Vn n c phn loi nh th no?

Tr li :
Trong thc tin hng hi thng gp nhiu loi vn n khc nhau. Cn c vo cc tiu ch
nh: hng xp ln tu hay cha, kh nng lu thng ca vn n, tnh trng ca hng ha
b ghi ch trn vn n, c im ca hnh trnh v.v vn n c phn loi nh sau:
(a). Cn c vo vic hng xp ln tu hay cha, c hai loi: vn n xp hng ln tu
(Shipped on board B/L) v vn n nhn hng xp (Received for shipment B/L).
- Vn n xp hng ln tu (Shipped on board B/L) l vn n c k pht sau khi hng
ha thc s c c xp ln tu ti cng xp hng. Ngay mt trc ca vn n loi
ny thng in sn cu: c xp ln tu hng ha hoc cc kin cha ng hng ha
(SHIPPED ON BOARD the goods or packages said to contain goods).
- Vn n nhn hng xp (Received for shipment B/L) l vn n c cp sau khi
ngi vn chuyn nhn hng ca ngi thu vn chuyn, a vo kho bi ch xp ln tu.
Ti mt trc ca vn n thng in sn cu: Nhn xp (Received for shipment) hoc
Nhn vn chuyn. . . (Received for carriage). Khi hng ha thc s c xp ln tu,
ngi vn chuyn ghi ch thm trn mt trc ca vn n cu: c xp ln tu ngy
(SHIPPED ON BOARD on) v k tn. Khi vn n nhn hng xp (Received for
shipment B/L) tr thnh vn n xp hng ln tu (Shipped on board B/L).
(b). Cn c vo kh nng chuyn nhng (hay cn gi l kh nng lu thng) ca vn n, c
ba loi: vn n theo lnh (Order B/L), vn n ch danh (Straight B/L) v vn n v danh
(Bearer B/L).
- Vn n theo lnh (Order B/L) l vn n m ti Ngi nhn hng (Consignee) khng ghi
tn ngi nhn hng, m ghi hai t Theo lnh (To order) hoc theo lnh ca mt ngi no
c ngi giao hng (Shipper) ch nh pht lnh tr hng, v d: Theo lnh ca Ngn
hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam (To order of the Bank for Foreign Trade of Vietnam). Trng hp
trn vn n ch ghi hai t: Theo lnh (To order), m khng ghi r theo lnh ca ai th ngi
giao hng mc nhin l ngi c quyn pht lnh tr hng.
Vn n theo lnh c th chuyn nhng c bng cch ngi c quyn pht lnh tr hng
k hu (k mt sau vn n). Nu vn n khng c k hu th ch c ngi c quyn
pht lnh tr hng mi c th nhn c hng t ngi vn chuyn.
- Vn n ch danh (Straight B/L) l vn n m trn ghi r tn, a ch ca ngi nhn
hng. Ch c ngi nhn hng c tn ghi trn vn n mi c nhn hng. Vn n ch
danh khng th chuyn nhng c bng cch k hu.
- Vn n v danh (Bearer B/L) l vn n trn Ngi nhn hng b trng, khng ghi g.
Ngi vn chuyn giao hng cho bt k ngi no xut trnh vn n cho h. Vn n v danh
c chuyn nhng bng cch trao tay.

(c). Cn c vo ghi ch trn vn n, c hai loi: vn n hon ho (Clean B/L) v vn n

khng hon ho (Unclean B/L).
- Vn n hon ho (Clean B/L) l vn n trn khng c ghi ch ca ngi vn chuyn v
tnh trng xu ca hng ha hoc bao b b khuyt tt hay b h hng. Nhng ghi ch chung
chung nh: khng bit v trng lng, phm cht v ni dung bn trong hay bao b dng li
khng lm mt tnh hon ho ca vn n.
- Vn n khng hon ho (Unclean B/L) l vn n m trn c ghi ch v tnh trng xu
ca hng ha hoc bao b b khuyt tt hay b h hng, v d: mt s bao hng b rch v,
cc thng b r r, mt s kin hng b t hoc cc bao go c cn trng v mt v.v Vn
n khng hon ho s khng c ngn hng chp nhn thanh ton tin hng.
(d). Cn c vo c im hnh trnh vn chuyn, c ba loi: vn n i thng (Direct B/L), vn
n i sut (Through B/L) v vn n a phng thc (Muntimodal Transport B/L).
- Vn n i thng (Direct B/L) l vn n c s dng trong trng hp hng ha c vn
chuyn t cng xp hng n cng d hng bng mt chic tu, tc l hng ha i thng t
cng xp hng n cng d hng m khng phi chuyn ti cng dc ng.
- Vn n i sut (Through B/L) l vn n c s dng trong trng hp hng ha c
vn chuyn t cng xp hng n cng d hng cui cng bng hai hay nhiu con tu ca hai
hay nhiu ngi vn chuyn khc nhau, tc l hng ha phi chuyn ti dc ng. Vn
n i sut c c im:
+ C iu khon cho php chuyn ti;
+ C ghi r cng xp hng, cng d hng v cng chuyn ti;
+ Ngi cp vn n i sut chu trch nhim v hng ha trn ton b hnh trnh vn chuyn
t cng xp hng n cng d hng cui cng, k c trn chng ng do ngi vn chuyn
khc thc hin.
- Vn n a phng thc (Muntimodal transport B/L) hay cn gi l vn n vn ti lin hp
(Combined transport B/L) l vn n c s dng trong trng hp hng ha c vn
chuyn t ni i n ni n bng hai hay nhiu phng thc vn ti khc nhau, tc l c
nhiu chng vn chuyn thy, b khc nhau trong c vn chuyn bng ng bin. Vn n
vn ti a phng thc c c im:
+ Trn vn n ghi r ni nhn hng vn chuyn v ni tr hng;
+ Trn vn n ghi r ni c php chuyn ti v cc phng thc vn ti tham gia vn
chuyn hng ha;
+ Ngi cp vn n a phng thc phi chu trch nhim v hng ha trn ton b hnh
trnh vn chuyn t ni nhn hng c th nm su trong ni a ca mt nc n ni tr hng
c th nm su trong ni a ca nc khc.
(e). Mt s loi vn n khc:

- Vn n k pht theo hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn (Charter Party B/L) l vn n c

s dng trong trng hp hng ha c vn chuyn theo cc iu khon ca hp ng vn
chuyn theo chuyn. Trn vn n thng ghi cu: s dng vi hp ng vn chuyn theo
chuyn (To be used with Charter Party). Mt sau ca vn n khng c cc iu khon v iu
kin vn chuyn. V vy, cc iu khon ca hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn cng c p
dng cho vn n.
- Vn n xut trnh (Surrendered B/L) l vn n m ngi giao hng, sau khi nhn c
trn b vn n, xut trnh mt bn gc cho ngi vn chuyn hoc i l ca h ti cng
xp hng. Trong trng hp vn n xut trnh th ngi vn chuyn c trch nhim ch th
cho thuyn trng hoc i l ca mnh cng d hng giao hng cho ngi nhn hng m
khng cn yu cu xut trnh vn n gc.
- Vn n ca ngi giao nhn hay cn gi l vn n th cp (House B/L) l vn n do
ngi giao nhn k pht khi h thc hin chc nng ca ngi vn chuyn.
- Vn n thay i (Switch B/L) l vn n c cp li theo yu cu ca ngi giao hng hay
ngi nm gi vn n (B/L holder) thay i mt s chi tit trn vn n nh: cng xp
hng, cng d hng, s lng hng, ngy k vn n v.v nhm p ng cc yu cu trong
vic mua bn, chuyn nhng hng ha ghi trn vn n. V nguyn tc, i vi mt l hng
khng c php cp hai b vn n cng song song tn ti. V vy, thng thng ngi vn
chuyn ch k pht b vn n th hai sau khi thu hi c b vn n th nht.
- Vn n cho bn th ba (Third party B/L) l vn n m trn c ghi ngi th hng th
tn dng (L/C) khng phi l ngi giao hng m l mt ngi khc. Vn n ny c s
dng trong trng hp ngi c hng ha xut khu y thc qua mt n v xut nhp khu.
Ngoi nhng loi vn n nu trn, nhng nm gn y trong thc tin hng hi xut hin mt
loi chng t vn chuyn c tn gi l Sea-Way Bill (giy gi hng ng bin, cn gi l
Sea Waybill, Seaway Bill, Waybill). Chng t ny khng giao dch, chuyn nhng c nhng
n rt tin li v ngi nhn hng c th nhn c hng m khng cn xut trnh Sea-Way Bill
gc. Tuy nhin, cho n nay Sea-Way Bill phn ln c s dng vn chuyn hnh l c
nhn, hng mu, hng phi mu dch v hng ha bun bn theo phng thc ghi s (open
account trading) gia cc bn hng tin cy.
Trch t 100 cu hi lin quan ti hp ng vn chuyn hng ha bng ng bin