*

NATIONAL HELLENIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION

INSTITUTE OF NEOHELLENIC RESEARCH

":1
Report on the "Limnia-Imia"islets

, 1 9 9 6
2n

Athens, November 1 9 9 6
2nd edition updated


.
" , 15-20 .",
.
":
",
,
& II ( II). , ,
,
, .
, 1996

This report provides information on the small islets of the southeastern Aegean Sea that have featured in
the news recently. It was written at the Institute of Neohellenic Research of the National Hellenic
Research Foundation, within the framework of the research programme "Historical study of settlements
in Greece, i5th-20th centuries". A sub-unit of this programme, entitled "The Aegean: historical study
of settlements and domestic architecture", is being carried on in collaboration with the Department of
Architecture of the Athens Polytechnic School, cofunded by the European Community Operations
Programme for Research and Technology II. Part of the objectives of this programme, is to set up a
scientifically documented infrastructure for future research and to study issues concerning historical
geography and demography, architecture and urbanism, and in general the historical developments in
the region of the Aegean Sea.
Athens, February 1996
Leonidas Kallivretakis
Research Associate Professor
Institute of Neohellenic Research, National Hellenic Research Foundation

. 48, 11635 , . 7229811 -7210554 Fax: 7246212
Institute of Neohellenic Research, National Hellenic Research Foundation
V. Konstantinou 48, 11 635 Athens, tel. 7229811 -7210554 Fax: 724621 2
ISBN 960-7094-55-7

1.

1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

,

, ,
6
, 1.9 .
, 1 .
-
3.5 . .
1947,
,
,
.

"
(Kardak)",
" (Ikince: )",

" ()" (. . # 9 , # 1 0 &
#11 1951-1990). ,
" " 25
, ,
" " 1 5
. (),
"
/"(. . #5, #6, #1 3 & #14
1932-1992).

These t w o Greek islets, whose territorial status was

recently questioned by Turkey, lie in the southeast
Aegean Sea, at a distance of approximately 6 nautical
miles east of t h e G r e e k island of K a l y m n o s , 1.9
n a u t i c a l m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of t h e G r e e k i s l e t of
Kalolimnos, 1 nautical mile west of the boundary line
that divides Greek from Turkish territorial waters, and
3.5 nautical miles west of the Turkish mainland coast.
The islets have belonged to Greece since 1947 as
part of the D o d e c a n e s e i s l a n d c h a i n , as w i l l be
examined in detail below, and the names present a
number of variations. O n the old Ottoman maps they
are r e f e r r e d t o as t h e 'Kardak islets', a n d m o r e
r e c e n t l y t h e y have been r e c o r d e d as the 'Ikince
(:double) islets'. O n the Greek maps they used to be
named the 'Limnia isles'(see maps #9, #10 and #11
for the p e r i o d 1 9 5 1 - 1 9 9 0 ) . The larger of the t w o ,
called 'Mgalo Limnio'(Great
Limnio), has an area of
approximately 2.5 hectares, w h i l e the smaller and
more easterly, called 'Mikro Limnio' (Small Limnio),
has an area of 1.5 hectares. The name 'Imia islets'
also appears on some maps (see maps #5, #6, #1 3
and #14 for the period 1932-1992.

2.

2. BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ISLANDS WITH

RELATION TO INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMACY

2 . 1 .
1912.

2 4 . 7 . 1 9 2 3
,


"[...] [...] '

".

2.1 The D o d e c a n e s e islands c a m e under I t a l i a n

control f o l l o w i n g the Italo-Turkish conflict of 1912.
A c c o r d i n g to the Treaty of Lausanne, signed by
Turkey and the victorious powers of W o r l d War I on
24 July 1923, Turkey renounced in favour of Italy all
rights over the islands w h i c h were occupied by Italy,
i n c l u d i n g 'Kalymnos [...] and the islets
dependent
thereon'.

2.2.
2 4 . 7 . 1 9 2 3 ,


,
.
'
4.1.1932 ,

,
.

2.2 W i t h the implementation of the Peace Treaty of

24.7.1923 a number of disagreements arose between
Turkey and Italy over the precise position of the
b o r d e r l i n e b e t w e e n the Italian held D o d e c a n e s e
islands and Turkish territory, including the interlying
rocks and islets. These d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e in p a r t
resolved by the Ankara Agreement of 4 January 1932
signed by Italy and Turkey, whereby the dividing line
between territorial waters around a number of the
islands was clearly established, though not for the
specific islets of Imia.

2.3. ( 4.1.1932 )
,

2.3 O n the same day of this agreement (4.1.1 932)

b o t h d e l e g a t i o n s e x c h a n g e d letters a g r e e i n g to
u n d e r t a k e to fix the d i v i d i n g line b e t w e e n

4

.

outstanding areas of Italian and Turkish territorial

waters.

2.4.

12
, 28.12.1932
.
,
" " "

Kardak",
, "

Kardak Kato ".

2.4 The r e m a i n i n g areas of I t a l i a n a n d T u r k i s h

territorial waters were finally set out and agreed to in
the Procs Verbal signed by T u r k e y and Italy in*
Ankara twelve months later on 28 December 1932.
In this agreement it was spelled out p r e c i s e l y to
w h i c h state b e l o n g the m a j o r i t y of the r e m a i n i n g
islets 'ne faisant l'objet " aucune
contestation';
Included are the 'Kardak islets', w h i c h are described
as belonging to Italy, w i t h the borderline between
Italian and Turkish territorial waters 'failing midway
between the Kardak islets and the island of Kato,
Anatolia'.

2.5. 28.12.1932
,
:
(...), ...,
,
, ...,
.
,
24.7.1923 4.1.1932
,
28.12.1932.

...,

.
1.2.1996
.

2.5 The Procs Verbal of 28.12.1932 is questioned

by Turkey today, w h i c h puts forward the f o l l o w i n g
a r g u m e n t : The i n t e r w a r League of N a t i o n s , the
forerunner of the post-World War II United Nations,
had established that in o r d e r for any a g r e e m e n t
signed by its members to be valid, it w o u l d have to
be l o d g e d at t h e League of N a t i o n s , a n d t o be
referenced and o f f i c i a l l y p u b l i s h e d by the same
o r g a n i z a t i o n . Indeed, the a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d
agreements of 24.7.1923 and 4.1.1932 followed this
procedure, but not the supplementary Procs Verbal
of 28.12.1932. The Greek Foreign Ministry claims it
had not been necessary to l o d g e the latter as a
separate Protocol with the League of Nations since it
was only a supplement to the previous agreement.
This argument was confirmed by a spokesman for the
Italian Foreign Ministry on 1.2.1996.

2.6.

10.2.1947

. ,

"[...] [...]

".
, ,
,
"--",

28.12.1932.


,
547 1948,


. ,
,
.

2.6 The D o d e c a n e s e islands e v e n t u a l l y b e c a m e

Greek sovereign t e r r i t o r y w i t h the signing of the
Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1947 between Italy
and the victorious Allied powers of the Second W o r l d
W a r . A c c o r d i n g to this treaty, Italy ceded all
t e r r i t o r i a l c l a i m s to the islands, i n c l u d i n g
'[...]
Kalymnos
[...] as well as the adjacent
islets' to
Greece. Greece thereby inherited from Italy
sovereignty over the Dodecanese islands and all the
territory formally controlled by Italy, i n c l u d i n g the
islets 'Kardak-Limnia-lmia',
w h i c h had been clearly
fixed as being Italian territory in the Procs Verbal of
28.12.1932. This same Procs Verbal has been used
as a source of official information in order to delimit
the area ceded to Greece, e.g. in the case of the
Greek Law no 547 of 1948, where a list of the islets
and rocks b e l o n g i n g to the various Greek
a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d i v i s i o n s , is i n c l u d e d ; n a m e l y the
Limnia Islets, Great and Small, are clearly fixed as
b e l o n g i n g to the Greek Eparchie ( D i s t r i c t ) of
Kalymnos.

2.7. 1947
,

, ,

2.7 In the fifty years' period from 1947, w h e n the

islets c a m e u n d e r G r e e k c o n t r o l , to the present
Turkey never questioned the territorial status of the
islets until December 1995. O n 29.12.1995, after a

5
1995. 29.12.1995,


,
,


(Mugla).

, ,

1932
,
1947. ,
29.1.1996,

1932 , )
)
.
, "
",

.

31.1.1996, ,
.

Turkish cargo vessel with engine trouble stranded to

2.8. ,
( 4-5.2.1995)
"

28.12.1932

,
,

. , ,
,
. 3.000

, , ,

".

2.8 O n taking up the issue again, the Turkish side

,
6.2.1996 "
-
1932
". ,
15.2.1996
"

", "

,

1923, - 1932


1947,

1960,

".

one of the Imia islets, in order then to be towed back

to a Turkish port by a Greek tug boat, Turkey issued a
statement to Greece claiming that the Imia islets are
Turkish territory, and are recorded as such in the
property lists of the Turkish administrative region of
M u g l a . Greece in turn issued a reply rejecting the
Turkish claims, p u t t i n g f o r w a r d the argument that
Turkey had recognised the status of the islets in the
above-mentioned bipartite agreement of 1932, then
belonging to Italy, later ceded to Greece in 1947.
One month later on 29.1.1996 Turkey issued a new
statement c l a i m i n g that the bipartite Turkish-Italian
a g r e e m e n t of 1 9 3 2 was no l o n g e r v a l i d for t w o
reasons: first, the situation has changed since then;
and secondly, Greece was not itself a signatory to the
1932 agreement. Tension then increased between the
t w o sides as a 'war of symbols'

ensued, w i t h each

side r a i s i n g its f l a g on t h e islets and Greek and

Turkish naval forces moving into the area. Conflict
was eventually avoided w h e n , on 31.1.1996 after
n i g h t - l o n g n e g o t i a t i o n s , the t w o sides agreed to
withdraw forces from the area.

made an official statement (4-5.2.1996) to the effect

that 'the agreement

signed on 28.12.1932

between

Italy and Turkey does not amount to a Treaty as such,

since the subject of the treaty was neither
nor validated
Rather

by the Turkish

it amounts

only

meeting of low-level

Parliament.

to an act resulting

from a

officials from both sides, and is

not legally

binding

agreement

does not exist, the Aegean

negotiation.

discussed

National

for Turkey. Since, therefore,

In the Aegean

the

Sea is up for

there are 3000

disputed

rocks and islets, and even actual islands, whose status

Turkey

is examining

former

agreements'.

in detail

on the basis of

all

The Italian foreign ministry responded to these views

on 6.2.1996: 'The Italo-Turkish
valid and continues

agreement of 1932 is

to be valid'. One week later on

15.2.1996 the European Parliament passed a motion

expressing the view that 'Turkey's actions
a violation

p o i n t e d o u t that 'the islet of Imia

Dodecanese
Treaty
Protocol

constituted

of Greek sovereign territory', and it further

island

chain,

of Lausanne

belongs

in accordance

of 1923,

the

to the
with

the

Italo-Turkish

of 1932 and the Treaty of Paris of 1947, as

well as in accordance
of the 1960s,

where

marked as constituting

with Turkish maps and charts

the islands

in question

a part of Greek

territory'.

are

3.

3. MAPS

We shall restrict our discussion to those maps to which

we actually had access, and which we were able to
consult in the short space of time available to us.

3.1. ,

:
()
.
Henri Kiepert,
, 1886,
.
,

,
(. #1).
,
, " "

.

3.1 During the period of Turkish rule, the islets in

question were on the dividing line between two
administrative units of the Ottoman state: the Vilayet
of the White Sea (Aegean) Islands and the Vilayet of
Smyrna. A map, based on Ottoman sources, drawn
by the German academic Henri Kiepert and
published in Berlin in 1886, shows with meticulous
accuracy the position of this dividing line. The Limnia
islets are marked but unnamed on this map, but they
are clearly west of the red dividing line between the
two aforementioned vilayets (see map #1). In the
view, therefore, of the Ottoman administration of the
day, these islets constituted a dependent part of the
neighbouring Dodecanese islands, and not of the
Asia Minor coast opposite.

3.2. ,
24 1923

, "

: [...] [...]
' ".

,

(+-+-+) ,
'
(.. #2).

3.2 According to the Treaty of Lausanne, signed on

24 July 1923 by Turkey and the victorius powers of
W o r l d War I, it was mentioned that "Turkey
renounces in favour of Italy all rights and titles over
the following islands:[...] Kalymnos [...] and the islets
dependent thereon". This text was accompanied by a
map of the Aegean Sea on which, however, the two
islets are not marked, but following the borderline
(+-+-+) east of Kalolimno, it is quite obvious that
Limnia are within the Dodenanesse territorial waters
(see map#2).

3.3. 1924
(. #3 )
,
,

.

3.3 On an unofficial Turkish map of 1924 (see map

#3) the two islets are not marked, but if one follows
the red dividing line east of Kalymnos it is quite clear
that the Limnia islets are within Italian territorial
waters.

3.4. 1929 (.
#4)
, .

"Qardaghlar Adasi"
, ,
.
atal
Ada, Kuyruk Ada Yassi Ada.

3.4 A semi-official Italian map of 1929 (see map #4)

marks but does not name the two islets, east of
Kalolimno. An interesting feature of this map is the
mention of the d i f f e r e n t island group
'Qardaghlar Adasi', then as today located further
east and within Turkish territorial waters. This group
of islands today includes atal Ada, Kuyruk Ada and
Yassi Ada.

3.5. 1932 (.
#5)
,
"Isolotti Immia".

3.5 An official Italian map of 1932 (see map #5)

marks the islets within Italian territorial waters with
their Greek name 'Isolloti Immia'.

7
3.6. ,
28 1932
,

,
' . 236, 872 1546.
30
"
Kardak
()
Kato
"(. . #6).

3.6. In the Procs Verbal, signed in Ankara on 28

December 1932 by Turkey and Italy, the dividing line
of t e r r i t o r i a l w a t e r s b e t w e e n t h e I t a l i a n h e l d
Dodecanese and T u r k e y was e s t a b l i s h e d , on the
british hydrographical maps nos 236, 872 and 1546.
It was then established that point 30 of the borderline
falls "midway between the Kardak islets and the
island of Kato (Anatolia)" {see map # 6).

3.7.
1969 (. #7 ) ,
"Immia adalari",

.

3.7 An official Turkish military chart of 1969 (see

3.8. 1971
(. #8 )
,

,
.
3.9.
1964 (. #9)
,
.
3.10.
1989 (. #10)

. MMHA".
3 . 1 1 .
1989 (. #11)
".
Imia" ,
"()"

"Ad(alari)" ,
.
3.12.
1990 (. #12)

"Nisoi Limnia"
, : (GREECE).
3.13. 21.5.1992
92/43 "

",
" NATURA 20000"
,
GR 4210010,
, , ,
(. . #13).

map #7) marks the t w o islets with their Greek name

'Immia adalari', clearly showing them as lying w i t h i n
Greek territorial waters.

3.8 An official Turkish political map of 1971 (see

map #7) does not mark the t w o islets, but if one
follows the light grey dividing line east of Kalolimno,
it is o b v i o u s t h a t t h e L i m n i a islets s h o u l d be
understood as lying clearly w i t h i n Greek territorial
waters.
3.9 O n an official United States Air Force chart of
1964 (see map #7) the t w o islets are marked but not
n a m e d . H o w e v e r , they are s h o w n as l y i n g w i t h i n
Greek territorial waters.
3.10. O n an official Soviet Navy chart of 1989 (see
map # 10) the t w o islets are marked with their Greek
name ". \\".

3.11. O n the official British hydrographical chart of

1989 (see map # 1 1 ) the t w o islets are marked w i t h
their Greek name "N. Imia", mentioned as "()",
the greek w o r d for "Islands", and not as "Ad(alari))",
the turkish w o r d used for the islands w i t h i n Turkish
territorial waters.

3.12 O n an official United States Navy chart of 1990

(see map #12) the t w o islets are marked w i t h their
Greek name ('Nisoi

Limnia')

and the indication (in

brackets) that they belong to 'GREECE'.

3.1 3. O n May 2 1 , 1 9 9 2 , the European Union Council

issued D i r e c t i v e 9 2 / 4 3 "on t h e c o n s e r v a t i o n of
natural habitats and of w i l d fauna and f l o r a " . In
accordance w i t h this Directive, the Imia islets were
i n c l u d e d in t h e " N e t w o r k N A T U R A 2 0 0 0 " of
E u r o p e a n p r o t e c t e d n a t u r a l h a b i t a t s , z o n e GR
4210010, along w i t h the other Greek isles Arki, Lipsi,
Agathonissi, Pharmakonissi and Kalolimno (see map
#13).

3.14. 1994

Reinhart
Ryborsch (. # 14),

". Limnia"
,
"()"
Ad(alari)",
.

3.14. On an official map of 1994, "a joint production.,

of the Turkish Ministry of Defence and the German
Kartographischer
Verlag Reinhart Ryborsch of
Frankfurt" (see map # 14), the two islets are marked
with their Greek name "N. Limnia", and are officially
recorded as Greek, for they are mentioned as
"()", the greek word for "Islands", and not as
"Ad(alari)", the turkish word used for the islands
within Turkish territorial waters.

3.15.
, 30 1996,
1953.
"
" (.
. #15).

.

.

3.15 On 30 January 1996 Greece officially circulated

a Turkish map of 1 9 5 3 . A number of Greek
newspapers publishing the map commented that 'it
clearly indicates that the Imia islets belong to Greece'
(see map #15). In reality, however, this map does not
mark the disputed islets, but only the island of
Kalolimno. Here again, however, the frontier line
between Greece and Turkey leaves no doubt to the
fact that the Limnia islets lie within Greek territorial
waters.

3.16. '
1951, (. #16)
,
, (), &
. ()
(.
. #1 7
1963/1972 . #12
1990).
(..
#5 1932: Isolotti Immia
#7 1969: Immia adalari, .
''
#18 1985: []
, #19 1992: [].

3.16 A Greek chart published by the Statistical

Service in 1951 (see map #16)clearly marks the islets,
referring to them, as mentioned above, as 'Nisoi
Limnia' ('Mgalo Limnio' and 'Mikro Limnio'). It is
with this name that they are marked on most of the
later maps and charts (see chart #17 of the Greek
Statistical Service, 1963/1972, and chart #12 of the
US Navy, 1990). Subsequently they can be found
referred to as Imia (see Italian chart #5, 1932 'Isolloti
Immia', Turkish chart #7, 1969: 'Immia adalari', and
charts #18, 1985 and #19, 1990 of the
Hydrographical Service of the Greek Navy: 'Isl.
Imia').

: ,

.

Note: Because some of the maps used in this report have been
magnified, they do not correspond always to the scale of their
original edition.

3cv

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/Map 1 : Henri Kiepert, Carte Gnrale des Provinces Europennes et Asiatiques de l'Empire Ottoman, 1:300.000, /Berlin 1886.

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11/5/1920.

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mis fin aux Guerres Balkaniques et Gnrale, 1: 2.500.000, Constantinople, 1924.

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( ).
In the Procs Verbal of Ankara on 28.12.1932, it is established that point 30 of the borderline between Dodecanese and
Turkey, falls "midway between the Kardak islets and the island of Kato (Anatolia)", on the british hydrographical map (the
line is marked by us).

15

/Map 7: Turkish Geographic Service, Map No 78, 1:100.000, 1969.

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/Map 8: M.S.B. Harita General MUdurlUgU Matbaasi, Turkey, 1:1.850.000, Ankara 1971

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Kartographischer Verlag Reinhard Ryborsch, Obertshausen / Frankfurt am
Main, Almanya tarafindan musterek hazirlanmistir.
Oiese Landkarte ist eine Gemeinschaftsproduktion zwischen dem turkischen
Verteidigungsministerium (M.S.B. Harita Genel Komutanligi-Trkei), in
Ankara, und dem Kartographischen Verlag Reinhard Ryborsch, in
Obertshausen bei Frankfurt am Main.
This map is a joint production of the Turkish Ministry of Defence (M.S.B.
Harita Genel Komuianiigi-Turkey) in Ankara, and the Kartographischer Verlag
Reinhard Ryborsch, Obertshausen near Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Cette carte routire est une coproduction du Ministre Turc de la Dfense
(M.S.B. Harita Genel Komutanligi -Turquie), Ankara et de l'dition
Cartographique Reinhard Ryborsch Obertshausen prs de
Francfort sur Main, Allemagne.

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/Map 14: Turkish Ministry of Defence & German Kartographischer Verlag Reinhart Ryborsch of Frankfurt, Turkiye,
1:500.000, Ankara 1994.

23

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26

/Map 18: /Greek Navy Hydrographical Service, .

. Aoia/Leros I. to Phodes I. and Asia Minor coast, 1:1 50.000, /Athens 1985.

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