CHAPTER 10

10.1
o

from appendix B-1 for T=25 C,

= 996.95kg / m 3
= 0.903 10 3 Ns / m 2

Assuming a machined inlet cone ,

CA2
Q=
2 P /
1 ( A2 / A1 ) 2
0.016m3 / s =
0.016 =

(0.995) ( D2 ) 2 / 4
1 ( D2 / 0.15) 4

C = 0.995

(Table 10.1)

2(30,000) / (996.95)

6.063D2 2
1 (1,975.31D24 )

D2 = 0.051m

To check if the correct value of discharge coefficient (C) was used,

D
0.051
= 2=
= 0.34
D1 0.15

V
1 D1

Q
0.016
=
= 0.91m / sec

A1
2
(0.15)
4
996.95 * 0.91 * 0.15
Re =
= 149,882.1
0.903 10 3
Re =

,V =

This value of Re is below the given value in Table 10.1. so the uncertianty in the value
.
of C is greater than 10%.

10.1

10.2
from appendix B-2 for T=80F,

= 62.17lbm / ft 3
= 2.08lbm / hr .ft

Assuming a machined inlet cone ,

CA2
Q=
2 P /
1 ( A2 / A1 ) 2
0.6cfs =
0.6 =

(0.995) ( D2 / 12) 2 / 4
1 ( D2 / 6.065) 4
0.14794D2

C = 0.995

(Table 10.1)

2(5 * 144) / (62.34 / 32.17 )

1 (7.391 * 10 4 D24

D2 = 2.01in

To check if the correct value of discharge coefficient (C) was used,

D
2.02
= 2=
= 0.33
D1 6.065

V
1 D1

Q
0.6
=
= 3 ft / sec

A1
2
(6.065 / 12)
4
62.17 * 3 * 6.065 / 12
Re =
= 162,722
2.08 / 3600
Re =

,V =

This value of Re is slightly below the given value in Table 10.1. so the uncertainty in
.
the value of C may be greater than 10%.

10.2

10.3
From Table 10.1, C=0.995
assuming T=20C,

= 998.2 kg / m 3

D2
= 0.57
D1

= 1005
.
* 10 3 N. s / m 2
Q=
Q=

CA2
1 ( A2 / A1 )2

2 P /

(0.995) (0.03)2 / 4
1 (3 / 5.25)4

2(14,000) / 998.2

Q = 0.00394 m 3 / s
To check if we chose the correct value of discharge ceofficient (C),
Q
0.00394
V=
=
= 182
. m / sec,
A1 5.25 2

4 100 2
Re =

VD 998.2 * 182
. * 5.25 / 100
=
= 94885

1005
.
* 10 3

The value Re is below the range of values in Table 10.1 so the value of C is more
uncertain than 1%. This venturi should be calibrated for this application.
10.4
We will follow the same procedure as Example 10.2,

w a = [(

Q
Q
wC ) 2 + (
w ) 2 ]1/ 2
C
P P

or according to Eq. 7.6

wa
w
w
= [( C ) 2 + ( P ) 2 ]1/ 2
Q
C
P
2
= [(.01) +.25(.015) 2 ]1/ 2 = 0.0125

.
The uncertainty in the flow rate will be 1.25% 12%

10.3

10.5
We need to calculate the mass flow rate and then volumetric flow rate in SCMM. Since
the flowing fluid is compressible, we need to compute the expansion factor, Y using Eq.
10.9:
1/ 2
2 / 1 r ( 1) / 1 4

Y = r
1 1 r 1 4 r 2 /

We have air so = 1.4 and = 1.2. Assuming the upstream pressure is absolute, r =
690/700 = 0.99 and = 7.5/10 = 0.75. The resulting Y is 0.991.
CYA2
P
700,000
m =
2 1 P 1 = 1 =
= 8.179kg / m 3
2 1/ 2
RT1 287.058 * 298.15
[1 ( A2 / A1 ) ]
0.995 * 0.991* 0.004418m 2
7.5
[1 ( ) 4 ]1 / 2
10
m = 2.131kg / sec
= 127.86 kg / min
m
Q( SCMM ) =
m =

2 * 8.179 * 10,000

s tan d

127.86
= 106.55m 3 / min( s tan dard )
1.2
Calculating Re:
From Table B.3, at 25oC~300K, = 1.846*10-5 Ns / m 2
m
D
VD

Re =
= A
=

(2.131kg/sec)(0.1m)
= 1.47 10 6
( * 0.1 / 4m 2 )(1.846 *10 5 Ns / m 2 )
2

This is within the suggested range of 2 * 10 5 < Re <2 * 10 6 . in Table 10.1.

10.4

10.6
We need to calculate the mass flow rate and then volumetric flow rate in SCFM. Since
the flowing fluid is compressible, we need to compute the expansion factor, Y using Eq.
10.9:
1/ 2

1 r ( 1)/ 1 4
Y = r 2/



1 1 r 1 4 r 2/

We have air so = 1.4 and = 0.075. Assuming the upstream pressure is absolute, r =
99/100 = 0.99 and = 3/4 = 0.75. The resulting Y is 0.991.
CYA2
P
100 *144
m =
2 1 P = 1 =
= 0.509lbm / ft 3
2 1/ 2
RT1 53.34 * 530.30
[1 ( A2 / A1 ) ]
m lbm / sec
0.995 * 0.991 * 0.049 ft 2
=
3
32.17lbm ft / lbf sec 2
[1 ( ) 4 ]1 / 2
4
m = 4.020lbm / sec
= 241.2lbm / min
m
Q( SCFM ) =

2 * 0.509lbm / ft 3 * (1 *144)lbf / ft 2
32.17 lbm ft / lbf sec 2

s tan d

241.2
= 3216ft 3 / min( s tan dard )
0.075
Calculating Re:
From Table B.4, at 70F, = 0.04391 lbm/hr-ft

m
D
VD A
Re =
=
=

4.05( lbm / sec) * [4 / 12](ft)

=
[ / 4][

4 2 2
] (ft ) * 0.04391( lbm / hr ft ) / 3600 (sec/ hr )
12

= 127
. 10 6

This is within the suggested range of 2 * 10 5 < Re <2 * 10 6 . in Table 10.1.

10.5

10.7
Critical Flow Nozzle

, and Q
Find m

d t = 5mm A = 1.9635 * 10 5 m 2
P = 7 atm( gage)
T = 20C
m =

A2 P0
2 ( +1) /( 1) 1 / 2
[
(
)
]
T01 / 2 R + 1

(1.9635 * 10 5 )(1 + 7)(`101.325) * 10 3 1.4

2 (1.4+1) /(1.41) 1 / 2
m =
[
(
)
]
1/ 2
287 1.4 + 1
(20 + 273)
m = 0.038kg / sec
m * 60
Q=
= 1.9SCMM

std
Max pressure downstream is Pcrit which for = 1.4 can be evaluated at 0.528 from Eq.
10.11.
Pcrit Pcrit
=
= .528,
P0
8
Pcrit = 4.2atm
10.8
Critical Flow Nozzle

, and Q
Find m

d t = 0.3in A = 4.911* 10 4 ft 2
P = 7 atm( gage) = 8atm(abs) = 16,929.7lb / ft 2
T = 70 0 F = 529.67 o R
m =

A2 P0
2 ( +1) /( 1) 1 / 2
[
(
)
]
T01 / 2 R + 1

(4.911* 10 4 )(1 + 7)(2,116.210)(32.17 )

1.4
2 (1.4+1) /(1.41) 1 / 2
m =
[
(
)
]
1/ 2
(53.3431)(32.17 ) 1.4 + 1
(70 + 459.67 )
m = 0.1921lb / sec
m * 60
Q=
= 153.7 SCFM

std

Max pressure downstream is Pcrit which for = 1.4 can be evaluated at 0.528 from Eq.
10.11.
Pcrit Pcrit
=
= .528,
P0
8

Pcrit = 4.2atm

10.6

10.9
Critical Flow Nozzle
D = 2mm
A = 3.1416 * 10 6 m 2

Pcrit = 1atm
T = 20C
C = 1 (smalldiameter maymakeC actuallymuchlower)
a) - We should calculate the line pressure (stagnation) for Pcrit=1atm

1.405
+ 1 1
2.405 .405
Pcrit / P0 = [
] =[
]
= .527, For Pcrit = 1atm, P0 = 1.9atm
2
2
AP
2 +1 / 1 1 / 2 (3.1416 * 10 6 )(3 *101.325) 1.405 2 2.405 / .405 1 / 2
b) m = 21 / 20 [ (
)
] =
[
(
)
]
R +1
4157 2.405
T0
(20 + 273)1 / 2
R 8314
=
= 4157 J / kgK
M
2
m = 0.593 *10 3 kg / s
P
1 * 101,325
s = s =
= 0.083kg / m 3
RT 4157 * 293
m
Q=
= 0.00713SCMS = 0.00713 * 60 = 0.428SCMM
R=

10.7

10.10 (a) For a critical flow nozzle to be accurate,

Pcrit
1
=
, Pdownstream Pcrit
P0
[( + 1) / 2] /( 1)

In this case,

P0 = 8 atm
T0 = 20 C

= 14
.
Pcrit
1
=
= 0.528, Pcrit = 4.23atm
1.4
P0
14
. + 1 .4
[
]
2
For Pchamber >4.23 the critical flow nozzle can not be used for accurate measurment of
the flow rate.
= Q(SCMM ) * s tan d / 60
(b) m
= 100 * 1.20 / 60 = 2.00kg / sec s tan d =
=
m

A2 =

A2 P0
T0
T0
m
P0

P
101.325 * 1000
=
= 1.20kg / m 3
RT
287 * 293

+1

2
(
) 1
R + 1)

+1

2 1
/
(
)
R +1

2.4

2 293
1 .4
2
=
/
(
) .4
8 * 101,325 287 1.4 + 1
= 0.00104m 2

= 10.4cm 2 ,D2 = 3.65cm

= Q(SCMM ) * s tan d / 60 = 2.00kg / sec
c m

10.8

10.11

D1 = 3cm
D2 = 1cm
Pdownstream = 100kPa
P0 = 500kPA
(The static pressure is very close to this value; refer to any compressible flow text.)
Pdownstream Pcrit
<
= .528
P0
P0
m =

A2 P0
T0

R = 287

+1

2 1
(
) Forair = 1.4
R +1

J
kgk

( .012 / 4)500,000 1.4 2 2.4.4

=
( )
287 2.4
400
= 0.079kg / sec

10.9

10.12

D1 = 3cm = 1.18in
D2 = 1cm = 0.3in
Pdownstream = 14.7 psia
P0 = 70 psia
(The static pressure is very close to this value; refer to any compressible flow text.)
Pdownstream Pcrit
<
= .528
P0
P0
AP
m = 2 0
T0

R = 53.34

0.32
=

= 0.099

+1

2 1
(
) Forair = 1.4
R +1

ft.lbf
lbm.R
lbf
ft.lbm
32.17
2.4
2
1.4
2
in
lbf . sec 2

( ) .4
ft.lbf
ft.lbm
2.4
(250 + 459.67 ) R
53.34
32.17
2
lbm.R
lbf . sec

in 2 70

lbm
sec

10.10

10.13
Orifice meter
ID = 25.5cm A1 = D 2 / 4 = 5.107 * 10 2 m 2

Q = 0.090m 3 / s
P = 65kPa
V = Q / A = 0.090 / 5.107 * 10 2 = 1.7623m / s
Re = VD / =
Q=

(998.2kg / m 3 )(1.7623m / s )(.255m )

(1.005 * 10 5 Ns / m 2

= 446,338

CA2 [2(P1 P2 ) / ]1 / 2
[1 ( A2 / A1 ) 2 ]1 / 2

Assu min gC = 0.6

0.090 =

0.6 A2 [2(65,000) / 998.2]1 / 2

[1 ( A2 / 5.107 * 10 2 ) 2 ]1 / 2

76.080 A2 = [1 383.41A22 ]1 / 2
A2 = 1.273 * 10 2 m 2
1.273
= .249
5.107
Eq.(10.13 )C = .5959 + 0.312 2.1 0.184 8 + 91.71 2.5 / Re .D75
=

C = 0.598 0.6
A similar procedure is followed for calculation of

P for thevolumetricflow rateof 0.007m 3 / s,P = 393.2Pa . Compare it with 65 kPa.

10.11

10.14

D1 = 4.026 in
D2 = 2 in
T1 = 100 F
=
m

P1 = 150 psia

P = 6 psi
D
= 2 = 0.5
D1

1 =

Y = 1 (.410 +.35 4 )
= 1 (.410 +.35*.5 4 )

CYA2
A
1 ( 2 )2
A1

2 1P

P1
150 * 144
lbm
=
= 0.723 3
RT1 53.34 * 560
ft

P
P1

6
= 0.987
150 * 14
.

Assu min g C = 0.6

lbm / sec
m
=
32.17 lbm ft / lbf sec 2

0.6 * 0.987 * (

22

4 * 144
2 4
1 (
)
4.026

)ft 2

2 * 0.723 lbm / ft 3 * (6 * 144) lbf / ft 2

32.17 lbm ft / lbf sec 2

= 2.673 lbm / sec

m
Now we can check the value of C,

VD mD
Re =
=

A
lbm
hr . ft
2.673 lbm / sec* 3600 sec/ hr * (4.026 / 12)ft
Re =
= 794,900
.04594 lbm / hr ft * ( * 4.026 2 / 4 / 144)ft 2
@100F, for air (Table B4)

= 0.04594

9171
. 2
Re.D75
=2.69
assuming C=0.6 is .5%. Using this C, m
C=0.603, the error in calculation of m
lbm/sec
Using Eq.10.13, C=0.5959+0.0312 2.1 0184
. 8 +

10.12

10.15
Orifice meter
Find Q
ID = 25.5cm = 0.255m
D 2 = 15cm = .15m
P = 14kPa
T1 = 10C

= 999.7kg / m 3
= 1.308 * 10 3 N.S / m 2
Solution: C is a f (Re) and Re is unknown so take C=0.6,

Q=
Q=

CA2 [2(P1 P2 ) / ]1 / 2
[1 ( A2 / A1 ) 2 ]1 / 2
0.6( (.15 2 ) / 4)[2(14,000) / 999.7]1 / 2
[1 (.15 / .255) 4 ]1 / 2

Q = 0.0598m 3 / s
V = Q / A = 0.060 / (.255 2 ) / 4
V = 1.175m / s
Re = VD / = (999.7)(1.175)(.255) / 1.308 * 10 3
Re = 228,972
= D 2 / D1 = 0.15 / 0.255 = 0.58824
C = 0.5959 + 0.0312 2.1 0.184 8 +

91.71 2.5
Re .075

C = 0.606
Q 2 = 0.0604m 3 / sec(@1%difference )

10.13

10.16
Problem 11 with flow nozzle. Using Re from problem 10.11 (228,000),
C = 0.9975 0.00653(10 6 / Re0 )0.5

C = 0.9975 0.00653[(10 6 (.15 /.255)) / 264,800].5

C = 0.967
If Re is not available, use the dominant term, 0.9975 for first estimate of C.
Q=

CA2 [2(P1 P2 ) / ]1/ 2

[1 ( A2 / A1 ) 2 ]1/ 2

0.9975( (.15 2 ) / 4)[2(14,000) / 999.7]1/ 2

Q=
[1 (.15 /.255) 4 ]1/ 2
= 0.0964
Q = 0.0964 m 3 / s
V = Q / A = 0.1118 / (.255)2 / 4
V = 189
. m3 / s
Re = VD / = (999.7)(189
. )(.255) / 1308
.
* 10 3
Re = 368,000
C = 0.9975 .00653[(10 6 (.15 /.255)) / 368,000].5
C = 0.989
Q = 0.0986 m 3 / s
(For the orifice, Q = 0.0606 m3/s.)

10.14

10.17
Square edged orifice
4.026 2
D1 = 4.026 A = (
) / 4 = 8.8 * 10 2 ft 2
12
D2 = ?

Q = 15cfm
P = 2psi
Assu min gT = 60F = 62.34lbm / ft 3
= 2.71lbm / hr .ft
V = Q / A = (15 / 60 ) / 0.088
V = 2.83ft / s
Re = Vd / = (62.34 / 32 .17 )(2.83 )(4 / 12) /(2.71 / 32.17 * 3600))
Re = 79,081
Assu min gC = 0.6at first
Q = CA2 [2(P1 P2 ) / ]1 / 2 /[1 ( A2 / A1 ) 2 ]1 / 2
15 / 60 = 0.6 A2 [2(2 * 144) /(62 .34 / 32.17 )]1 / 2 /[1 ( A2 / 8.727 * 10 2 ) 2 ]1 / 2
0.25 = 0.6 A2 [17.241] /[1 131.30 A22 ]1 / 2
0.25 2 [1 131.3 A22 ] = 107.01A22
A2 = 2.329 * 10 2 ,D2 = 0.1722ft (2.07in )
= D2 / D1 = 2.07 / 4 = 0.5175
C = 0.5959 + 0.0312 2.1 0.184 8 +

91.71 2.5
Re .075

C = 0.607
A2 = 2.304ft,D2 = 0.17ft (2.06in )

10.15

10.18
D1 = 4in

P = 1psi
D2 = 3in A2 = 4.909 * 10 2 ft 2
=?
m
Q = ?(SCFM )
T = 70F s tan d = 0.075lbm / ft 3 (at1atm,70F )
P = 8atm = 117.6psi = .04391lbm / hr .ft
P
8 * 14.7 * 144
=
= 0.598
RT
53.35 * 530
without compressibility effect (Y = 1)

Assume C = 0.6
= CYA2 [2(P 1P2 ) / ]1/ 2 / [1 ( A2 / A1 ) 2 ]1/ 2
m

lbm / sec
m
0.6 * 1 * (.0491) ft 2 [2(1 * 144) lbf / ft 2 (0.598 lbm / ft 3 / 3217
. lbm ft / lbf se
We must now compute 2a=better value for C. Calculate Re: From Table
2
2 B.4,
2 1/ 2 at 70F, =
3217
. lbmlbm/hr-ft
ft / lbf sec
[1 (3 / 4 ) ]
0.04391
= 2.65 lbm m
m
/s
D
VD A
2.65( lbm / sec) * [4 / 12](ft)
Re =
=
=
= 0.837 10 6
4 2 2

[ / 4][ ] (ft ) * 0.04391( lbm / hr ft ) / 3600 (sec/ hr )

12
9171
. 2.5
=0.63 (=0.75)
C = 0.5959 + 0.0312 2.1 0.184 8 +
Re.075
= 2.63 lbm/s.
with this C, m

m
2.63 * 60
Q=
60 =
= 2104 scfm
s
0.075
Compressibility effect
Y = 1 (0.410 + 0.35 4 )

P1 P2
(1)(144)
= 1 (0.410 + 0.35(3 / 4) 4 )
P1
117.6(144)(14
. )

Y = 0.997

with compressibility effect

= 2.63 * 0.997 = 2.62 lbm / sec .
m
The difference, 0.3%, is small in this case.

10.16

10.19
Water at 20C

= 998.2 kg / m3

D1 = 10cm

A1 = 7.8540 * 10 3 m 2

= 0.7

A2 = 3.8485 * 10 3 m 2

1< Q < 3

(m 3 / min)

= D2 / D1 D2 = 7cm
C = 0.995
Q=

(Table 10.1)

CA2 [2P / ]1/ 2

[1 ( A2 / A1 )2 ]1/ 2

P =

Q 2 [1 ( A2 / A1 )2 ]
2C 2 A22

(998.2)(1 / 60)2 [1 (3.8485 / 7.8584)2 ]

P =
2(0.995)2 (3.8485 * 10 3 )2
PQ =1 = 7.183kPa
PQ = 3 = 64.65kPa
Span 64 7 = 57
Range > 65kPa
10.20
For air we should base our calculations on air mass flow rate. Assume pressure in pipe
is given as absolute.
air = s tan d * SCMM 60SCMM :72kg / min
m

= 1.20 * SCMM 20SCMM :24kg / min

CYA2
P
7 * 101,325
=
m
2 1P 1 = 1 =
RT1
287 * 293
1 ( A2 / A1 ) 2
P = [

m
CYA2

1 ( A2 / A1 ) 2
2 1

] 2 = 8.435kg / m 3

72 / 60
1 .7 4 2
=[
*
] C = .995,assu min gY = 1
* .07 2
2 * 8.435
.995 * 1 *
4
= 4423.7Pa = 4.4kPa
We can choose the upper end of the range range of the differential pressure transducer
to be approximately 5kPa. Using the same methof, at the low end, the pressure
difference is about 500 Pa.

10.17

10.21 Designation: Nozzle (N), Orifice (O), Venturi (V), length of Insertion (L), Pressure
Drop (P), Pressure loss (PL), accuracy (w) and cost ($)
Length of Insertion:

LV > LN > LO

Pressure Drop:
PO > PV> PN
The venturi discharge coefficient is slightly larger than for a nozzle so for the
same flow, the pressure drop will be less.
Pressure Loss:
PLO > PLN > PLV
The venturi has a diffuser so the pressure loss is less. Both the nozzle and the
orifice plate have a pressure loss associated with the highest velocity but due to
the vena contracta, the orifice maximum velocity is higher.
Cost:

$V > $N > $0

It has been assumed that other factors including the smoothness and the tolerances in
manufacturing of the three meters are the same. The accuracy will depend on the
accuracy of the discharge coefficient. For the venturi, ASME gives a 1% tolerance, for
the nozzle 2% and for the orifice 0.6% so the orifice is the most accurate, the venturi
next and the nozzle last. However, with calibration, this order may not apply.

10.18

10.22 Qmax = Vmax A

D 2
= Vmax
4
(0.05) 2
=3
= 5.89 * 10-3 m3/sec
4
Considering that the elevation is constant, Eq. 10.6 becomes:

Q=

CA2
1/ 2

2P

1/ 2

A 2
1 2
A1
For maximum flow, P will become maximum.
A2
d
which is unknown, so d will need to be determined through trial
C = f = f
A
D
1
and error. We will assume that C = 0.60 and determine d, then check for C value. Using
the equation for Q:
C 2 A22 2P
2
Eq. 10.6
Q =

2
A2
1
A1
0.6 2 A22 2 * 40,000
Assuming = 1000 kg/m3, (5.89*10-3)2 =
2

A2 1000
1
A1
2
d
d = 0.0349 m = 3.49 cm
A2 = 0.9566 * 10 3 m 2 =
4
Now we can check if C (discharge coefficient) was chosen correctly, using equation
91.71 2.5
Eq. 10.13 : C = 0.5959 + 0.0312 2.1 0.184 8 +
Re 0D.75
d 3.49
=
=
= 0.698
D
5
VD 1000 * 3 * 0.05
Re =
=
= 166,113 ( has been take @ 25 C)

0.903 *10 3
91.71 * 0.6982.5
C = 0.5959 + 0.0312 (0.698)2.1 0.184 (0.698)8 +
(166,113)0.75
C = 0.604
which is a about 0.66% higher than the assumed value.
The answer to the specific questions:
(a) The maximum flow will correspond to the maximum pressure drop allowed, in this
case 40 kPa. So Qmax = 5.89*10-3 m3/sec as calculated above.

10.19

(b) Expected pressure drop at of the maximum flow: Q = Qmax/2 = 2.94*103 m3/sec.
The change in flow will affect the ReD, but the effect on C (discharge coefficient) will be
minimum. To calculate pressure drop, Eq. 10.6 will be used

Q=

CA2
A
1 2
A1

2 1/ 2

1/ 2

P
Q

=
Qmax Pmax

2P

1/ 2

or

Q
P
40
= max =
P = Pmax
= 10kPa
4
4
Qmax
1/ 2

P
Q
(c) Turn-down ratio: max = max , assuming C value will remain constant.
Qmin Pmin
1/ 2
Qmax 40
= = 2.83 or the turn-down ratio of flow meter will be: 2.8
Qmin 5

10.20

10.23
Qmax = Vmax A
= Vmax

D 2

4
(0.05) 2
=3
= 5.89 * 10-3 m3/sec
4
We need to use Eq. 10.10 to estimate C
1/ 2

10 6

C = 0.9975 0.00653
Re D
Assuming C = 0.99, we can find the nozzle area, and diameter (A2 and d)
C 2 A22 2P
2
Eq. 10.6
Q =

2
A2
1
A1
2
2
40000
(5.89 *10 3 )2 = 0.99 A2 2 2 *1000

A2

1
2

2
*
0
.
05

-3
2
A2 = 0.630*10 m
d 2
=
or
d = 0.0283m
4
= 2.83 cm
To check C:
d 2.83
VD 1000 * 3 * 0.05
= =
= 0.566 , Re =
=
= 166,113 ( has been taken @ 25 C)
D
5

0.903 *10 3
10 6 * 0.566

C = 0.9975 0.00653
166,113
assumed C

1/ 2

= 0.9854 which is about 0.45% less than the

The answer to the specific questions are:

(a) The maximum flow will correspond to the maximum pressure drop allowed, in this
case 40 kPa. So Qmax = 5.89*10-3 m3/sec as calculated above.
(b) Expected pressure drop at of the maximum flow: Q = Qmax/2 = 2.94*103 m3/sec
The change in flow will affect the ReD, but the effect on C (discharge coefficient) will be
minimum. To calculate pressure drop, Eq. 10.6 will be used

10.21

Q=

CA2
A
1 2
A1

P
Q
=
Qmax Pmax

1/ 2

1/ 2

2P

1/ 2

or

Q
P = Pmax
Qmax

Pmax 40
=
=
= 10kPa
4
4

1/ 2

P
Q
(c) Turn-down ratio: max = max , assuming C value will remain constant.
Qmin Pmin
1/ 2
Qmax 40
= = 2.83 or the turn-down ratio of flow meter will be: 2.8
Qmin 5

10.22

10.24
Qmax = Vmax A
= Vmax
=3

D 2
4

(0.05) 2

= 5.89 * 10-3 m3/sec

4
We will use the data from Table 10.1 for C value of machined entrance cone,
C = 0.995. Checking for the Reynolds number,
VD 1000 * 3 * 0.05
Re =
=
= 166,113 ( has been taken @ 25 C)

0.903 * 10 3
It turns out that this value is about 17% below those of Table 10.1, and will be prudent
to calibrate any chosen venturi with the assumption for C based on data of Table 10.1..
C 2 A22

2P

A2

1
A1
(0.995)2 A22 2 * 3000
2
5.89 * 10 3 =
1000
A22

1
2

2
0.05
4

Q =

Eq. 10.6

A2 = 0.627 * 10 3 m 2 d = 0.0283m = 2.83cm

The value of = d/D = 0.566, which is within the range of data in Table 10.1.
The answer to the specific questions are:
(a) The maximum flow will correspond to the maximum pressure drop allowed, in this
case 40 kPa. So Qmax = 5.89*10-3 m3/sec as calculated above.
(b) Expected pressure drop at of the maximum flow: Q = Qmax/2 = 2.94*103 m3/sec
The change in flow will affect the ReD, and it may affect C (discharge coefficient), but it
is not expected to be very significant.
To calculate pressure drop, Eq. 10.6 will be used.
1/ 2

Q=

CA2
A
1 2
A1

1/ 2

2P

1/ 2

Q Cmax
Q
C P

P = Pmax

=

Q
C

P
Q
C

max
max
max
max

or
C
Pmax 40
Assu min g max 1, P =
=
= 10kPa
C
4
4
1/ 2

P
Q
(c) Turn-down ratio: max = max , assuming C value will remain constant.
Qmin Pmin
1/ 2
Qmax 40
= = 2.83 or the turn-down ratio of flow meter will be: 2.8
Qmin 5

10.23

10.25
In this problem Pmin corresponds to 100 lit/min, Pmax corresponds to 300(1+0.5) = 450
lit/min
Range of the differential pressure transducer (Pmin to Pmx) using Eq. 10.6:
CA2

Q=

1/ 2

2P

1/ 2

A 2
1 2
A1
Since the issue is determing the range, it is not usually needed to determine the
parameters very accurately, Thus we will assume that value of C = 0.6.
A 2
2
Q 1 2
A1
1
To determine P: P =
2
C 2 A22

Pmin =

100 * 10 3
0.5 * 1000 *
60

* 0.02 2
0.6 2

4 2
1
25
2

= 38,078Pa = 38Kpa

Pmax

Q
= Pmin * max
Qmin
2
450
Pmax = 38 *

100
Pmax= 770 kPa

Note: This pressure is unreasonably high for pressure drop across an orifice. The pipe
and orifice are too small for this level of flow.

10.24

10.26
In this problem Pmin corresponds to 10 cfm, Pmax corresponds to 30(1+0.5) = 45 cfm
Range of the differential pressure transducer (Pmin to Pmx) using Eq. 10.6:
1/ 2
2P
CA2
Q=

1 / 2
A 2
1 2
A1
Since the issue is determing the range, it is not usually needed to determine the
parameters very accurately, Thus we will assume that value of C = 0.6.
A 2
2
Q 1 2
A1
1
To determine P: P =
2
C 2 A22

Pmin =

ft 3
1

1
1
sec 81
= 2,484.56 psf = 17.25 psi
2
2
ft.lbm

32.17
1
lbf . sec 2
2

12

2
2
.6
ft
4

lbm 10
.5 62.4 3
ft 60

( )

Pmax

Q
= Pmin * max
Qmin
Pmax

Pmax

30
= 17.25 *
10
= 155.28 psi

Note: This pressure is unreasonably high for pressure drop across an orifice. The pipe
and orifice are too small for this level of flow.

10.25

10.27
Note: It is assumed that all pressures given in the problem statement are in absolute
value.
Mass flow of critical flow nozzle:

=
m

A2 P0

+1

2 1

R + 1

Eq. 10.12

T0
For the conditions given:
max = 0.1 kg/sec
m

To = 25 300 C
Po = 100 kPa
D = 5 cm
R = 287 J/kgK
for air
= 1.4,
has a slight variation with T that will be neglected here.
4
The nozzle should be sized for the highest temperature, so d =
A2 (nozzle size)

should be determined based on T = 300 C.

A2 =

T
m
P0

+1

*
R + 1

1 / 2

1 / 2

1.4 +1

0.1 (273 + 300) 1.4 2 1.4 1

A2 =

287 1.4 + 1

1000 * 10 3

6
2
3
A2 = 59.22 * 10 m d = 8.68 * 10 m = 0.868cm
Note: We have assumed that the upstream static and stagnation conditions are the
same, which is often a reasonable assumption. This is a good assumption for the cases
that Mach Number (M) is less than 0.2. In this case, the upstream mach number is
about 0.1.
The answer to the specific questions:
(a) Pressure and temperature instruments need to be connected one diameter
upstream of the nozzle. To insure critical flow, a pressure gage needs to be installed
downstream too.
(b) For the flow to remain critical, downstream pressure should satisfy:
P0
Eq. 10.11
Pdownstream Pcrit =

+ 1 1
2

For lower pressure of 400 kPa,

400
Pcrit =
= 211kPa
1 .4
0
.
4
1.4 + 1
2

10.26

(c)

+1

A2 P0 2 1

m=
T 0 R + 1

1/ 2

Eq. 10.12

1.4 +1

6
3
59
.
22
*
10
*
500
*
10
1
.
4
2

1.41

=
m

287 1.4 + 1

(273 + 150)

= 0.058 kg/sec
m

1/ 2

= st * Q(SCMS)
To obtain the airflow in standard cubic meters per second, m
st is usually calculated at 1 atm, 20 C,
P
101,325
st =
=
= 1.205kg / m 3
RT 287 * 293
0.058
Q(SCMS ) =
= 0.048 SCMS
1.205
= 2.88 SCMM

10.27

10.28 Note: It is assumed that all pressures given in the problem statement are in
absolute value.
Mass flow rate of critical flow nozzle:

=
m

A2 P0

+1

2 1

R + 1

Eq. 10.12

T0
For the conditions given:
max = 0.1 kg/sec
m
T = 25 300 K
P0 = 100 kPa
D = 5 cm
R = 188.9 J/kgK
= 1.289
The nozzle should be sized for the highest temperature, so d =
should be determined based on T = 300 C.

A2 =

T
m

+1

2 1

*
R + 1

A2 (nozzle size)

1 / 2

1 / 2

1.289 +1

0.1 (273 + 300) 1.289

2
1.289 1
A2 =

1000 * 10 3 Pa 188.9 1.289 + 1

-6
2
-3
= 49.45*10 m
d = 7.94*10 m
= 0.794 cm
Note: We have assumed that the upstream static and stagnation conditions are the
same, which is often a reasonable assumption. This is a good assumption for the cases
that Mach Number (M) is less than 0.2. In this case, the upstream Mach number is
about 0.1
(a) Pressure and temperature instruments need to be connected one diameter
upstream of the nozzle. To insure critical flow, a pressure gage needs to be installed
downstream too.

(b) For the flow to remain critical, downstream pressure should satisfy:
P0
Pdownstream Pcrit =

+ 1 1
2

For lower pressure of 400 kPa,

400
Pcrit =
= 219kPa
1.289
0
.
289
1.289 + 1

10.28

Eq. 10.11

(c)

=
m
=
m

A2 P0
T0

+1

2 1

R + 1

49.45 * 10 6 * 500 * 10 3

(273 + 150)

1.289 +1

1.289
2
1.2891

188.9 1.289 + 1

= 0.058 kg/sec
m

= st * Q(SCMS)
To obtain the airflow in standard cubic meters per second, m
st is usually calculated at 1 atm, 20 C,
P
101,325
st =
=
= 1.831kg / m 3
RT 188.9 * 293
0.0058
Q=
= 0.032 SCMS
1.831
= 1.91 SCMM

10.29

10.29 Note: It is assumed that all pressures given in the problem statement are in
absolute
We need to use Eq. 10.8 because the flow is compressible
CYA2
=
Eq. 10.8
m
2 1 (P1 P2 )
2
A
1 2
A1

P1
RT1
The nozzle area needs to be determined when T1 is maximum, and consequently 1 is
minimum. To determine A2, we need to substitute for the other parameters in the above
equation. We will assume the value of 0.99 for both C and Y, and then check them. If
needed we will use a trial and error process to correct for C and Y.
P
1000 * 10 3
1 = 1 =
= 6.081 kg/m3
RT1 287 * (273 + 300)

0.99 * 0.99 A2
m = 0 .1 =
2 * 6.081 * 40 * 10 3
2
A
1 2
A1
where:

1 =

A2 = 0.1462 * 10 3 m 2 =

d = 0.0136m = 1.36 cm
Checking the value of C and Y:
C = .9975 0.00653

d 2
4

10 6

Re D

1.36
= 0.272
5.0
VD (VA1 )D m D
Re D =
=
=
=

A1
A1

Eq. 10.10

0.1 * 0.05
2

(1.846 * 10 ) (0.405 )

= 1.38 * 10 5

has been taken from Table B.3.

10 6 * 0.272
= 0.988
C = 0.9975 0.00653
5
1.38 * 10
The value of C is about 0.2% lower than the assumed value.
1
2

1 r 1 4
Y = r

2
1 1 r
4
1 r

P
1000 40
where r = 2 =
= 0.96, = 0.4 and air = 1.4
P1
1000

10.30

Eq. 10.9

1.4 1

2
1.4

1
.
4
1

0
.
96
1 0.272 4
1.4
Y = 0.96
2
1.4 1 1 0.96

1 0.272 4 * 0.96 1.4

Y = 0.956
Now we can replace these values for C and Y to find new values for A2 and d.
A2 = 0.1514*10-3 m2 and d = 0.0139 m = 1.39 cm
Rechecking for C and Y might produce slightly different values and improve the
accuracy of the results.
The pressure taps need to be one diameter upstream and diameter downstream.
Upstream temperature should also be one diameter upstream,.
For the case of P1 = 500 kPa
and T1 = 150 C
We will take C and Y to be same as above. They can be corrected as shown above, if
needed.
P1
500 * 10 3
1 =
=
= 4.119 kg/m3
RT1 287 * 423

=
m

0.988 * 0.956 *

(0.0139 )

1.39 2
1 2
5
= 0.058 kg/sec

2 * 4.119 * 20 * 10 3

10.31

10.30
Rotameter calibrated for air @
T = 20C
P = 1 atm
Used @
T = 20C
P = 5 atm
Find flow correction factor
Using Eq. 10.21, and 10.23

Q = Va Aa
2g b 1/ 2
]
Q 5atm V5

CD Abf f 5
=
=
= ( f 1 )1/ 2
2

Q 1atm V1 [
f 5
b 1/ 2
]
CD Abf f 1
[

So,

PM
RT

, (

f 1 1/ 2
)
f 5

P1M
P
1
= ( RF )1/ 2 = ( 1 )1/ 2 = ( )1/ 2 =.45
P5M
P5
5
RT

Q5atm
= 0.45
Q1atm

10.32

10.31
1. air @ T = 20C
P = 1 atm
2. air @ T = 200C
P = 5 atm
Following Example 10.10,

f1
f2

P1M
RT1
P T
=
= 1 2
P2M T1 P2
RT2

Q2

= ( f 1 )1/ 2
Q1
f2

(For a perfect gas, =

PM
)
RT

1(200 + 273)
5(20 + 273)
= 0.32
U sin gEqs. 10.21 and 10.23
Q5atm

= ( 1atm )1/ 2 =.321/ 2

Q1atm
5atm
=

= 0.57

10.32
1. air, M=29
2. propane, C3 H 8

M = 44.1

Using Eqs. 10.22 and 10.23

Qp
Qa
(

=(

a 1/ 2
)
p

PaMa
M
RTa 1/ 2
=[
] = ( a )1/ 2 = 0.81
Pp M p
Mp
RTp

Ma 1/ 2
29 1/ 2
) =(
) = 0.811
Mp
44.1

Propane has been assumed to be a perfect gas.

10.33

10.33
1. air
2.CO2

M=29,
M = 44,

QCO 2

= ( a )1/ 2
Qa
CO 2
=[

T=20 C,
T = 20C,

P = 1 atm
P = 5 atm (gage )

Pa M a 1/ 2
)
RTa
Pa M a 1/ 2
=
=(
)
PCO 2MCO 2 1/ 2
PCO 2MCO 2
(
)
RTCO 2
(

(1)(29) 1/ 2
] = 0.33
(1 + 5)(44)

10.34
S b = 7 .8
S oil = 0.84
Q oil
Qwater

2g ( b f ) 1 / 2
]
C D Abf f
=
2g ( b w ) 1 / 2
[
]
C D Abf w
[

Q oil
oil 1 / 2 w 1 / 2
=( b
) (
)
Qwater
b water
oil
7.8 0.84 1 / 2 1 1 / 2
) (
)
7 .8 1
0.84
= 1.10
=(

Major source of error is the assumption of equality of viscosity for both fluids. Because
of the difference in density and viscostiy, the Reynolds number of the flow will be
different for the two fluids, resulting in uncertianty in the above calculations.

10.34

10.35

QNEW
QSS
=(

2g ( NEW f ) 1/ 2
]
CD Abf f
=
2g ( SS f 1/ 2
[
]
CAbf f
[

NEW f 1/ 2
)
SS f

4.0 1 1/ 2
)
7.8 1
= 0.66
The range of the rotameter when using the new float will be 66% of the flow meter with
the stianless steel float.
=(

10.36
The thermal mass flow meters:

q
m =
Cp(T T )
Eq.10.25
2 1

Under similar conditions (same q and T), for different fluids :

CO
m
c
2
= p, Air
air
m
c p, CO

CO2 = m
Air *
m

c p, air
c p, CO

= 10 *

1.004
= 11.92 g/sec
0.842

10.35

10.37
We can use Eq. 10.27 to estimate the velocity of water:
fD
(Eq. 10.27)
St
This equation is valid for Re of 500 to 100,000, and the value of St is 0.2 - 0.21
V

65 * 0.02
= 6.19 m/sec
0.21
To check for the Reynolds number, using the water properties from Table B.1
V

Re D =

VD

999 * 619 * 0.02

1.156 * 10 3
= 106,906 which is slightly above the range.

No significan t error is expected.

10.38
First we use Eq. 10.27 to estimate the velocity, then calculate the flow rate.
fD
V=
Eq. 10.27
St
1400 * 0.003
=
0.21
= 20 m/sec
To check the velocity of the above calculatio n, we need to check the Reynolds number. Air
properties are from Table B.3
VD
Re D =

0.8826 * 20 * 0.003
=
= 2,316 which is in the range of 500 - 100,000 for St = 0.21
2.286 * 10 5
Assuming the V values correspond s to the pipe average velocity (this is a major assumption )

(D )
Q = VA = V
2
Pipe

( * 0.1 )
2

= 20

4
= 0.157 m 3 /sec

10.36

10.39
r 02 r 2
V
=
VCL
r 02
V =

VCL
r 02

Vav =

(r 02 r 2 )

1
r 02

r0

2rVdr

r0

Vav . = [ (VCL r 2
0

[VCL r 2

VCL
r

2
0

)2rdr ] / r 02

2 VCL 4 r0 2
r ] 0 / r0
4 r 02

1
= VCL
2
r0

AverageFlow = Q = (2rV )dr

0

r0

Q = 2
0

Q=

VCL
r 02

(r 02 r 2 )rdr =

2VCL
r 02

[r 02

r 2 r 4 r0
]0
2
4

r 02VCL
2

10.40
V = 10m / s
P = ?

= 1.1kg / m 3
C =1
V2 = C 2 ( P1 + gz1 P2 gz2 ) /
V2 = C 2 P /
V22 = 2 P
P = 0.5 * (10m / s ) 2 (1.1kg / m 3 )
P = 55 Pa

10.37

10.41
V = 100 ft / s
P = ?

= 0.075lbm / ft 3
C =1
V2 = C 2 ( P1 + gz1 P2 gz 2 ) /
V2 = C 2P /
V22 = 2P
P = [0.5 * (100 ft / s ) 2 (0.075lbm / ft 3 )] /[(32.17lbm. ft / lbf .s 2 )(144in 2 / ft 2 )]
P = (0.0810 psi) * (27.7in.water / 1 psi)
P = 2.24in.water

10.42
Using Eq. 10.31, and considering that there is no gravitational effect in this problem,

V=C

2 P

,C =1

2 * 5 10 3
=1
1.0
= 100 m/sec
10.43
Using Eq. 10.31, and considering that there is no gravitational effect in this problem,

V=C

2P

2 * 0.5

=1

= 249

, C =1
lbf
in 2
ft.lbm
*
144
* 32.17
2
2
in
ft
lbf.sec2
lbm
0.075
ft 3

ft
sec

10.38

10.44
Using Eq. 10.31, and assuming C=1,

V=C

2 P

P = w ghw = 1000 * 9.81 * 0.20

= 1,962 kPa
2 * 1962
1000
= 1.98 m/sec

V =1

10.45
Using Eq. 10.31, and assuming C=1,

V=C

2P

P = w ghw = (62.34 * 32.17 * 0.83) /(32.17 *144)

= 0.36 psi
2 * 0.36
V =1

= 7.31

lbf
in 2
ft.lbm
*
144
* 32.17
2
2
in
ft
lbf.sec2
lbm
62.4 3
ft

ft
sec

10.39

10.46
Considering Fig. 10.27

= 990 kg / m 3
P1 = PV + 1gh1 = PV + (990)(9.81)(h1 )
P1 = PV + 97119
. h1
P2 = PV + 2gh2
Pi = P2 P1 = g ( 2h2 1h1 ) = 58.8 kPa

(transducer reading )

g 1h1 = 58.8 kPa

This remains the same between the two neasurements.

Pf = g ( 2h2 1h1 ) = 10 kPa

solving for h2 ,

2gh2 = 10 + 58.8 = 48.8 kPa

h2 =

48.8 * 1000
= 5.09 m
978 * 9.81

10.47
C = 1500 ft/s
d = 5 ft
t = 2 L/C
2 * 5ft
t=
1500 ft / s

t = 6.67 * 10 3 s

10.40