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FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
PEMERIKSAAN LABORATORIS
KELAINAN MUSKULOSKELETAL
Kemas Yakub Rahadiyanto
Prodi Pendidikan Dokter
2014
Pendahuluan
CDC 33% (69.9 jt) USA
Nyeri sendi
Nyeri non sendi
Gout
Inflammatory reaction to urate crystals in joints,
bones and subcutaneous structures.
Initially, a hyperacute arthritis which may
progress to a chronic arthritis.
LABORATORY
WBC usually elevated with left shift during acute
attacks
ESR usually elevated during acute attacks
Hyperuricemia may be present, although not
diagnostic
PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS
Urate crystals in synovial membrane (98% of
specimens processed entirely anhydrously [urate
is water soluble])
Tophus in 29% of individuals with untreated gout
of 5 years duration, in 74% of individuals with
untreated gout of 40 years duration
Arthritis in Joint
(Inflammation & Infection)
Arthritis (infection bacterial)
Invasion of joints by live microorganisms or
their fragments. One of the few curable
causes of arthritis. May allow early recognition
of systemic infection/disease.
LABORATORY
Synovial fluid usually cloudy with > 50,000 WBC/HPF, but may
have fewer white blood cells present or over 100,000.
Synovial fluid white count can be recognized as elevated (in
presence of trauma) if RBC:WBC ratio significantly less than
700
PMN leukocytes usually predominate in synovial fluid
Synovial fluid glucose often more than 40 mg/dL (2.22
mmol/L) less than in a simultaneously obtained serum glucose
value (in fasting patient).
Westergren ESR often elevated, but normal in 20%
LABORATORY
WBC normal or markedly elevated (sys)
Hb normal or low (especially sys)
Platelet count normal or elevated
ANA positive, 40% (poly or pauci)
RF positive, 10-15% (usually polys)
HLA-B27 positive, 70% in pauci boys
Sedimentation rate (ESR) elevated in most
patients with active disease; > 100 mL/hr
(Westergren) in active systemic disease
Osteoarthritis (OA)
is the most common form of joint disease.
Involves progressive loss of articular cartilage and
reactive changes at joint margins and in
subchondral bone.
LABORATORY
Not helpful (sedimentation rate not increased) in
diagnosis, but may be useful in monitoring
treatment with NSAIDs (renal insufficiency and GI
bleeding)
Rheumatic Arthritis
A chronic systemic inflammatory disease of
unknown etiology with a predilection for joint
involvement. Articular inflammation may be
remitting, but if continued usually results in
joint damage and disability. Certain extraarticular manifestations are characteristic,
including rheumatoid nodules, arteritis,
neuropathy, scleritis, pericarditis, and
splenomegaly.
LABORATORY of RA
Synovial fluid
Yellowish-white, turbid, poor viscosity
Mucin clot poor due to degradation of hyaluronic acid by lysosomal
enzymes
WBC increased (3500-50,000)
Protein: approximately 4.2 g/dL (42 g/L)
Serum-synovial glucose difference 30 mg/dL ( 1.67 mmol/L)
Osteoporosis
A multifactorial skeletal disease characterized
by severe bone loss, disruption of skeletal
micro-architecture, and disturbed bone
quality sufficient to predispose to atraumatic
fractures of the vertebral column, upper
femur, distal radius, proximal, humerus, pubic
rami and ribs.
LABORATORY
CBC, multi-panel tests usually normal
Alkaline phosphatase (bone specifi c and total) may be
transiently increased following fractures
Serum and/or urine protein electrophoresis normal
Thyroid function tests and urinary free cortisol normal in
primary types
Serum osteocalcin, if high, indicates high turnover type
Urine calcium normal (except if idiopathic hypercalciuria)
Serum and urinary pyridinoline and N- and C-telopeptide
collagen crosslinks, if high, indicate high turnover type
Increased In
Polymyositis
Muscular dystrophy
Myotonic dystrophy
Some metabolic disorders
Malignant hyperthermia
Prolonged exercise; peak 24 hours after extreme exercise
(e.g., marathon); smaller increases in well-conditioned
athletes
Wilms tumors with rhabdomyomatous features (CK-MB may
also be increased)
Normal In
Scleroderma
Acrosclerosis
Discoid lupus erythematosus
Muscle atrophy of neurologic origin (e.g., old poliomyelitis,
polyneuritis)
Hyperthyroid myopathy
Decreased In
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (~2/3 of patients)
Neoplasms
Osteogenic Sarcoma
Primary bone malignancy
Marked increase in serum ALP (40 normal);
reflects new bone formation and parallels clinical
course (e.g., metastasis, response to therapy); is said
to occur in only 50% of patients
Laboratory findings due to metastases80% of
patients have lung metastases at time of diagnosis
Laboratory findings due to preexisting diseases (e.g.,
Paget disease)
PEMERIKSAAN LABORATORIS
ALKALI FOSFATASE
Terdapat pada semua jaringan
Tu pada epitel usus, tubulus ginjal, tulang
(osteoblas), hati, plasenta
Yang berada dlm serum tu berasal dari
hati/traktus biliaris dan 50% berasal dari
tulang
dr. Kemas Yakub SpPK
32
32
33
33
Indikasi Pemeriksaan:
1. Untuk membantu menegakkan diagnosis
2. Untuk menentukan prognosis
Ag larut
Partikel
Partikel disalut Ag
Ab dlm serum
Aglutinasi
Ad 2. Cara Nephelometry
Prinsip :
Yaitu mengukur sinar yang terpancar oleh adanya
agregat dalam larutan yang disebabkan oleh
ikatan IgG dengan RF yang terdapat dalam sampel
penderita.
Ad 3. Uji ELISA - RF
Prinsip:
ELISA tak langsung dengan IgG yang dilapiskan
pada permukaan dalam sumuran lempengan
polisteren sebagai antigen dan anti human
globulin atau IgM berlabel enzim (konjugat)
sebagai detektor.
Selanjutnya ditambahkan substrat yang
berkromogen dan ditentukan absorbennya
dengan micro ELISA reader
Interpretasi Hasil:
RF didapatkan pada 70-80% penderita dengan
RA. RF biasanya baru terdeteksi dalam serum
penderita setelah penyakit berjalan agak lama,
yaitu sekitar 612 bulan
Bila pada stadium dini, imunoasai telah positif
terutama bila titernya tinggi, biasanya
prognosisnya jelek
Indikasi Pemeriksaan:
1. Membantu menegakkan diagnosis dari
keadaan/penyakit yang berhubungan dengan
proses radang dan nekrosis jaringan
2. Memantau hasil pengobatan dari beberapa
penyakit dengan proses radang/nekrosis jaringan
3. Pertanda inflamasi pada penyakit kardiovaskuler,
untuk meramal kemungkinan adnya serangan
penyakit jantung koroner (PJK)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Tes Presipitasi
Aglutinasi Pasif
Uji ELISA
Imunokromatografi
Imunoturbidometri
Ag Larut
Antibodi
Presipitasi
Ad 2. Aglutinasi Pasif
Aglutinasi
Prinsip dasar penentuan CRP dengan cara reverse passive aglutination test (RPA)
Disini antibodi yang disalutkan pada partikel untuk menentukan adanya antigen
pada serum
Ad 3. Uji ELISA
Ad 4. Imunokromatografi
Ad 5. Imunoturbidometri
Nilai Rujukan
titer 1:40
1,3 mg/L
Uji imunokromatografik
<6 mg/L
INTERPRETASI HASIL
Artritis Rheumatoid
Penyakit Crohn
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Vaskulitis Sistemik
1 mg L Berisiko Rendah
1 - 3 mg L Berisiko Sedang
3 mg L Berisiko Tinggi
ASO:
Indikasi Pemeriksaan:
Reaksi +
SO
ASO
Kompleks SO-ASO
RBC
Tak Hemolisis
Reaksi (-)
Serum
tanpa
ASO
SO
SO
RBC
Hemolisis
Nilai Rujukan
Titer ASO 200 IU/ml
Usia penderita
Pada bayi baru lahir, titer ASO nya lebih tinggi dari
ibunya, tapi dalam waktu beberapa minggu saja
titer itu menurun dengan tajam
Pada usia sekolah, titer ASO mulai naik lagi sampai
mencapai usia dewasa
Pada usia lanjut, titer ASO menurun lagi
INTERPRETASI HASIL
Nilai diagnostik uji ASO kurang baik sebab
hampir 20% orang normal memberi titer ASO
> 200 IU/ml
Atas dasar ini maka pemeriksaan titer ASO
hanya 1 kali tidak mempunyai arti diagnostik
yang penting, kecuali bila titernya amat tinggi,
misal 400 IU/ml
1 Block Introduction
2 Anatomi Sistem Muskuloskletal (Lutut dan Tulang
Belakang)
3 Aspek Biokimia Sistem Muskuloskletal
4 Aspek Fisiologi dan Biomekanik Sistem Muskuloskletal
(Kinesiologi)
5 Gout and Chrystal Arthropathy
6 Principle of Arthritis in Joint (Inflammation & Infection)
7 Arthritis in SLE
8 Osteoporosis
9 Congenital Disorders and Infection of Musculoskeletal
(Ulkus pada Tungkai dan Osteomyelitis)
10 Neoplasma in Musculoskeletal System (Lipoma, etc)
11 Disorders of Pediatric Musculoskeletal System
12 Rehabilitation in Patients with Musculoskeletal Disorders
13 Laboratory Assessment in Musculoscletal Disorders
14 Radiologic Assessment in Musculoskletal Disorders
15 The Drugs that Influence Musculoskeletal System and
Principle of Pain and Inflammation Treatment
Anatomi
Biokimia
Fisiologi
PDL
PDL
PDL
PDL
Bedah
Bedah
IKA
Rehabmed
PK
Radiologi
Farmako