The theory asserts that a person is less likely to
voice an opinion on a topic if one feels that one is in the minority for fear of reprisal or isolation from
the majority (Anderson 1996: 214; Miller 2005: 277). Recent investigation into the Internet has raised
the question of if the "spiral of silence" exists on the communicative nature of the Internet.
Diffusion of responsibility - in a group of peers who, through action or inaction, allow events to occur
which they would never allow if alone (action is typically referred to as groupthink; inaction is typically
referred to as the bystander effect) or in hierarchical organizations as when, for example, underlings
claim that they were following orders and supervisors claim that they were just issuing directives and
not doing anything per se.
Conformity is a process by which people's beliefs or behaviors are influenced by others within a
group. People can be influenced via subtle shocks, even unconscious processes, or by direct and overt
peer pressure. Conformity can have either good or bad effects on people, from driving safely on the
correct side of the road, to harmful drug or alcohol abuse.
- Compliance - public conformity, while keeping one's own beliefs private.
- Identification - conforming to someone who is respected, such as a celebrity or a favorite uncle.
- Internalization is acceptance of the belief or behavior and conforming both publicly and privately.
The Asch conformity experiments, which were published in 1953, were a series of studies that
starkly demonstrated the power of conformity in groups. These are also known as the "Asch
Paradigm".
Milgram experiment - The experiments began in July 1961, three months after the start of the trial
of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem. Milgram devised the experiments to answer this
question: "Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following
orders? Could we call them all accomplices?"
Milgram summarized the experiment in his 1974 article, "The Perils of Obedience", writing:
The legal and philosophic aspects of obedience are of enormous importance, but they say little about
how most people behave in concrete situations. I set up a simple experiment at Yale Univ. to test how
much pain an ordinary citizen would inflict on another person simply because he was ordered to by an
experimental scientist. Stark authority was pitted against the subjects' strongest moral imperatives
against hurting others, and, with the subjects' ears ringing with the screams of the victims, authority
won more often than not. The extreme willingness of adults to go to almost any lengths on the
command of an authority constitutes the chief finding of the study and the fact most urgently
demanding explanation.
The Stanford prison experiment was a psychological study of what it meant to be a prisoner and a
prison guard, psychologically. The experiment was conducted in 1971 by a team of researchers led by
psychologist Philip Zimbardo at Stanford University. Twenty-four undergraduates were selected out of
70 to play the roles of both guards and prisoners and live in a mock prison in the basement of the
Stanford psychology building. The students who were assigned to be the prisoners were paid $15 a
day as an incentive.
They rapidly adapted to their roles, stepping beyond the boundaries of what had been predicted and
leading to dangerous and psychologically damaging situations. One-third of the guards were judged to
have exhibited "genuine" sadistic tendencies, while many prisoners were emotionally traumatized and
two had to be removed from the experiment early. Finally, Zimbardo terminated the experiment
because he realized that his experiment was unethical.
Six degrees of separation refers to the idea that, if a person is one step away from each person he
or she knows and two steps away from each person who is known by one of the people he or she
knows, then everyone is an average of six "steps" away from each person on Earth. (A. K. A the Kevin
Bacon Game)
Frustration Aggression Hypothesis states that frustration toward the accomplishment of some goal
produce aggression. Aggression toward the target or a "scape goat.
Cognitive miser refers to the idea that a small amount of information is actively perceived by
individuals, with many cognitive shortcuts used to attend to relevant information.
Group polarization is the tendency of people to make decisions that are more extreme
when they are in a group as opposed to a decision alone or independently. A military term for group
polarization is "incestuous amplification".
Risky shift - The risky shift is the tendency for decisions taken by a group after discussion
to display more experimentation, be less conservative and be more risky than those made by
individuals acting alone prior to any discussion. In group conditions, people with relatively moderate
viewpoints tend to assume that their groupmates hold more extreme views, and to alter their own
views in compensation--a phenomenon known as groupthink.
Separation of powers, a term coined by French political Enlightenment thinker Baron de

Montesquieu, is a model for the governance of democratic states. The model is also known as Trias
Politica.
The model was first developed by the ancient Greeks in the constitutions that governed their citystates; however, it first came into widespread use by the Roman Republic. It was outlined in the
Constitution of the Roman Republic.
Under this model, the state is divided into branches or estates, and each estate of the state has
separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility. The normal division of estates is into
the Executive, the Legislative, and the Judicial.
Noblesse oblige
In French, "noblesse oblige" means, literally, "nobility obligates".
According to the French Wiktionary, the Dictionnaire de l'Acadmie franaise defines it thusly:
1. Whoever claims to be noble must conduct himself nobly.
2. (Figuratively) One must act in a fashion that conformes with one's position, and with the reputation
that one has earned.
The Oxford English Dictionary says that the term "suggests noble ancestry constrains to honourable
behavior; privilege entails to responsibility." Being a noble meant that you had responsibilities to lead,
manage, etc. You were not to simply spend your time in idle pursuits.
Anti-elitism
Elitism as a pejorative term
The term "elitism" or the title "elitist" can be used resentfully by a person who is not a member of an
elite, or is a member but resents the elite position or uses it in a condescending or cynical manner in
order to ridicule or criticize practices which discriminate on the basis of ability or attributes. Often,
accusing someone of being an "elitist" is used as a pejorative remark meant to imply that the person
in question does not in fact belong to an elite, but is merely a hanger-on. Sometimes, particularly in
political circles, it is used simply as a generic insult, with little to no literal basis for the term's use
beyond a general animosity towards the target.
Elitism versus egalitarianism
Elitism can be interpreted as encouraging the exclusion of large numbers of people from positions of
privilege or power. Thus, many populists seek the social equality of Egalitarianism, Populism,
Socialism, or Communism. They may also support affirmative action, social security, luxury taxes, and
increasingly high progressive taxes for the wealthiest members of society. All of these measures seek
to reduce the gap of power between the elite and those who are not elite.
Elitism versus pluralism
Pluralism is the belief that public policy decisions should be (or, descriptively, are) the result of the
struggle of forces exerted by large populations (workers, consumers, retirees, parents, etc.) directly or
indirectly in the policy-making process. This is contrasted with elitism which is the belief that decisions
should be (or are) being made essentially according to the interests or ideas of elites. There is a
difference, however, between the idea of being more able to fulfill a political task and the actual
knowing of the specialization and specifications of each corporation or other group among the general
population and its particular hopes and needs, which suggests a way of cooperation which has been
recently put into practice in some countries between politicians and groups of citizens which have
some remote resemblances to Corporatism. ()
The Lottery System?
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Referendum (plural referendums or referenda), ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita,
originally a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to
either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a new constitution, a
constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government
policy. The referendum or plebiscite is a form of direct democracy ideally favouring the majority.
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3.Multitude is a political term first used by Machiavelli and reiterated by Spinoza. Recently the term
has returned to prominence because of its conceptualization as a new model for organization of
resistance against the global capitalist system as described by political theorists Michael Hardt and
Antonio Negri in their international best-seller Empire (2000) and expanded upon in their recent
Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire (2004).
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The book, Empire, analyzed the formation of a new global geopolitical order, an apparently chaotic set
of controls and representative organizations which, on closer inspection, forms a pyramidal powerstructure that is composed of three progressively broader tiers:
1.A replica of Polybius (Greek historian) description of Roman government, the only remaining
superpower, the United States, followed closely by a handful of other nation-states (roughly, those
represented in the G8). Together they control the primary global monetary instruments, and a handful
of supranational institutions such as the WTO, NATO, and the IMF.
2.The aristocratic tier, in which resides transnational capitalist corporations and the general set of
sovereign nation-states.
3.The democratic-representational comitia (congress) the United Nations General Assembly,

religious organisations, the media, and Non-governmental organizations, which together are supposed
to represent the People in the global constitution.
The Multitude's Role - The multitude plays a prominent part in Empire, and not in the least for its
revolutionary potential to establish what Spinoza called an absolute democracy, to subvert the alleged
post-disciplinary societies of control and its concomitant biopower, in short to attack post-industrial
capitalist hegemony with effective weaponry.
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[ 2] Collective Intelligence is a shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration
and competition of many individuals. Collective intelligence appears in a wide variety of forms of
consensus decision making in bacteria, animals, humans, and computer networks. The study of
collective intelligence may properly be considered a subfield of sociology, of business, of computer
science, of mass communications and of mass behaviora field that studies collective behavior from
the level of quarks to the level of bacterial, plant, animal, and human societies.
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[ 6] Bio
Biopower
For Foucault, biopower is a technology of power, which is a way of managing people as a group. For
Foucault, the distinctive quality of this political technology is that it allows for the control of entire
populations. It is thus essential to the emergence of the modern nation state, modern capitalism, etc.
Biopower is literally having power over other bodies, "an explosion of numerous and diverse
techniques for achieving the subjugations of bodies and the control of populations". It relates to the
government's concern with fostering the life of the population, and centers on the poles of discipline
("an anatomo-politics of the human body") and regulatory controls ("a biopolitics of the population").
Biopower for Foucault contrasts with traditional modes of power based on the threat of death from a
sovereign. In an era where power must be justified rationally, biopower is utilized by an emphasis on
the protection of life rather than the threat of death, on the regulation of the body, and the production
of other technologies of power, such as the notion of sexuality. Regulation of customs, habits, health,
reproductive practices, family, "blood", and "well-being" would be straightforward examples of
biopower, as would any conception of the state as a "body" and the use of state power as essential to
its "life". Hence the conceived relationship between biopower, eugenics and state racism.
In the work of Michel Foucault, the style of government that regulates populations through biopower
(the application and impact of political power on all aspects of human life).
Biopolitcs
...advertising and the representation of the body play a crucial role ; they infiltrate and persuade each
member of society to "produce" a body, to regulate and maintain it in accordance with an ideal. At the
level of the bio-politics of populations, a range of transnational organizations take some of the powers
of the state, supplying the materials of life and exploiting the destitution of one population to stimulate
the physical health of another.
Bio-politics then can be understood as the analysis of the body as a political field, as the site of new
apparatus of control and regulation and also a source of new resistance and alternatives...
In the works of Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, anti-capitalist insurrection using life and the body as
weapons; examples include flight from power and, 'in its most tragic and revolting form', suicide
terrorism. Conceptualised as the opposite of biopower, which is seen as the practice of sovereignty in
biopolitical conditions.
Societies Of Control
The concept of the society of control was put forward by the French philosopher Gilles Deleuz (1990).
Recently it has been developed by, amongst others, Hardt and Negri (2000) and Alex Galloway (2004).
Deleuze starts from Foucault's analysis of the nineteenth century "disciplinary" regime of bio-power,
that is, regulated individual bodies and populations through a range of institutions, and argues that
this formulations, has, under the combined pressures of information technology, the mass media and
globalization, undergone a fundamental shift. It has moved from the rigid form of disciplinary power
mediated by institutions to a subtle, immanent form of "control" that operates within the cognitive
processes of the individual. Thus the emergence of the society of control is marked by a general crisis
of the institutions fo the disciplinary regime. Factories, prisons, hospitals, and even the state, are
deregulated and their functions outsourced.
[SUPPLEMENT]
0.Previous material 2008 and 2009
1.Scary People
While many foreigners have very warm experiences with some Koreans, they often feel rejected by
Koreans in general. They are rejected because Koreans are so nationalistic and have a racist
obsession with their blood."
2.People Power
During the IMF crisis, pictures of Koreans contributing the gold rings and other valuables, in a valiant
effort to provide the resources, demonstrated to the whole world that there was something unique
about the Korean people. The country pulled together. Workers accepted cuts in wages. The burden of
adjustment was shared though as with any major downturn.
...If Korea, going forward, can formulate a set of policies that reflect - and are seen to reflect basic
principles of social democracy, of social justice and solidarity, reflecting too a balance between
individual responsibility and freedom and democratic collective action, between the role of markets
and of government - a balance which has been the hallmark of several decades of Korea's evolution,
then I am confident that its success going forward will be as great as it has been in recent decades.
3.Heroes and elites for People
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5.Political Heroes From the Age of Turbulence
Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may
be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person,
is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with. Because this
is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as
long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life and children,
as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you. And that
prince who, relying entirely on their promises, has neglected other precautions, is ruined; because
friendships that are obtained by payments, and not by greatness or nobility of mind, may indeed be
earned, but they are not secured, and in time of need cannot be relied upon; and men have less
scruple in offending one who is beloved than one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of
obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but
fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails.
Nevertheless a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he does not win love, he avoids
hatred; because he can endure very well being feared whilst he is not hated, which will always be as
long as he abstains from the property of his citizens and subjects and from their women. But when it is
necessary for him to proceed against the life of someone, he must do it on proper justification and for
manifest cause, but above all things he must keep his hands off the property of others, because men
more quickly forget the death of their father than the loss of their patrimony. Besides, pretexts for
taking away the property are never wanting; for he who has once begun to live by robbery will always
find pretexts for seizing what belongs to others; but reasons for taking life, on the contrary, are more
difficult to find and sooner lapse.
6.Scary People 2
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7.Hypocritical people
I once said to a Pennsylvanian: "Please explain to me why in a state founded by Quakers and
renowned for its tolerance, freed Negroes are not allowed to use their rights as citizens.
They pay taxes; is it not right that they should vote?"

"Do not insult us," he replied, "by supposing that our legislators would commit an act of such gross
injustice and intolerance."
"So, with you, Negroes do have the right to vote?"
"Certainly."
"Then how was it that at the electoral college this morning I did not see a single one of them in the
meeting?"
"That is not the fault of the law," said the American. "It is true that Negroes have the right to be
present at elections,but they voluntarily abstain from appearing."
"That is extraordinarily modest of them."
"Oh! It is not that they are reluctant to go there, but they are afraid they may be maltreated. With us it
sometimes happens that the law lacks force when the majority does not support it. Now, the majority
is filled with the strongest prejudices against Negroes, and the magistrates do not feel strong enough
to guarantee the rights granted to them by the lawmakers."
"What! The majority, privileged to make the law, wishes also to have the privilege of disobeying the
law?"
- Alexis de Tocqueville
8.Schindler's List
The concept of civil disobedience dates back a long way. The ancient Greeks recognized a higher law
that prevailed over human law. Christian theologians have long argued over the meaning of Jesus'
statement that one should "render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and unto God the things
that are God's (Matt. 22.21 : Mark. 12.17)." Wat if the demands of conscience ("render unto God")
conflict with the demands of the government("render unto Caesar")? What if moral justice conflicts
with social laws? In the view of some theologians, a higher law, as expressed in Christian teachings,
can compel disobedience to human laws in some conflicts. Thus many pacifists argue that
consciences forbid them to kill, even if the state requires military service.
9.Uri mindedness
The will to integrate the nation to global culture is questionable in Korea. Though Korea has won wide
praise for opening up to foreign investors since the 1997 financial crisis, collectivist nationalism
extol the virtues of a mythical "uri" based on ethnic (LEC 9 - POPULISM) and linguistic purity(LEC 8LANGUAGE IMPERIALISM). It is, as Michael Breen, author of a provocative book on Korea entitled "The
Koreans: Who They are, What They Want, Where Their Future Lies," wrote, "While many foreigners
have very warm experiences with some Koreans, they often feel rejected by Koreans in general.(LEC 9 POPULISM)
[From The Classics]
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2.Democracy, Capitalism and Its Leaders
"Personally, I'm in favor of democracy, which means that the central institutions of society have to be
under popular control. Now, under capitalism, we can't have democracy by definition. Capitalism is a
system in which the central institutions of society are in principle under autocratic control. Thus, a
corporation or an industry is, if we were to think of it in political terms, fascist; that is, it has tight
control at the top and strict obedience has to be established at every level - there's little bargaining, a
little give and take, but the line of authority is perfectly straightforward. Just as I'm opposed to political
fascism, I'm opposed to economic fascism. I think that until the major institutions of society are under
the popular control of participants and communities, it's pointless to talk about democracy. - Noam
Chomsky.
So long as we have enough people in this country willing to fight for their rights, we will be called a
democracy. Roger Baldwin.
If you understand democracy, spend less time in the library with Plato and more time in the buses with
people. Simeon strunsky
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The Panopticon is a type of prison building designed by English philosopher and social theorist Jeremy
Bentham in 1785. The concept of the design is to allow an observer to observe (-opticon) all (pan-)
prisoners without the incarcerated being able to tell whether they are being watched, thereby conveying
what one architect has called the "sentiment of an invisible omniscience."[1]
Bentham himself described the Panopticon as "a new mode of obtaining power of mind over mind, in a
quantity hitherto without example."[2]
Bounded rationality is the notion that in decision making, rationality of individuals is limited by the
information they have, the cognitive limitations of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have
to make decisions. It was proposed by Herbert Simon as an alternative basis for the mathematical
modeling of decision making, as used in economics and related disciplines; it complements rationality
as optimization, which views decision making as a fully rational process of finding an optimal choice
given the information available.[1] Another way to look at bounded rationality is that, because decisionmakers lack the ability and resources to arrive at the optimal solution, they instead apply their
rationality only after having greatly simplified the choices available. Thus the decision-maker is a
satisficer, one seeking a satisfactory solution rather than the optimal one.[2]
Some models of human behavior in the social sciences assume that humans can be reasonably
approximated or described as "rational" entities (see for example rational choice theory). Many
economics models assume that people are on average rational, and can in large enough quantities be
approximated to act according to their preferences. The concept of bounded rationality revises this
assumption to account for the fact that perfectly rational decisions are often not feasible in practice
due to the finite computational resources available for making them.
Contents [hide]
1 Models of bounded rationality
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
[edit] Models of bounded rationality
The term is thought to have been coined by Herbert Simon. In Models of Man, Simon points out that
most people are only partly rational, and are emotional/irrational in the remaining part of their actions.
In another work, he states "boundedly rational agents experience limits in formulating and solving
complex problems and in processing (receiving, storing, retrieving, transmitting) information"
(Williamson, p. 553, citing Simon). Simon describes a number of dimensions along which "classical"
models of rationality can be made somewhat more realistic, while sticking within the vein of fairly
rigorous formalization. These include:
- limiting what sorts of utility functions there might be.

- recognizing the costs of gathering and processing information.
- the possibility of having a "vector" or "multi-valued" utility function.
Simon suggests that economic agents employ the use of heuristics to make decisions rather than a
strict rigid rule of optimization. They do this because of the complexity of the situation, and their
inability to process and compute the expected utility of every alternative action. Deliberation costs
might be high and there are often other, concurrent economic activities also requiring decisions.
Daniel Kahneman proposes bounded rationality as a model to overcome some of the limitations of the
rational-agent models in economic literature.
As decision makers have to make decisions about how and when to decide, Ariel Rubinstein proposed
to model bounded rationality by explicitly specifying decision-making procedures. This puts the study of
decision procedures on the research agenda.
Gerd Gigerenzer argues that most decision theorists who have discussed bounded rationality have not
really followed Simon's ideas about it. Rather, they have either considered how people's decisions
might be made sub-optimal by the limitations of human rationality, or have constructed elaborate
optimising models of how people might cope with their inability to optimize. Gigerenzer instead
proposes to examine simple alternatives to a full rationality analysis as a mechanism for decision
making, and he and his colleagues have shown that such simple heuristics frequently lead to better
decisions than the theoretically optimal procedure.
From a computational point of view, decision procedures can be encoded in algorithms and heuristics.
Edward Tsang argues that the effective rationality of an agent is determined by its computational
intelligence. Everything else being equal, an agent that has better algorithms and heuristics could
make "more rational" (more optimal) decisions than one that has poorer heuristics and algorithms.
See Also
Altruism
Analysis paralysis
Austrian economics
Behavioral economics
Cognitive bias
Homo economicus
Neoclassical economics
Psychohistory
Rationality and power
Parametric determinism
Rational ignorance
Carnegie School
Utility maximization problem
Transaction cost
Subjective theory of value
[LECTURER'S NOTE]
[LECTURER'S NOTE]
[LECTURER'S NOTE]
[LECTURER'S NOTE]
[LECTURER'S NOTE]
[LECTURER'S NOTE]
RELATIONSHIP??? ADVERSE SELECTION
1)
.
.
.
2)The news media take pride in purveying information to help people be active and involved in public
matters, but, ironically, the media contribute insidiously to passivity by lulling people into accepting
news reports as the last word on a subject. To attract and impress audiences, reporters use
techniques to enhance their credibility, coming across as more authoritative than they really are and
making their stories seem comprehensive and complete. Slickness in presentation works against the
journalistic ideal of promoting intelligent citizen involvement in the political and social process by
seeming to be so complete that nothing more can be said. The result is called the syndrome of wellinformed futility. Readers, listeners and viewers feel satisfied that theyre fully informed, which
becomes an end in itself. This phenomenon works against democracy, which is predicated on citizen
involvement, not apathy.
3)I believe most of us in America would rather hear of these terrible stories than have the government
choose if speech violates ``the honor or rights of other persons" or `ùndermine social ethics," since
the government often uses these balances to protect the interests of the vested elite, and will enforce
law punishing speech in an inconsistent and in personally beneficial manner.
4)Shift your gaze from income to wealth and its even crazier. Bill Gates alone owns more assets than
the bottom fifty percent of Americans put together.
Why is this a bad thing? Bill Gates created one of the biggest and most important companies of the
20th-century. The chances are high that you are using one of his companys products right now. Should
a man who created his own wealth from an idea and a dream not be entitled to enjoy that wealth?
===================================================2011
===========================================================
1. Detail
North Korean leader Kim Jung Il ordered government officials to pledge loyalty to his youngest son Kim
Jong Un. Within North Korea, speculation exist over how fast of smoothly the expected power
succession would preoceed.
2. Significance
I was curious about the infrastructure of this country. How is it possible to maintain Socialism(or
Totalitarianism) in this 21st century, where freedom of speech and human rights are being
emphasized?
3. Opinion
It is very surprising to see a socialist country until these days. Most of those totalitarian or socialist
countries have been either changed or failed. Watching those countries, I thought that North Korea,
too, will end their socialism and reform the country. However, just like this article shows, they are
actually continuing its structure by Kim Jung Il passing his power to his son.
Power succession requires a very strong authority of the successor. Even though there are some
speculations, Kim Jung Il's ordering itself proves his status in the country. Then what is on the bottom
of his firm status?
I've always wondered why there aren't any civil rights movements in North Korea. Of course, those who
start the movements would be harshly punished by the government, but what I thought was that maybe
people are voluntarily keeping silent and supporting the government. In other words, the mixture of
populism and victimhood nationalism could explain the long history of this socialist country.
In my opinion, the government is brain washing people by showing them how the country is being
criticized. North Korea has been blamed for a long time for various reasons, starting from the nuclear
weapons issue to the human rights issue. It was even considered as an rogue state by the United
States. By exposing these materials to the public, I believe that the government is making people to
feel victimized and unify.
This makes the current situation of North Korea very dreadful because it means that people are
supporting their government under the name of nationalism. Even people who are dying of hunger
would admire and praise Kim Jung Il for protecting them from the evils, such as the U.S. , Japan,
South Korea, etc. I think the most urgent thing is to let them know the reality of their own country.
Moreover, I hope for some reforms and changes of the country along with the power succession.
^^;;;;;;; ^^;;;;;;;;;
. 6 24 Korea Herald 'North Korea power elite prepare

for Kim Jong-un's succession'
=========================================================
1. populism ? ?
. populism ... ? populism

? populism propaganda
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2. ... TA right or wrong ..
right or wrong ???????
3.
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monarchy ~_~
...................
======================================
Debate and Writing Questions
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
1)QUESTIONS OF INTERPRETATION - probe for relationships among ideas.
What is compared or contrasted in this context? What are the purposes of any comparisons?
What is the context of the passage and what contextual components might be significant?
Are causes discussed in this text? If so, what is suggested about those causes and effects?
2)QUESTIONS OF ANALYSIS - look at the relationship of those parts to the whole and the reasoning.
What evidence or examples support the ideas presented in the text?

Does the text give alternatives to the ideas presented?
3)QUESTIONS OF EVALUATION - establish the effectiveness of the writing(the truth, reliability,

applicability) as well.
What is the significance of the ideas in this text?

Can the ideas in this text be applied to other situations?
QUESTIONS FROM THE TEXTS
1)WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT DIVIDE FROM YOUR PERSPECTIVE? WHY?
2)IF RESOURCES ARE LIMITED, WHICH AREA SHOULD GET THE FUND EARLIER THAN THE OTHER
PARTS? WHY?
WHAT DO THE MAIN PASSAGES HAVE TO DO WITH 'THE RELATIONSHIP??' PARTS?
Writing Question - WHAT IS YOUR PERSPECTIVE TOWARD THE GAPS? WHICH ONE SHOULD BE THE
FIRST ONE TO BE SOLVED?
LOGICAL THINKING SEASON 2

THOUGHTFUL WRITERS & DEBATERS WITH CRITICAL THINKING 1
READING CRITICALLY BY ASKING QUESTIONS
1)QUESTIONS OF INTERPRETATION - probe for relationships among ideas.
What is compared or contrasted in this context? What are the purposes of any comparisons?
What is the context of the passage and what contextual components might be significant?
Are causes discussed in this text? If so, what is suggested about those causes and effects?
Is a time sequence given in the passage? If so, what is its importance?
2)QUESTIONS OF ANALYSIS - look at the relationship of those parts to the whole and the reasoning.
What evidence or examples support the ideas presented in the text?

Does the text give alternatives to the ideas presented?
Is this text divided into identifiable sections? What are they? Are sections arranged logically?
3)QUESTIONS OF EVALUATION - establish the effectiveness of the writing(the truth, reliability,

applicability) as well.
What is the significance of the ideas in this text?

Can the ideas in this text be applied to other situations?
What are the sources of information in this text? Are they reliable? Why?
What is the apparent level of truth in this text? What criteria for truth does it meet?
What is effective about the writing in this text? Clarity?
The right tone? Appropriate-or imaginative-word choices? Organization?
0505
[CONTENTS]
LECTURE 1 - GLOBALIZATION
LECTURE 2 - GLOBALIZATION? WESTERNIZATION?
LECTURE 3 - CULTURAL RELATIVISM
LECTURE 4 - MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY
LECTURE 5 - GLOBALIZATION VS NATIONALISM (1)
LECTURE 6 - NATIONALISM (2) - FOR DEFENDING THE COMMUNITY
LECTURE 7 - POPULISM (1)? OR NATIONALISM (3)?
LECTURE 8 - DIGITAL DIVIDES
LECTURE 9 - COMPETITION IN THE GLOBALIZATION ERA

(WITH WRITING PREPARATION)
LECTURE 10 - KEY CONCEPTS
[Waiting List]
LECTURE 7 - NATIONALISM (3)

- FOR DEFENDING THE LANGUAGE COMMUNITY
LECTURE 10 - POPULISM (2) AND ELITISM(1)
[RevisionRevisionRevision]
Lecture 3
3-1.
Cultural appropriation
Cultural appropriation is the adoption of some specific elements of one culture by a different cultural
group. It describes acculturation or assimilation, but can imply a negative view towards acculturation
from a minority culture by a dominant culture.[1][2] It can include the introduction of forms of dress or
personal adornment, music and art, religion, language, or social behavior. These elements, once
removed from their indigenous cultural contexts, can take on meanings that are significantly divergent
from, or merely less nuanced than, those they originally held.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Criticism
3 Examples
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
[edit] Overview
The term cultural appropriation can have a negative connotation. It generally is applied when the
subject culture is a minority culture or somehow subordinate in social, political, economic, or military
status to the appropriating culture; or, when there are other issues involved, such as a history of
ethnic or racial conflict between the two groups. A more neutral term is cultural assimilation which
does not imply blame.
Cultural and racial theorist, George Lipsitz, outlined this concept of cultural appropriation in his
seminal term "strategic anti-essentialism." Strategic anti-essentialism is defined as the calculated use
of a cultural form, outside of your own, to define yourself or your group. Strategic anti-essentialism can
be seen both in minority cultures and majority cultures, and are not confined to only the appropriation
of the other. For example, the American band Redbone, composed of founding members of Mexican
heritage, essentialized their group as belonging to the Native American tradition, and are known for
their famous songs in support of the American Indian Movement "We Were All Wounded at Wounded
Knee" and "Custer Had It Coming." However, as Lipsitz argues, when the majority culture attempts to
strategically anti-essentialize themselves by appropriating a minority culture, they must take great care
to recognize the specific socio-historical circumstances and significance of these cultural forms so as
not the perpetuate the already existing, majority vs. minority, unequal power relations.
Cultural appropriation may be defined differently in different cultures. While academics in a country
such as the United States, where racial dynamics had been a cause of cultural segmentation, may see
many instances of intercultural communication as cultural appropriation, other countries may identify
such communication as a melting pot effect.
Cultural appropriation has also been seen as a site of resistance to dominant society when members
of a marginalized group take and alter aspects of dominant culture to assert their agency and
resistance. This is exemplified in the novel Crick Crack, Monkey by Merle Hodge when those who are
colonized appropriate the culture of the colonizers. Another historical example were the Mods in the
UK in the 1960s, working class youth who appropriated and exaggerated the highly tailored clothing of
the upper middle class. Objections have been raised to such political cultural appropriation, citing
class warfare and identity politics.
Lecture 4
Three generations of human rights
First-generation human rights
First-generation human rights deal essentially with liberty and participation in political life. They are
fundamentally civil and political in nature, and serve to protect the individual from excesses of the
state. First-generation rights include, among other things, freedom of speech, the right to a fair trial,
freedom of religion, and voting rights. Pioneered by the United States Bill of Rights and in France by
the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in the 18th century, though the right to a due
process goes back to the Magna Carta of 1297. They were first enshrined at the global level by the
1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and given status in international law in Articles 3 to 21 of
the Universal Declaration, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
When first generation human rights are limited this directly limits second generation rights. Improving
first generation rights is the "causal link from first generation human rights to improved socioeconomic outcomes".[2]
Second-generation human rights
Second-generation human rights are related to equality and began to be recognized by governments
after World War I. They are fundamentally social, economic, and cultural in nature. They ensure
different members of the citizenry equal conditions and treatment. Secondary rights would include a
right to be employed, rights to housing and health care, as well as social security and unemployment
benefits. Like first-generation rights, they were also covered by the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, and further embodied in Articles 22 to 27 of the Universal Declaration, and the International
Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. In the United States of America, President Franklin
D. Roosevelt proposed a Second Bill of Rights, covering much the same grounds, during his State of
the Union Address on 11 January 1944. Today, many nations or groups of nations have developed
legally binding declarations guaranteeing comprehensive sets of human rights, e.g. the European
Social Charter.
Third-generation human rights
Third-generation human rights are those rights that go beyond the mere civil and social, as expressed
in many progressive documents of international law, including the 1972 Stockholm Declaration of the
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development, and other pieces of generally aspirational "soft law." Because of the present-day tilting
toward national sovereignty and the preponderance of would-be offender nations, these rights have
been hard to enact in legally binding documents.
The term "third-generation human rights" remains largely unofficial, and thus houses an extremely
broad spectrum of rights, including:
Group and collective rights
Right to self-determination
Right to economic and social development
Right to a healthy environment
Right to natural resources
Right to communicate and communication rights
Right to participation in cultural heritage
Rights to intergenerational equity and sustainability
Some countries have constitutional mechanisms for safeguarding third-generation rights. For example,
the New Zealand Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, the Hungarian Parliamentary
Commissioner for Future Generations,[3] the Parliament of Finlands Committee for the Future, and the
erstwhile Commission for Future Generations in the Knesset in Israel.
Some international organizations have offices for safeguarding such rights. An example is the High
Commissioner on National Minorities of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. The
Directorate-General for the Environment of the European Commission has as its mission protecting,
preserving and improving the environment for present and future generations, and promoting
sustainable development.
Lecture 9
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[Column] The Manufacturing Imperative
By Dani Rodrik, Professor of International Political Economy, Harvard University
We may live in a post-industrial age, in which information technologies, biotech, and high-value
services have become drivers of economic growth. But countries ignore the health of their
manufacturing industries at their peril.
High-tech services demand specialized skills and create few jobs, so their contribution to aggregate
employment is bound to remain limited. Manufacturing, on the other hand, can absorb large numbers
of workers with moderate skills, providing them with stable jobs and good benefits. For most countries,
therefore, it remains a potent source of high-wage employment.
Indeed, the manufacturing sector is also where the worlds middle classes take shape and grow.
Without a vibrant manufacturing base, societies tend to divide between rich and poor - those who have
access to steady, well-paying jobs, and those whose jobs are less secure and lives more precarious.
Manufacturing may ultimately be central to the vigor of a nations democracy.
The United States has experienced steady de-industrialization in recent decades, partly due to global
competition and partly due to technological changes. Since 1990, manufacturings share of
employment has fallen by nearly five percentage points. This would not necessarily have been a bad
thing if labor productivity (and earnings) were not substantially higher in manufacturing than in the rest
of the economy - 75% higher, in fact.
The service industries that have absorbed the labor released from manufacturing are a mixed bag. At
the high end, finance, insurance, and business services, taken together, have productivity levels that
are similar to manufacturing. These industries have created some new jobs, but not many - and that
was before the financial crisis erupted in 2008.
The bulk of new employment has come in personal and social services, which is where the
economys least productive jobs are found. This migration of jobs down the productivity ladder has
shaved 0.3 percentage points off US productivity growth every year since 1990 - roughly one-sixth of
the actual gain over this period. The growing proportion of low-productivity labor has also contributed to
rising inequality in American society.
The loss of US manufacturing jobs accelerated after 2000, with global competition the likely culprit. As
Maggie McMillan of the International Food Policy Research Institute has shown, there is an uncanny
negative correlation across individual manufacturing industries between employment changes in China
and the US. Where China has expanded the most, the US has lost the greatest number of jobs. In the
few industries that contracted in China, the US has gained employment.
In Britain, where the decline of manufacturing seems to have been pursued almost gleefully by
Conservatives from Margaret Thatcher until David Cameron came to power, the numbers are even
more sobering. Between 1990 and 2005, the sectors share in total employment fell by more than
seven percentage points. The reallocation of workers to less productive service jobs has cost the
British economy 0.5 points of productivity growth every year, a quarter of the total productivity gain
over the period.
For developing countries, the manufacturing imperative is nothing less than vital. Typically, the
productivity gap with the rest of the economy is much wider. When manufacturing takes off, it can
generate millions of jobs for unskilled workers, often women, who previously were employed in
traditional agriculture or petty services. Industrialization was the driving force of rapid growth in
southern Europe during the 1950s and 1960s, and in East and Southeast Asia since the 1960s.
India, which has recently experienced Chinese rates of growth, has bucked the trend by relying on
software, call centers, and other business services. This has led some to think that India (and perhaps
others) can take a different, service-led path to growth.
But the weakness of manufacturing is a drag on Indias overall economic performance and threatens
the sustainability of its growth. Indias high-productivity service industries employ workers who are at
the very top end of the education distribution. Ultimately, the Indian economy will have to generate
productive jobs for the low-skilled workers with which it is abundantly endowed. Much of that
employment will need to come from manufacturing.
For developing countries, expanding manufacturing industries enables not only improved resource
allocation, but also dynamic gains over time. This is because most manufacturing industries are what
might be called escalator activities: once an economy gets a toehold in an industry, productivity
tends to rise rapidly towards that industrys technology frontier.
I have found in my research that individual manufacturing industries, such as auto parts or machinery,
exhibit what economists call unconditional convergence - an automatic tendency to close the gap with
productivity levels in advanced countries. This is very different from the conditional convergence that
characterizes the rest of the economy, in which productivity growth is not assured and depends on
policies and external circumstances.
A typical mistake in evaluating manufacturing performance is to look solely at output or productivity

without examining job creation. In Latin America, for example, manufacturing productivity has grown by
leaps and bounds since the region liberalized and opened itself to international trade. But these gains
have come at the expense of - and to some extent because of - industry rationalization and
employment reductions. Redundant workers have ended up in worse-performing activities, such as
informal services, causing economy-wide productivity to stagnate, despite impressive manufacturing
performance.
Asian economies have opened up too, but policymakers there have taken greater care to support
manufacturing industries. Most importantly, they have maintained competitive currencies, which is the
best way to ensure high profits for manufacturers. Employment in the manufacturing sector has tended
to increase (as a share of total employment), even in India, with its services-driven growth.
As economies develop and become richer, manufacturing inevitably becomes less important. But if
this happens more rapidly than workers can acquire advanced skills, the result can be a dangerous
imbalance between an economys productive structure and its workforce. We can see the
consequences all over the world, in the form of economic underperformance, widening inequality, and
divisive politics.
The views presented in this column are the writers own, and do not necessarily reflect those of The
Hankyoreh.
Unemployment
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Structural unemployment
Structural unemployment occurs when a labour market is unable to provide jobs for everyone who
wants one because there is a mismatch between the skills of the unemployed workers and the skills
needed for the available jobs. ~
Frictional unemployment
Frictional unemployment is the time period between jobs when a worker is searching for, or
transitioning from one job to another. It is sometimes called search unemployment and can be
voluntary based on the circumstances of the unemployed individual. ~
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Lecture 10
[] ! / ~ "Don't ask, don't tell"

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WikiLeaks is an international non-profit organisation that publishes submissions of private, secret, and
classified media from anonymous news sources, news leaks, and whistleblowers. Its website,
launched in 2006 under The Sunshine Press[4] organisation,[5] claimed a database of more than 1.2
million documents within a year of its launch.[6] WikiLeaks describes its founders as a mix of Chinese
dissidents, journalists, mathematicians, and start-up company technologists from the United States,
Taiwan, Europe, Australia, and South Africa.[7] Julian Assange, an Australian Internet activist, is
generally described as its director.[8] The site was originally launched as a user-editable wiki (hence
its name), but has progressively moved towards a more traditional publication model and no longer
accepts either user comments or edits.
Pascal's Wager (or Pascal's Gambit)
Pascal's Wager (or Pascal's Gambit) is a suggestion posed by the French philosopher, mathematician,
and physicist Blaise Pascal that even if the existence of God could not be determined through reason,
a rational person should wager as though God exists, because living life accordingly has everything to
gain, and nothing to lose. Pascal formulated his suggestion uniquely on the God of Jesus Christ as
implied by the greater context of his Penses, a posthumously published collection of notes made by
Pascal in his last years as he worked on a treatise on Christian apologetics. The Wager was set out in
note 233 of this work.
Following his argument establishing the Wager, Pascal addressed the possibility that some people may
not be willing to sincerely believe in God even after acknowledging the enormous benefit of betting in
favor of God's existence. In this case, he advises them to live as though they had faith, which may
subvert their irrational passions and lead them to genuine belief.
Following the publication of Pascal's Wager, some have argued that the Wager may also apply to
conceptions of God within different religious traditions or belief systems, and as such has been used
in traditions other than Christianity, such as Islam. Historically, Pascal's Wager was groundbreaking
because it charted new territory in probability theory, was one of the first attempts to make use of the
concept of infinity, marked the first formal use of decision theory, and anticipated future philosophies
such as existentialism, pragmatism, and voluntarism.[1]
The Wager
The philosophy uses the following logic (excerpts from Penses, part III, note 233):
1. "God is, or He is not"

2. A Game is being played... where heads or tails will turn up.
3. According to reason, you can defend neither of the propositions.
4. You must wager. It is not optional.
5.Let us weigh the gain and the loss in wagering that God is. Let us estimate these two chances. If
you gain, you gain all; if you lose, you lose nothing.
6.Wager, then, without hesitation that He is. (...) There is here an infinity of an infinitely happy life to
gain, a chance of gain against a finite number of chances of loss, and what you stake is finite. And so
our proposition is of infinite force, when there is the finite to stake in a game where there are equal
risks of gain and of loss, and the infinite to gain.
Analysis with decision theory
The possibilities defined by Pascal's Wager can be thought of as a decision under uncertainty with the
values of the following decision matrix. (Pascal did not mention hell, nor did he address what the
outcome would be of "God exists + Living as if God does not exist," the prospect of infinite gain being
sufficient to make his point.)

Lecture - DIS - 6

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LECTURE 6 - NATIONALISM (2) - FOR DEFENDING THE COMMUNITY

* = What makes you think so?

1. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING

1) Drake Equation For Multiple Perspective

2) Linked Question For Application Practice

2. BASIC QUESTION FOR CHECKING HOMEWORK AND FOR ACTIVE LEARNING

- What are your discussion questions for us about the issue?

- What makes you think the questions are important?

3.DESCRIBE - EXPLAIN - PREDICT - CONTROL

4. FDDQ - FURTHER DISCUSSION AND DEBATE QUESTIONS

Begin after discuss which question is more intellectually interesting.

[From TA and Teacher]

- Share pros and cons of nationalism.

7.ESSAY QUESTION - Any question above or your question.

ESSAY - club.cyworld.com/learnbyteaching [] (RE) WRITING .

[LECTURE 6 - HANDOUT - VICTIMHOOD NATIONALISM]

1.Theory About Us And Them (As in LOST)

- [] The Self = Ego vs The Other [, ]

- PRASENJIT DUARA (UNIV. OF CHICAGO) "

2-2.DIFFERENCE AND REPETITION by Gilles Deleuze

Primary And Secondary Difference

'(Our Nation)' "

[The Trouble with Japanese Nationalism]- Francis Fukuyama - ENG VERSION

[2]Germans. No More Guilt?

[4]Understanding The Victims

LECTURE 7 - POPULISM (1)? OR NATIONALISM (3)?

* = What makes you think so?

1. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING

1) Drake Equation For Multiple Perspective

2) Linked Question For Application Practice

2. BASIC QUESTION FOR CHECKING HOMEWORK AND FOR ACTIVE LEARNING

- What are your discussion questions for us about the issue?

- What makes you think the questions are important?

3.DESCRIBE - EXPLAIN - PREDICT - CONTROL

4. FDDQ - FURTHER DISCUSSION AND DEBATE QUESTIONS

Begin after discuss which question is more intellectually interesting.

1) Hypothetical and Dilemmatic Questions For Perspective Taking

[From TA and Teacher]

- share pros and cons of populism.

7.ESSAY QUESTION - Any question above or your question.

ESSAY - club.cyworld.com/learnbyteaching [] (RE) WRITING .

[LECTURE 7 (1) - POPULISM - HANDOUT]

Populism From Wikipedia

Populist styles and methods

Populism and Fascism

Populism in various countries

Populism in Latin America

The economics debate on populism and socialist populism

Populist strength and current socialist tendency

[QUICK REVIEW AND LINK]

constitutes the self.

- The concept of 'otherness' is also integral to the understanding of identities, as people

Sociology by Anthony Giddens

() , , (2005), 462-464 ; , </>,

"From Mobilization To Revolution" by Charles Tilly

Collective Action (= ancien regime )

3.Common interest participants share

Internal versus external

Against Marxists' naive idea .

FROM SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

deindividuation - the loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group

: . . < >(1997), <

< >(Wag The Dog, , 1997)