Tr v Cch mng cng nghip

Mt chuyn gia ca Cambridge cho rng s thay i trong thi quen ung l nguyn nhn cho Cch mng
cng nghip ca anh. Anjana Ahuja bo co.
A. Alan Macfarlane, chuyn gia v khoa hc nhn hc ti King College, Cambridge, cng l nh lch s,
dnh hng thp k vt ln vi cu v Cuc cch mng cng nghip. Ti sao s kin Big Bang Commented [TL1]: Wrestling with the enigma of
c bit ny s ra i ca ngnh cng nghip thay i th gii xy ra Anh? V ti sao n li
dng li vo cui th k 18.
B. Macfarlance so snh cu mc kha b mt. C khong 20 nhn t khc nhau v tt c chng cn Commented [TL2]: combination lock
xut hin trc khi cuc cch mng c th din ra ng ni. nn cng nghip ct cnh, cn Commented [TL3]: take off
phi c cng ngh v nng lng vn hnh cc nh my, mng li dn s th ln cung cp
ngun nhn cng gi r, giao thng thun tin vn chuyn hng ha v tng lp trung lu sn Commented [TL4]: an affluent middle-class
sang mua cc sn phm c sn xut hng lot, nn kinh t nh hng th trng v h thng Commented [TL5]: mass-produced objects
php lut cho php iu xy ra. Trong khi trng hp ny p dng cho nc Anh, mt s quc Commented [TL6]: market-driven economy
gia khc nh Nht Bn, Phn Lan v Php cng gp tiu ch ny nhng khng xut hin cng nghip
ha. Tt c hng nhn t ny l cn thit nhng khng y dn n cuc cch mng, Commented [TL7]: not sufficient
Macfarlance ni. Sau tt c, H Lan c tt c mi th tr than , trong khi , Trung QUc cng
c rt nhiu trong nhng nhn t ny. Rt nhiu nh lch s hc tin chc rng, thiu mt hoc hai
yu t m bn cn m kha vn ny.
C. Yu t thiu y, ng xut, c th c tm thy gn nh mi t bp. Tr v bia, hai thc
ung a thch ti quc gia, thc y cuc cch mng. Cc tinh cht kh trng t chit xut v cy, Commented [TL8]: Active ingredient
cc thnh phn hot tnh trong tr v c p trong bia cng vi s tht rng chng c u
Commented [TL9]: hop
c to ra vi nc si cho php cng ng th pht trin mnh m khng cn khng c cc
Commented [TL10]: detective work
bnh do nc nh bnh l. V l thuyt nghe c v lp d nhng mt ln khi ng y bt u lm
Commented [TL11]: deduction
sng t cng vic iu tra i su vo suy lun ca ng y, thi hoi nghi dn ng y i ti
ngng m mt cch thn trng. Trng hp ca Marfarlance c tng thm s h t ch Commented [TL12]: scepticism

ng qu - Roy Porter, nh lch s y t li lc, gn y vit mt nh gi tn thnh v nghin cu Commented [TL13]: Notable quarters

ca ng y. Commented [TL14]: Come about: to happen,

D. Macfarlance t hi trong mt thi gian di Cch mng cng nghip lm th no xy ra. Cc nh
lch s hc bt cht ngh n mt nhn t th v cn c gii thch trong gia th k 18. Vo Commented [TL15]: alight
khong gia 1650 1740, dn s nc Anh khng c bin ng. Nhng sau c mt s bng n
dn s. Macfarlance cho rng: T l t vong ca tr s sinh chia u trong khong 20 nm, v iu
ny xy ra c vng nng thn v thnh th, din ra trong mi tng lp. Nhiu ngi on rng c
bn nguyn nhn c th xy ra. c s thay i bt ng xung quanh cc loi viruts v vi khun?
Khng chc chn. C mt s cch mng trong khoa hc y t? Nhng y l th k trc khi xut hin
cch mng Lister. C s thay i trong iu kin mi trng. C mt s ci tin trong nng nghip
xa b st rt, nhng ch mang li li ch rt nh. H thng v snh cha tr nn ph bin ti tn
th k 19. Mt la chn cn li l do thc phm. Nhng nhng thng k v chiu cao v cn nng
cho thy mt s gim. V vy thc phm tr nn t i. C gng gii thch s gim bt ng i vi
s tr em t vong lm xut hin mt khong trng.
E. S bng n dn s dng nh ch xy ra ng thi im cung cp lao ng cho Cnh mng cng
nghip. Khi bn bt u di chuyn hng n cch mng cng nghip, hiu qu kinh t mi
ngi sng thn thit vi nhau. Macfarlance ni. Nhng sau khi xy ra dch bnh, phn ln nhn
especially in a way that is not planned
on/upon something phrasal verb formalto suddenly
think of or notice something or someone
Commented [TL16]: required explainaton
Commented [TL17]: a burst in population growth
Commented [TL18]: the infant mortality rate
Commented [TL19]: halve (v) to reduce something
by half or divide something into two equalpieces
Commented [TL20]: in the space of 20 years
Commented [TL21]: in the viruses and bacteria around
Commented [TL22]: wipe out
Commented [TL23]: Sanitation
Commented [TL24]: Did not become widespread
Commented [TL25]: child death
Commented [TL26]: Draw a blank
 lc b lng ph. Mt vi nghin cu xung quanh cc ghi chp lch s cho rng c mt s thay i Commented [TL27]: Human waste
trong t l bnh mang nc vo thi im , c bit l bnh l. Macfarlance loi tr iu m bt
c ngi Anh no khi ang ung u tr nn quan trong trong vic iu chnh bnh dch. ng ni
rng chng ta ung bia, rt nhiu nm sau, ngi Anh s c bo v bi nhng i din khng
khun mnh m, nhng thnh phn c thm vo bo qun bia. Nhng n cui th k 17
thu mch nha xut hin, thnh phn c bn trong bia. Ngi ngho quay tr v vi nc v ru
gin v n nhng nm 1720, t l t vong li tip tc tang tr li. Sau li t ngt gim xung?
Nguyn nhn do u?
F. Macfarlance tm hiu Nht Bn, mt t nc cng c nhng thnh ph to ln v ang pht trin
cng vo thi im v cng khng c trung tm v sinh no. Cc bnh dch mang nc c mt
s li cun m h hn i vi dn s Nhn Bn so vi Anh Quc. C th tr ph bin quc gia ny Commented [TL28]: Loose grip
hn? Macfarlance sau ghi ch rng lch s ca tr Anh Quc cung cp ngy thng trng hp
n phi thng. tr kh l t ti tn khi Anh bt u mt chuyn thuyn cao tc trc tip trao Commented [TL29]: An extraordinary coincidence of
i vi Trung QU u th k 18. Qua thp nhin 1740, v thi gian m t l t vong tr s sinh lao date

dc, vic ung tr nn bnh thng. Macfarlance on rng s tht nc khi c un si ln, lm
sch d dy vi tinh cht ca tr c ngha nh sa c cung cp t chnh cc b m khe mnh
hn bt k loi no trc y. Khng mt quc qua chu u no nhm nhp tr nh Anh, theo Commented [TL30]: No other European nation
nh logic ca Macfarlance, y chnh l iu thc y cc quc gia khc cnh tranh trong cuc cch Commented [TL31]: sipp
mng.
G. Nhng, nu nh tr l mt nhn t trong mc kha b mt, ti sao Nht Bn khng thc y nhanh Commented [TL32]: combination lock
chng qu trnh cch mng cng nghip trong loi tr ngm ca chnh h? Marfarlance ghi ch rng Commented [TL33]: forge ahead phrasal verbto
thm ch th k 17, Nht l mt quc gia rng ln, t l bit ch cao, cng l mt th trng tng make progress, especially quickly

lai, li quay lng li vi bn cht ca bt k nn tng cuc cch mng cng vic bng vic t b cc Commented [TL34]: essence
thit b tit kim lao ng nh ng vt, ly lm tic rng h c th t mi ngi vo tnh trng
tht nghip. V vy, quc gia m chng ta bit v nh mt trong nhng quc gia cng ngh tin tin Commented [TL35]: work out
nht bc vo th k 19 vi bnh xe b b ri