Pharyngeal arches

Pharingeal grooves/cleft

Pharyngeal pouches
[Pharyngeal membrane]

The pharyngeal arches contribute extensively to the

formation of the face, nasal cavities, mouth, larynx,
pharynx, and neck
@ punya arteri & saraf cranial
Pada manusia ada 5, karena yg ke-5 regresi
1 &2 s.d midline
Makin caudal makin pendek
Dipisahkan satu sama lain oleh
Pharyngeal pouch [internal]
Pharygeal grooves [external]

 Permukaan luar ditutupi ectoderm Pharyngeal arches

Permukaan dalam (pharyngeal) oleh
endoderm; kcl 1st arcus oleh ectoderm
INTI : sel Neural Crest , dg sekitarnya
dikelilingi mesoderm.
@ diff:
Mesoderm otot, pembuluh darah*
CNC tulang, cartilago, jaringan ikat.

Pharyngeal arches

The first pharyngeal arch (mandibular arch)

= Meckel cartilage
separates into two prominences :

The maxillary prominence gives rise to the maxilla,

zygomatic bone, and a portion of the vomer .

The mandibular prominence forms the mandible. The

proximal mandibular prominence also forms the
squamous temporal bone (os temporalis).

Pharyngeal arches

The dorsal end of the first pharyngeal arch cartilage :

Early in development, small nodules break away
from the proximal part of this cartilage and form
malleus and incus.
The middle part of the cartilage regresses, but its
perichondrium forms the anterior ligament of
malleus and the sphenomandibular ligament.
Ventral parts primordium of the mandible
The cartilage intramembranous ossification

Pharyngeal arches

Pharyngeal arches

1st arch
- Tdd processus maxillar [dorsal] & mandibular
[ventral]

Pharyngeal arches

The second pharyngeal arch (hyoid arch)

os hyoid, (along with parts of the third and fourth
arches)
During the fifth week, the second pharyngeal arch
enlarges and overgrows the third and fourth arches,
forming an ectodermal depression-the cervical sinus

 An independent cartilage anlage near

the dorsal end of the second
pharyngeal arch cartilage (Reichert
cartilage), ossifies to form the stapes of
the middle ear and the styloid process
of the temporal bone
The part of cartilage between the
styloid process and hyoid bone
regresses; its perichondrium forms the
stylohyoid ligament
The ventral end of the second arch
cartilage lesser cornu (Latin, horn)
and the superior part of the body of
the hyoid bone

Pharyngeal arches

Pharyngeal arches

Pharyngeal arches

Muscles of the hyoid arch :

the stapedius,
stylohyoid,
posterior belly of the digastric,
auricular, muscles of facial expression.
The facial nerve, the nerve of the second arch,
supplies all of these muscles.

Pharyngeal arches

2nd arch

Pharyngeal arches

The third pharyngeal arch

cartilage,
greater cornu and the inferior
part of the body of the hyoid bone.
The musculature is limited to the
stylopharyngeus muscles. These
muscles are innervated by the
glossopharyngeal nerve, the nerve
of the third arch

Pharyngeal arches

The fourth and sixth pharyngeal arch

cartilages fuse laryngeal cartilages, except
for the epiglottis.
Muscles of the fourth arch (cricothyroid, levator
palatini, and constrictors of the pharynx) are
innervated by the superior laryngeal branch of the
vagus, the nerve of the fourth arch.
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the
recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus, the
nerve of the sixth arch.

Pharyngeal arches

The fifth pharyngeal arch is rudimentary (if present)

and has no derivatives.
The cartilage of the epiglottis develops from
mesenchyme in the hypopharyngeal eminence, a
prominence in the floor of the embryonic pharynx
that is derived from the third and fourth pharyngeal
arches.

Pharyngeal arches

Musculature derive from arcus pharynx

Nerves Derive from the Pharyngeal Arch

Pharyngeal arches

Pharyngeal arches

Pharyngeal arches

Pharyngeal pouches

Pharingeal grooves/cleft

[Pharyngeal membrane]

PHARYNGEAL POUCHES
develop in a craniocaudal sequence between the
arches
There are 4 well-defined pairs of pharyngeal
pouches; the 5th pair is rudimentary or absent.
The endoderm of the pouches contacts the
ectoderm of the pharyngeal grooves the
double-layered pharyngeal membranes that
separate the pharyngeal pouches from the
pharyngeal grooves

Pharyngeal pouches

Pharyngeal pouches

The First Pharyngeal Pouch :

expands into an elongate
tubotympanic recess The distal
part of this recess contacts the
first pharyngeal groove the
formation of the tympanic
membrane (eardrum).
The cavity of the tubotympanic
recess tympanic cavity &
antrum mastoid
The connection of the
tubotympanic recess with the
pharynx gradually elongates
pharyngotympanic tube
(auditory tube).

Pharyngeal pouches

The Second Pharyngeal Pouch

largely obliterated as the
palatine tonsil develops,
part of the cavity of this pouch
remains as the tonsillar sinus
or fossa.
The pouch endoderm forms
the surface epithelium and
the lining of the tonsillar
crypts.
At approximately 20 weeks,
the mesenchyme
differentiates into lymphoid
tissue,

Pharyngeal pouches

The Third Pharyngeal Pouch

[6th week] : the epithelium
of each dorsal part
differentiate into an inferior
parathyroid gland.
The epithelium of the
ventral parts come together
in the median plane to form
the thymus
Each lobe has its own blood
supply , lymphatic drainage,
and nerve supply.
Next : lose their connections
with the pharynx.

Pharyngeal pouches

Pharyngeal pouches

The brain and associated structures expand

rostrally while the pharynx and cardiac
structures generally expand caudally the
derivatives of pharyngeal pouches two to
four to become displaced caudally .
Later , the parathyroid glands separate from
the thymus and lie on the dorsal surface of
the thyroid gland

Pharyngeal pouches

Pharyngeal pouches

The Fourth Pharyngeal Pouch

[6th week] :
Ventral : ultimobranchial body, incorporated
with thyroid, give rise to C cell (parafollicular
cells)
each dorsal part superior parathyroid
gland, which lies on the dorsal surface of the
thyroid gland.

Pharyngeal pouches

Pharyngeal pouches

Pharyngeal pouches

Pharyngeal pouches

superior parathyroid gland

Pharyngeal arches
Pharingeal grooves/cleft

Pharyngeal pouches
[Pharyngeal membrane]

PHARYNGEAL GROOVES/cleft
on each side during the fourth and fifth weeks.
separate the pharyngeal arches externally .
Only one pair of grooves contributes to postnatal
structures; the first pair persists as the external
acoustic meatus or ear canals
The other grooves lie in a slitlike depression-the
cervical sinus-and are normally obliterated along
with the sinus as the neck.
[end of the 7th week], the second to fourth
pharyngeal grooves and the cervical sinus have
disappeared, giving the neck a smooth contour

Pharyngeal arches
Pharingeal grooves/cleft

Pharyngeal pouches
[Pharyngeal membrane]

PHARYNGEAL MEMBRANES
As floors of the pharyngeal grooves.
the epithelia of the grooves and pouches
approach each other. The endoderm of the
pouches and the ectoderm of the grooves are
soon separated by mesenchyme.
Only one pair of membranes contributes to the
formation of adult structures; the first
pharyngeal membrane, along with the
intervening layer of mesenchyme, becomes the
tympanic membrane.

head formation
apparatus pharyngeal

face
palata
odontogenesis
Other : tongue , salivary gland , sense organ

DEVELOPMENT OF THE FACE

occurs mainly between the 4th and 8th week
depends on the inductive influence of the
prosencephalic and rhombencephalic
organizing centers brain development.

Craniofacial growth pattern

The first and general componentaccounting for
most variationis allometric

Brain growth predominates

flattening the cranial base
the displacement of the nasomaxillary segment;
growth of the orbital contents

The second component is alveolar remodeling

depends on the presence of tooth buds or teeth

The third component is mandibular condylar

growth

face

Seraut wajah....
Mulut primitif
[end 3rd week] : stomodeum (calon
oral&nasal cavities)
Berupa depresi ectoderm di bag.cephalic
kontak dg endoderm = buccopharyngeal
membrane/oropharygeal membrane
buccopharyngeal membrane akan jd lokasi
tonsila, memisahkan stomodeum dg foregut

face
[4th week]: bpm ruptur komunikasi
stomodeum-GIT primitif
Note : before that: pbentukan hipofise anterior
dr stomodeum ectoderm, bevaginasi di atap
mulut primitif (depan bpm). Jalur : rathkes
pouche
Terbentuk tonjolan2 sekitar stomodeum; = facial
prominences (t.u CNC & arcus pharynx I*)

Facial prominences

face

produced mainly by the expansion of neural crest

[4th week]:
2 Maxillary = MXP [lateral]
2 Mandibular = MDP [caudal to maxillary]
The frontonasal prominence (FNP) [upperborder of
stomodeum]

(FNP) surrounds the ventrolateral part of the forebrain

the optic vesicles that form the eyes.
The frontal part of the FNP forms the forehead;

face
CNC : the major source of connective tissue
components, including cartilage, bone, and
ligaments in the facial and oral regions.
myoblasts, originating from paraxial and prechordal
mesoderm, contribute to the craniofacial voluntary
muscles.
The lower jaw and lower lip are the first parts of the
face to form. They result from merging of the medial
ends of the mandibular prominences in the median
plane

face
[end 4th week] : bilateral oval thickenings of the
surface ectoderm- nasal placodes -the primordia of
the nasal epithelium, have developed on the
inferolateral parts of the FNP
[5th week]
Nasal prominence : lateral & mediall (LNP & MNP)
Mesenchyme in the margins of the placodes
proliferates, producing horseshoe-shaped elevationsthe medial and lateral nasal prominences.
As a result, the nasal placodes lie in depressions the
nasal pits.These pits are the primordia of the anterior
nares (nostrils) and nasal cavities

 Proliferation of mesenchyme in the maxillary

prominences (MXP) causes them to enlarge and grow
medially toward each other and the nasal prominences.
Each lateral nasal prominence is separated from the
maxillary prominence by a cleft called the nasolacrimal
groove.
[end 6th sixth week], each maxillary prominence (MXP)
has begun to merge with the lateral nasal prominence
(LNP) along the line of the nasolacrimal groove .
The nasal septum develops as a down growth from
internal parts of the merged medial nasal prominences

face

 During the early fetal period, the nose is flat

and the mandible is underdeveloped
As the brain enlarges, the cranial vault
expands bilaterally . This causes the orbits,
which were oriented laterally , to assume their
forward-facing orientation.
The opening of the external acoustic meatus
(auditory canal) to the auricle of the ears
appears to elevate, but in reality remains
stationary .

 Late embryonic periode & early fetal :

jaws (particulary mandible) exhibit
rapid anterior growth; in order to
facilitate tongue repositioning & palatal
closure
During 2nd & 3rd trimesters, growth of
fetal head is isometric maximizing
brain size, minimizing the face.
So, 12-15 weeks = period of flux
between allometrix to isometric
Mandibular retrognatia is characteristic
of newborn
@birth: Face is very small relative to the
cranium
TMJ@condyle are very rudimentary; the
suckling motion of the mandible : limited

 The smallness of the face prenatally results

from:
The rudimentary upper and lower jaws
The unerupted primary (deciduous) teeth
The small size of the nasal cavities and maxillary
sinuses

First Arch Syndrome

Abnormal development of the components of the first pharyngeal arch
results in various congenital anomalies of the eyes, ears, mandible, and
palate that together constitute the first arch syndrome
This syndrome is believed to result from insufficient migration of neural
crest cells into the first arch during the fourth week.
There are two main manifestations of the first arch syndrome:
In Treacher Collins syndrome (mandibulofacial dysostosis), caused by
an autosomal dominant gene, there is malar hypoplasia
(underdevelopment of the zygomatic bones of the face) with downslanting palpebral fissures, defects of the lower eyelids, deformed
external ears, and sometimes abnormalities of the middle and internal
ears.
In Pierre Robin syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder , is
associated with hypoplasia of the mandible, cleft palate, and defects
of the eye and ear are present. Many cases of this syndrome are
sporadic. In the Robin morphogenetic complex, the initiating defect is
a small mandible (micrognathia), which results in posterior
displacement of the tongue and

head formation
apparatus pharyngeal
face

palata
odontogenesis
Other : tongue , salivary gland , sense organ

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

(Palatogenesis)
The palate develops in two stages:
The development of a primary palate
The development of a secondary palate
begins in the sixth week; but not completed until the
12th week.
The critical period of palate development is from the
end of the sixth week until the beginning of the ninth
week.

Primary Palate
Early in the 6th week, the primary palate-median
palatal process (intermaxillary segment)-begins to
develop, by merging of the medial nasal
prominences
= mass of mesenchyme between the internal
surfaces of the maxillary prominences.
The primary palate forms the anterior/midline
aspect of the maxilla, the premaxillary part of the
maxilla).
It represents only a small part of the adult hard
palate (i.e., anterior to the incisive fossa).

 Between the 7th and 10th weeks , As a result of medial

growth of the maxillary prominences, the two medial
nasal prominences merge together at the midline
It is composed of :
a labial componen the philtrum of the upper lip;
an upper jaw component, which carries the four incisor
teeth;
a palatal component, the triangular primary palate.
intermaxillary segment is continuous with the rostral
portion of the nasal septum, which is formed by the
frontal prominence.

Secondary Palate
= the primordium of the hard and soft parts of
the palate
The secondary palate begins to develop early in
the sixth week
from two mesenchymal projections from the
internal aspects of the maxillary prominences
(lateral palatal processes/palatine shelves).
Shelves project inferomedially on each side of the
tongue.

 During the seventh and eighth weeks, the lateral

palatal processes assume a horizontal position above
the tongue fuse along the palatine raphe
secondary palate
Primary&secondary fuse at foramen incisivus
definitive palate
Bone develop only in primary palate & anterior part
of secondary palate palatum durum (hard palate)
The rest : soft palate & uvula

 The nasal septum develops as a downgrowth

from internal parts of the merged medial nasal
prominences.
The fusion between the nasal septum and the
palatal processes begins anteriorly during the
ninth week and is completed posteriorly by the
12th week, superior to the primordium of the
hard palate.

Suggestion reading :
Cleft lip and palate: Dental care for the patient with a cleft lip and palate.
Part 1: From birth to the mixed dentition stage
C J Rivkin, O Keith, P J M Crawford & I S Hathorn
British Dental Journal 188, 78 - 83 (2000)

head & neck; (mouth & face incl)

apparatus pharyngeal
face

palata

odontogenesis
Other : tongue , salivary gland , sense organ

Tooth development
arise from an epithelial-mesenchymal (derived from
neural crest Cells) interaction. All CT from CNC.
[6th week] : thickening of the epithelial lining of the
oral cavity forms the dental lamina, along the length
of the upper and lower jaws.
This lamina subsequently gives rise to a number of
dental buds (@10) primordia of the ectodermal
components of the teeth.
deep surface of the buds invaginates cap stage of
tooth development bell stage

A. Bud stage; 8 weeks.

B. Cap stage; 10 weeks.
C. Bell stage; 3 months.
D. 6 months.

head & neck; (mouth & face incl)

apparatus pharyngeal
face

palata

odontogenesis
Other : tongue , salivary gland , sense organ

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TONGUE

Near the end of the 4th week : proliferation of mesenchyme
in ventromedial parts of the first pair of pharyngeal arches.
a median elevation appears in the floor of the primordial
pharynx, just rostral to the foramen cecum median lingual
swelling (tongue bud)
Next, two lateral lingual swellings (distal tongue buds)
develop on each side of the median tongue bud.
Most of the tongue muscles are derived from myoblasts that
migrate from the occipital myotomes
Motor innervation is supplied by the hypoglossal nerve (CN
XII), except for palatoglossus muscle, which is innervated by
CN X.

Oral part (anterior two thirds) of the tongue

The lateral lingual swellings rapidly increase in size,
merge with each other , and overgrow (grow
FASTER) the median lingual swelling. The merged
lateral lingual swellings form the anterior two thirds
(oral part) of the tongue forming the median
sulcus (midline groove )
The oral part is characterized by liform papillae (no
taste buds), fungiform papillae (taste buds present),
foliate papillae (taste buds present), and
circumvallate papillae (taste buds present).

 General sensation from the mucosa is carried

by the lingual branch of the trigeminal nerve
(cranial nerve [CN] V).
Taste sensation from the mucosa is carried by
the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve
(CN VII). S

Pharyngeal part (posterior one third) of the tongue

from the copula and hypobranchial eminence that develops in
the oor of the pharynx associated with pharyngeal arches 2,
3, and 4.
The hypobranchial eminence overgrows the copula, thereby
eliminating any contribution of pharyngeal arch 2 in the
formation of the denitive adult tongue.
The line of fusion of the anterior and posterior parts of the
tongue is roughly indicated by a V -shaped groove-the
terminal sulcus
The pharyngeal part is characterized by the lingual tonsil,

Pharyngeal part (posterior one third) of the

tongue
General sensation from the mucosa is carried
primarily by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN
IX).
Taste sensation from the mucosa is carried
predominantly by the glossopharyngeal nerve
(CN IX).

Both the anterior and posterior portions of the tongue

are located within the oral cavity at birth; the posterior
third descends into the oropharynx by 4 years of age.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS

[6-7th weeks] begin as solid epithelial buds
from the primordial oral cavity
The club-shaped ends of these epithelial buds
grow into the underlying mesenchyme.
The connective tissue in the glands is derived
from neural crest cells.
All parenchymal (secretory) tissue arises by
proliferation of the oral epithelium.

The parotid glands

time

first to appear (early in the

sixth week

from buds that arise from the

oral ectodermal lining near
the angles of the stomodeum
mx
Elongation of the jaws causes
lengthening of the parotid
duct, with the gland remaining
close to its site of origin.
Later the cords canalizedevelop lumina-and become
ducts by approximately 10
weeks. The rounded ends of
the cords differentiate into
acini
secret 18 weeks
misc
The capsule and connective
tissue develop from the
surrounding mesenchyme.
from

submandibular glands

late in the sixth week

from endodermal buds in the

floor of the stomodeum
Solid cellular processes grow
posteriorly , lateral to the
developing tongue. Later they
branch and differentiate. Acini
begin to form at 12 weeks.
Lateral to the tongue, a
linear groove forms that soon
closes over to form the
submandibular duct.
begins at 16 weeks
Growth of the submandibular
glands continues after birth
with the formation of mucous
acini.

The sublingual glands

eighth week, approximately 2
weeks later than the other
salivary glands
From multiple endodermal
epithelial buds in the
paralingual sulcus
buds branch and canalize to
form 10 to 12 ducts that open
independently into
the floor of the mouth

DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

The specialized olfactory epithelium of the
nose appears as the olfactory (nasal) placodes
on the inferolateral aspects of the frontonasal
prominence, toward the end of the somite
period.
The olfactory nerve cells connect with the
olfactory bulb of the brain through the
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE EYE

The eye is derived from surface ectoderm, neural
ectoderm, neural crest tissue, and mesoderm.
the retina, is a direct outgrowth from the forebrain,
projecting bilaterally as the optic vesicles, which are
connected to the brain by the optic stalks
the optic stalks become the optic nerves
The neuroectodermal optic vesicles induce their
overlying surface ectoderm to thicken lens
The eyes migrate from their initially lateral positions
toward the midline of the face

DEVELOPMENT OF The EAR

[end 5th week] : the primordia of the auricles (external
part of the ears) have begun to develop. Six auricular
hillocks (three mesenchymal swellings on each side)
form around the first pharyngeal groove (three on each
side), the primordia of the auricle, and the external
acoustic meatus, respectively .
Initially the external ears are located in the neck region
[as the mandible develops] located on the side of
the head at the level of the eyes .
The internal ear arises from the otic placode 1st
sensory organ to begin development;
this development is initiated by neural crest induction
of surface ectoderm

MISI PSKG UB:

Merintis dan mengembangkan kerjasama Pendidikan,
Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat dibidang
Ilmu Kedokteran Gigi Dasar mutakhir
Menyelenggarakan pendidikan kurikulum berbasis
Kompetensi Kedokteran Gigi dengan penekanan pada Ilmu
Kedokteran dan Kedokteran Gigi Dasar secara efisien
dengan muatan lokal nanotechnology

MOLECULAR
SCIENCE

Molecular Regulation
The fate of cells is regulated by signalling
molecules.

Growth factors
The growth factors involved in orofacial
development belong mainly to four families
that are well conserved between different
species:
the Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family,
the Hedgehog (HH) family,
the Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF- )
family, which includes the Bone Morphogenetic
Proteins (BMPs) and Activins
the Wingless (WNT) family

 The FGF : facial epithelium and mesenchyme and

mainly involved in stimulating cell proliferation
SHH is expressed in the ectoderm of the frontonasal
and maxillary processes during development. SHH is
also expressed at all stages of tooth development.
TGF signalling pathway has major role in the molecular
cascade that dictates craniofacial development.
TGF pathway may be also important in lip formation
several members of the BMP family have been shown to
be expressed at various stages of tooth development.

WNT expression is often coincident with the expression

of molecules of the Hedgehog and TGF- families
This family also includes the Bone Morphogenetic Protein
(BMP) and Activin signalling molecules

transcription factors
Many transcription factors are important
The transcription factors MSX1 and PAX9 are
responsible for partial tooth agenesis in humans. MSX1
is induced by BMP and FGF molecules and its mutation
leads to selective absence of upper lateral incisors
and/or upper and lower second pre-molar teeth
MSX1 mutations were also detected Point mutations in
the TBX22 are found in 8% of cleft palate patients
IRF6 is considered as a major gene causing
approximately 12% of CL or CLP phenotypes

Terima kasih
Readings :