Analysis of European Patent Referencing To IEEE Papers, Conferences, and Standards 1997-2008

Analysis of European Patent Referencing to IEEE Papers,
Conferences, and Standards 1997-2008
Report prepared for:

IEEE
445 Hoes Lane
Piscataway, NJ 08855
www.ieee.org
Report prepared by:

Anthony Breitzman, Ph.D.
1790 Analytics LLC
130 Haddon Avenue
Haddonfield, NJ 08033
www.1790analytics.com
July 27, 2009
Executive Summary
IEEE engaged 1790 Analytics in this project to assess the impact of IEEE publications on
technology developments in several areas of Information Technology (IT). This impact is
measured by examining the extent to which patented inventions related to IT build upon
papers from IEEE journals, IEEE-sponsored conferences, and IEEE standards. 1790 has
conducted a number of similar studies in the past using references from US patents. In
this study, we examined the set of references from published European Patents (EP) to
see if the results were similar. This is an update of previous reports, and examines EP
patents issued from January 1, 1997 through December 31, 2008.
The main findings of this report are:
Patented technology frequently builds upon scientific discoveries published in

scientific journals or presented at scientific conferences. A large portion of this
science base comes from papers presented at IEEE sponsored conferences and
published in IEEE journals. We analyzed the top 25 largest patenting firms and
found that as a set, these leading firms referenced IEEE published articles more
than 12,000 times in 12 years. Approximately one-third of all science references
from these firms are to articles appearing in IEEE journals or IEEE conference
papers.
In this study, we also went beyond the top 25 patenting companies and analyzed
all patents from the last 12 years in several technology categories of interest to
IEEE members and customers. For example, approximately 38% of all scientific
references from Computer Hardware patents go to IEEE publications. To put this
in perspective, the second most referenced publisher is Reed/Elsevier with just
over 13% of the referenced publications. In other Information Technology areas,
such as Information Storage, Semiconductor Manufacturing, and Telecom, the
results are similar.
These results are consistent with the US results of earlier studies. (See [2] for
these results.) This is important because although approximately 50% of all US
patents are non-US invented, it is perceived that there is a US bias which would
favor US publications to the detriment of European publishers such as Elsevier.
Moreover, it is widely perceived that the European patent systems referencing
method is superior to the US system. This study suggests that the earlier US
patent studies do not favor IEEE because of any biases within the US patent
system.
To take the above bullet point a bit further, consider Executive Summary Figure
1. The US portion of the Figure is taken from the aforementioned US studies,
while the EP figure is from this analysis. In general, the share of IEEE references
from EP patents is similar to the share of IEEE references to US patents.
We see in the Executive Summary Figure that the IEEE is first in references in
nearly every category. In the non-core areas like Medical Devices and Nuclear
Technology where IEEE is not first, it actually is referenced more often in EP
patents than in US patents.
In Telecommunications technology, IEEE is particularly important. The 17,000+

references to IEEE articles and conferences represent almost half of all science
references from Telecommunications patents since 1997. Moreover, the 17,000+
references to IEEE dwarf the combined total of the next 15 publishing
organizations in this technology.
IEEE is referenced a surprising amount in areas which are not central to its
mission.
For example, approximately 14.5% of the science references from patents in
medical devices go to IEEE publications. This ranks IEEE second behind
Elsevier, which has more than 400 journal titles in the area.
Optics is also somewhat surprising. IEEE publications receive the most
references from Optics patents, and IEEE is referenced significantly more than
the two large Optics Societies: SPIE The International Society of Optical
Engineering, and OSA The Optical Society of America.
Another non-Information Technology Area in which IEEE does very well is
Clocks & Timepieces. Nearly one-third of all references from clock related
patents reference articles from IEEE.
In Measuring, Testing, and Control, IEEE is second to Elsevier in science
references. Again, Elsevier has many more journal titles related to this topic.
In the Nuclear, X-Ray, and Radiant Energy category IEEE is referenced third
most often behind Elsevier and The American Institute of Physics. This is not
terribly surprising since a large number of patents in this space are related to
Nuclear Medicine where Elsevier has journal titles but IEEE has none.
In the Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing category, almost 40% of the
patent references are to articles published in IEEE journals or in proceedings of
IEEE sponsored conferences. Second place Elsevier receives only about 18% of
references in the category.
Patents related to Power Systems and Transmission also reference IEEE
publications most frequently.
ii
Table of Contents
Section
Page
I. Introduction
II. Methodology
III. Results
IV. Conclusions
10
V. References
11
Appendix A
A-1
Appendix B
B-1
Appendix C
C-1
I. Introduction
In previous studies by 1790 Analytics, it was found that patents from information technology
(IT) companies, and patents from several IT related technologies, tend to reference papers from
IEEE journals much more often than papers from other journal publishers (see [2]). Because
IEEE is a US publisher and Elsevier and others are European publishers, it has been suggested
that the positive results for IEEE in past studies may be due to US inventor biases. Moreover,
since European Patent Office (EPO) references are widely perceived as being more rigorous, it
has been suggested that an EPO patent study might have very different results. The aim of this
study was to determine whether referencing patterns from European IT patents are similar to
their US counterparts.
Although this report is an update of previous results, we have made our best efforts to make this
report self-contained. The aim of this report, as in previous reports, is to analyze references from
patents to journal articles, conferences and standards documents, in order to assess IEEEs
impact upon technological developments.
This report covers 12 subcategories of Technology where IEEE members and readers are active.
Many, but not all are related to Information Technology. The categories, with patent counts are
shown below in Table 1.
Table 1: Number of EP Patents for Each Category Covered in this Study
Category
Clocks/Watches/Time Pieces
Computer Hardware
Computer Software
Diagnosis/Surgery/Medical Instruments
Information Storage
Measuring, Testing and Control Devices
Nuclear/X-Ray/Radiant Energy
Optics/Photography/Electrophotography
Power Systems
Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing
Semiconductors/Solid-State Devices/Electronics
Telecom and Other Communications
# Patents 1997-2008
2159
64,868
28,792
72,049
22,508
59,336
13,396
33,686
24,023
4,851
32,696
129,976
II. Methodology
This study is based on referencing patterns from patents to prior art documents. In the European
Patent (EP) system, when an inventor files a patent for a new invention, a search is undertaken
by an EP searcher that will reference earlier documents to show how the new invention builds
upon or differs from earlier inventions. This is done to delineate exactly what is new about the
invention. So for example if someone invents a new mousetrap with an improved spring, the
Page 2
searcher will reference earlier mousetrap patents, and designs to show what has come previously.
This way the inventor only gets monopoly rights to the new part of the invention (the improved
spring) and does not get to claim rights to any and all mousetraps.
The EP system differs from the US patent system in how references are compiled. In the US
system it is primarily the job of the patent inventor and his/her lawyer to list all relevant prior art.
The patent examiner will augment the list of prior art if he/she feels that additional references are
needed. In the EP system the inventor does not add references. Instead, a searcher employed by
the EPO and independent of the patent examiner adds all relevant references. This system is
viewed as superior to the US system by many patent researchers.
As an example, Figure 1 shows the front page of a Fujitsu EP patent. The prior art references on
this patent come in two forms - references to earlier patents, and other references. These other
references are often to scientific publications, such as those produced by IEEE. In this report we
are primarily concerned with these other references, which are also sometimes called NonPatent References. Those in yellow on Figure 1 are references that appear in IEEE journals or
IEEE conferences.
It has been suggested that patents with many non-patent references are likely to contain new
leading-edge ideas, whereas patents that only reference earlier patents are likely to be
incremental improvements on earlier patented technologies. For a comprehensive study on
various hypotheses surrounding the motivations of inventors in citing other references, see [1].
It has been suggested that patents with many non-patent references are likely to contain new
leading-edge ideas, whereas patents that only reference earlier patents are likely to be
incremental improvements on earlier patented technologies. For a comprehensive study on
various hypotheses surrounding the motivations of inventors and searchers in citing non-patent
references, see [1].
A. Patent Sets
This study is based on two patent sets. Our analysis is based on determining the number of
references from these patent sets to publications from publishers such as IEEE, Elsevier, the
American Institute of Physics, and others.
The first set contains EP patents from the top 25 patenting companies in 2008. Analysis of this
patent set provides an insight into how the top tier companies rely upon science from IEEE and
other publishers. The second set contains all patents in twelve technology categories from all
companies, universities, government agencies, and individuals. The twelve technology categories
examined are shown in Table 1 above. Analysis of this patent set reveals the wider influence of
IEEE science in these technologies.
Page 3
Identifying Relevant Non-Patent References

Non-patent references can be to any published document, from comic strips, to brochures, to
scientific articles and standards documents. The main difficulty in identifying relevant nonpatent references for a study such as this is that the references are not all listed consistently. As
an example, below are eight different variants for the IEEE Global Telecom Conference. Some
instances use the GLOBECOM shorthand, while others list the entire name. Sometimes IEEE is
mentioned and sometimes it is not. When abbreviation variations are included such as Telecom,
Tele, Tcom, Proc., Proceed., the number of variants increases further. The same issue exists for
variants in journal names and standards documents.
Table 2 Variants for IEEE Global Telecom Conference
Proceedings of Globecom '96
IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference
GLOBECOM '90:IEEE
Proceedings of IEEE Globecom '94
Globecom '97
IEEE Globecom, Global Telecommunications Conference and
Exhibiton
Proc of the Global Tele Conf, U.S. New York, IEEE
1. Conference Identification
To identify conference proceedings among the non-patent references, we first identified
references containing keywords such as meeting, symposia, conference, etc. We then used
software to identify 2-word and 3-word phrases that appear frequently in this set of papers. The
full string was identified for these string sub-sequences in order to identify frequently cited
conferences. In this way, we identified the top 400 conferences referenced in the patent sets, and
standardized the names of these conferences (i.e. all of the different variants of a conference
were collected under a single name). As an example, all of the variants shown in Table 2 are
assigned to the name <conf> IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM).
We then looked up each of these conferences on the web to determine who is listed as their
primary sponsor. For example, many of the conferences are sponsored by organizations such as
IEEE, ACM (Association for Computer Machinery) and ASME (American Society of
Mechanical Engineers).
Page 4
2. Standards Identification
There are relatively few standards referenced (although more than in the US studies and
particularly in the telecommunications sector), and in general they are easy to identify by looking
for strings such as standard or std. Once the records containing the standards were located, it
was relatively easy to identify the organization that produced each standard (ETSI, ISOC, IEEE,
ISO, JEDEC, ANSI, etc.).
3. Journal Identification
Identifying and standardizing journal names is a very difficult process because there are so many
different journals, and their names can be abbreviated in many different ways. To make the
problem more manageable, we restricted our analysis to the 14,000+ journals covered by the
ISI/Thomson Scientific Database. This is not a severe limitation, since these 14,000+ journals
include more than 100 IEEE journals, 1400+ Elsevier journals, and 350+ Wiley journals. In
addition, we also identify some non-ISI journals if they appear very frequently in the patent
references, but do not appear in the ISI database.
Once restricted to these 14,000 journals, we used software that transforms journal names into
common abbreviations and then implements string matching. Care must be taken with string
matching because, for example, searching for Urology Journal will also accidentally identify
Neurology Journal. Similarly, a search for the journal Science would accidentally pick up
any reference with science in the paper title as well as any of the 800+ journals with science in
their titles such as Game and Wildlife Science. Our proprietary software for journal
identification deals with all of these problems, so that we generate an accurate match between the
patent references and 14,000+ journals. After identifying all of the relevant journals, we then
used the ISI database and web research to identify the publisher of each journal.
III. Results
References from Top 25 Patenting Organizations
Table 3 shows the 25 firms that were granted the largest number of US patents in 2008. It should
be noted that many of these firms consist of multiple subsidiaries, and these firms patent under
many names. We identified all of the subsidiary names for each company to ensure that our
patent counts are accurate.
We identified the top 25 patenting firms because we want to understand the extent to which the
current technology leaders use IEEE science. Figure 2 shows the 20 publishers of science whose
publications are referenced most frequently by the 25 firms shown in Table 3. This figure shows
that patents issued to the top 25 firms between 1997 and 2008 reference IEEE papers,
conferences, and standards more than 12,000 times. This is more than 1.5 times as many
references as the second placed publisher (Reed/Elsevier) and almost 5 times as many as third
place American Chemical Society.
Page 5
Table 3 Top Patenting Firms in 2008

Assignee
Samsung Electronics Co Ltd
Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
Bosch (Robert) GmbH
Panasonic Corporation
BASF SE
Qualcomm Inc
LG Electronics Inc.
Fujitsu Limited
Toyota Motor Company
General Electric Company
Hitachi Ltd
Johnson & Johnson
Honeywell International Inc.
Sony Corp
Nokia Corp
Bayer AG
Fuji Film Holdings Corp
United Technologies Corp
Microsoft Corporation
Roche HoldingLtd.
Alcatel-Lucent
3M
Research in Motion Ltd.
Procter & Gamble Co.
2008 US Patent
Count
2129
1983
1815
1393
1060
1043
984
980
922
902
893
865
831
816
783
759
676
673
640
634
629
618
612
609
600
1997-2008 US Patent
Count
11247
23379
20495
13888
14601
10792
4152
5618
6823
6171
8533
7728
7517
4914
11121
7408
8154
5307
3702
3740
4948
11308
6506
2169
8647
Table 4 illustrates the reference distribution of Samsung, one of the top 25 firms. This reference
distribution is fairly typical of the top 25 firms. The references from Samsung to IEEE are
actually to a number of different IEEE journals and conferences. In this table, IEEE journals are
highlighted in yellow, IEEE conferences are highlighted in orange, and IEEE standards are
highlighted in green. As a telecom firm, Samsung tends to reference a lot of standards. However
among the 10 journals most referenced by Samsung, seven are IEEE journals.
A full 24 of the 50 entries in Table 4 represent references to IEEE articles, standards, and
conference titles. This compares favorably with second ranked Elsevier, whose journals are in
the table only 8 times. The reader may notice the large number of references to IEEE
Unseparated. These are articles that reference IEEE, but the inventor has not given name
specific enough to identify the proper journal or conference. For example consider:
IEEE, 14 November 1994, Kitamura, "Design of the ISDN PC Card", pp. 1169, 1170, 1171.
This reference is to an IEEE journal, but the inventor has not provided enough information to
name the journal title.
Page 6
Table 4 Reference Distribution from Samsung EP Patents 1997-2008

#
References
118
93
82
55
52
50
48
44
36
34
32
31
31
31
27
27
26
23
20
20
19
18
17
17
17
17
15
15
14
14
14
12
12
11
11
11
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
8
7
7
7
7
7
journal/conference/standard
IEEE Unseparated
<std> IETF Std
<std> GPP General Partnership Project Tech Spec
<conf> IEEE Misc Conf
Proc SPIE
<std> European Telecom Standards Institute (ETSI)
ELECTRONICS LETTERS
IEEE tr CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
<std> TSG RAN Working Group
<std> ISO/IEC/JTC Std
IEEE tr COMMUNICATIONS
IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS
JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS
IEEE tr Circuits and sys for Video tech
IEEE COMMUNICATIONS MAGAZINE
IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS
<std> ISO Std
<conf> IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM)
Elsevier Misc
SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION
<std> ITU Telecom Standard
<conf> IEEE Int Conf Acous, Speech, and Sig Proc (ICASSP)
Misc IEEE
<std> IEEE Std
IEEE tr INFORMATION THEORY
IEEE Proceedings
<conf> IEEE Vehicular Tech Conf
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS
<conf> IEEE int conf on comm (ICC)
PATTERN RECOGNITION
<std> ECMA Std
ACS-Amer Chem Soc (Misc)
<conf> IEEE Wireless and Communications and Networking Conference
(WCNC)
IEEE tr PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE
PATTERN RECOGNITION LETTERS
<conf> IEEE int conf on imag proc
COMPUTERS & GRAPHICS
IEEE COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS
IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS
IEEE Personal comm
IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS
<conf> IEEE Int Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM)
NATURE
ADVANCED MATERIALS
COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS
JOURNAL OF ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY
COMPUTER NETWORKS AND ISDN SYSTEMS
IEEE MICRO
Page 7
References from Companies in Twelve Technology Categories

In the previous section, we analyzed the use of IEEE science by the top patenting organizations.
Out of all science publishers, IEEE was cited most often by these organizations by a wide
margin. However, looking only at the top companies tells an incomplete story. IEEE publishes
journals and runs conferences mainly in information technology, electronic and other areas. It is
therefore useful to examine the extent to which IEEE science is referenced by all organizations
that patent in specific technologies and not just the leading companies.
As mentioned in the methodology section, we identified all patents in the twelve technology
categories shown above in Table 1. 1790 Analytics has developed a classification scheme that
categorizes all patents into 50 broad technology areas. This categorization scheme as well as
specific International Patent Classes, were used to identify all relevant patents for this part of the
analysis.
We examined each of the twelve technology areas separately, and the results are summarized in
Figures 3-14. The first category shown (in Figure 3) is Clocks, Watches, and Timepieces. We
identified all non-patent references on patents related to this technology issued between 1997 and
2008. We then determined the science publishers responsible for the largest number of these
non-patent references. Figure 3 shows the result of this analysis, namely that IEEE science is
referenced far more by clock and watch related patents than science from any other publisher.
More than one-third of all science references from these patents go to IEEE journal papers or
IEEE sponsored conference papers (the graphs also include standards documents, but the vast
majority of the references are to journal or conference papers).
Figures 4 and 5 are analogous to Figure 3 except they show referencing patterns from Computer
Hardware and Software patents. Here IEEE once again receives far more references than the
other publishers. In both cases, Elsevier is the second most referenced publisher, but it receives
less than half of the references that IEEE does.
Figure 6 examines the top referenced publishers in the Medical Device field, which covers
devices as well as diagnostic tools and surgical instruments. Here, IEEE is a surprisingly
respectable second in an area that is somewhat outside its core competency. Elsevier has more
than 400 journals in the medical field, including Annals of Thoracic Surgery, and the Journal of
the American College of Cardiology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, which publishes more
than 100 health and diagnostic related journals, including Circulation, Neurosurgery,
Investigative Radiology, Anesthesiology, and Annals of Surgery is ranked fourth. IEEE has
relatively few medical journals but has many patent references to articles appearing in IEEE
Transactions on Biomedical Engineering and IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.
Figure 7 shows the results for the information storage category. In this area, IEEE is particularly
dominant. A full 42% of all of the science references from patents in information storage are to
papers in IEEE journals or conferences. IEEEs 1,356 references in this category are more than
4 times as many as second place Elsevier.
Page 8
Figure 8 shows the results of patents covering Measuring, Testing, and Control technology.
Patents in this category are related to measuring or testing, force, pressure, weight, etc. as well as
chemically measuring substances (e.g. measuring CO2 levels). The category also contains
control devices since these technologies are often combined. For example a patent might be
related to a valve that adjusts at a certain pressure or at a certain pollution level. Since this type
of measuring can be done both mechanically, magnetically, electrically, or chemically, it is not
too surprising to see both IEEE and Elsevier and the American Chemical Society all near the top
of Figure 8. Elsevier receives the most references, but IEEE is a fairly close second.
Figure 9 contains reference counts for Nuclear and X-Ray technology patents. Much of the
patenting in this category is related to Nuclear Medicine so it is not surprising that the top
referenced publisher is Elsevier. IEEE is third in referencing in this category behind Elsevier
and the American Institute of Physics.
The results for the Optics category can be found in Figure 10. This is another area that is slightly
outside the IEEE core. IEEE still has a substantial lead over the second and third place publishers
- the International Society of Optical Engineering (SPIE) and the Optical Society of America
(OSA). Since these latter two societies are Optical societies, it would be reasonable to assume
that one of these societies would lead in the category, but IEEE strong journals and conferences
in the area receive more references.
Figure 11 shows reference counts for the patents related to power generation and transmission.
Although this is a non-information technology category, IEEE leads in references in this
category as well. About 38% of science references from patents in this category go to IEEE
publications.
Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics contains patents related to robotics, and robotics and
control systems related to manufacturing. According to Fortune Magazine [3] the Robotics
industry is a $5 billion global industry that is expected to triple in size within the next 5 years as
a result of a population explosion in service robots that mow lawns, vacuum floors, and
manufacture things.
As this industry grows, new innovations will be patented, and from Figure 12 it looks like those
innovations will build upon ideas published in IEEE journal articles or presented at IEEE
conferences. We see in Figure 12 that nearly 39% all science references from patents in this
space refer to IEEE published articles. Elsevier is the second ranked publisher, but it has fewer
than half as many references as IEEE. In this category, IEEE has more references then the next 8
publishers combined.
Figure 13 shows that IEEE is also very strong in the Semiconductor category. Here, the inclusion
of conferences gives IEEE a substantial boost. A little less than one-third of the references to
IEEE are to conference papers. With conferences excluded, IEEE would be about even with the
American Institute of Physics in terms of science references from semiconductor patents.
In the Telecommunications category, IEEE receives more than nine times as many references as
the second place publisher (IEE). Standards are referenced more frequently in
Page 9
telecommunications, but still not nearly as often as journal and conference papers. About 60% of
the science references to all publishers are to journal articles; 26% of the references are to
conference papers, and about 14% are to standards documents. In terms of standards documents,
the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and European Telecom Standards Institute (ETSI)
received the most references in the category with 2,088 and 944 references respectively.
Figures 3-14 show aggregate counts of references from all patents in each technology category.
Readers who wish to see the firms that reference IEEE publications in each category can consult
Appendix B. This appendix contains the 100 organizations that reference IEEE most frequently
in each category. Appendix C is similar, except that it contains the organizations that reference
IEEE most frequently in the twelve technology categories combined.
IV. Conclusions
When a patent is filed, it must reference the prior art upon which it builds, as well as any prior art
that limits the claims of the new invention. This study and prior studies show that science
published by IEEE forms a significant portion of this prior art for new patents.
In this study, we examined two separate patent sets. The first patent set consisted of patents
granted between 1997 and 2008 to the 25 organizations with the largest number of EP patents
granted in 2008. The second patent set consisted of all EP patents granted between 1997 and
2008 patents in twelve key technologies: clocks, computer hardware, software, nuclear/x-ray,
robotics, semiconductors, measuring and testing, medical devices, telecommunications, optics,
power systems, and information storage. In both of these patent sets, IEEE is the dominant
source of non-patent prior art. In other words, IEEE journals and conferences are key outlets for
scientific discoveries relevant to cutting edge technology.
We have conducted a number of similar analyses for US patents and found similar results. By
repeating the analysis and getting similar results for European patented technology, we have
achieved the following:
1. We showed that respect for and use of IEEE published science is not restricted to US
inventors and scientists.
2. We showed that high referencing to IEEE published science in US patents is not due to
any biases in the way that the US citations are gathered. The EP patent system with its
independent search system is viewed as superior to the US system, where patent
references are compiled by the inventor, inventors attorney, and patent examiner.
However we have shown that the referencing patterns to science are similar in both
systems, and that the IEEE is an important outlet for science that is built upon by leading
edge technology.
Page 10
V. References
[1] Branstetter, Lee. Is Academic Science Driving a Surge in Industrial Innovation? Evidence
from Patent Citations, Columbia Business School, Discussion Paper #28.
[2] Breitzman, Anthony. "IEEE and Patents: An Analysis of Patent Referencing to IEEE Papers,
Conferences and Standards", 1790 Analytics, LLC, March 2009.
[3] Fortune Magazine, Ten Tech Trends, January 10, 2005.
Page 11
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Clocks
Clocks
48%
IEEE
AVS-AIP
ACM
7%
5%
Med Dev.
Meas/Test Nuclear
Meas/Test Nuclear
Optics
Optics
European (EP) Science References
Storage
Storage
Med Dev.
Hardware Software
41%
IEEE
ACM
Elsevier
Hardware Software
38%
60%
13%
10%
IEEE
Elsevier
ACM
17%
11%
16%
6%
38%
IEEE
ACM
Elsevier
17%
8%
24%
13%
6%
46%
19%
15%
8%
IEEE
Elsevier
ACS
US Science References
IEEE
Elsevier
ACM
Elsevier
Lippincot
IEEE
23%
14%
7%
43%
9%
8%
18%
13%
12%
Elsevier
ACS
AVS-AIP
21%
15%
13%
IEEE
OSA
SPIE
Power Sys Robotics
Power Sys Robotics
34%
IEEE
Elsevier
ElectroChem
18%
10%
49%
IEEE
Elsevier
ACM
9%
5%
Semic
Semic
28%
18%
13%
IEEE
AVS-AIP
Elsevier
Executive Summary Figure: Comparison of EP and US Results
11%
8%
Elsevier
IEEE
Wiley
IEEE
Elsevier
AVS-AIP
5%
12%
8%
26%
11%
18%
3%
Telecom
Telecom
6%
6%
70%
37%
IEEE
Elsevier
Springer
38%
10%
8%
IEEE
Elsevier
ACM
23%
16%
Elsevier
IEEE
ACS
25%
Elsevier
AVS-AIP
IEEE
22%
15%
14%
IEEE
OSA
SPIE
38%
IEEE
Elsevier
ElectroChem
39%
IEEE
Elsevier
IEEE/RSJ
25%
18%
18%
IEEE
AVS-AIP
Elsevier
48%
IEEE
IET/IEE
Elsevier
54%
IEEE
IET/IEE
ACM
5%
3%
Figure 1: Front Page of Patent #EP1063776

Turbo Decoder
Publication number:
Publication date:
Inventor(s):
Applicant(s):
Classification:
- international:
- European:
Application number:
Priority number(s):
EP1063776 (A3)
2003-11-26
YANO TETSUYA [JP]; OBUCHI KAZUHISA [JP]; KAWABATA KAZUO [JP]
FUJITSU LTD [JP]
H03M13/13; H03M13/29; H03M13/39; H03M13/00; (IPC1-7):H03M13/29
H03M13/29T4L; H03M13/29; H03M13/29T
EP20000110944 20000525
JP19990176617 19990623
Abstract
A turbo decoder is provided in which a distribution of likelihood values that are obtained during the course of turbo-decoding
is watched and scaling of an operation object to be subjected to subsequent likelihood computation of the turbo-decoding is
performed in accordance with the distribution. This turbo decoder can reduce the cost, size, and power consumption of a
transmission system and equipment, increase their reliability, and improve the transmission quality and performance.
References Cited
Cited Patents:
US5721745 (A) XP000801545 (A) XP000625650 (A) XP010353238 (A) XP002251816 (A) XP010137024 (A)
XP000782280 (A) XP000768532 (A) XP010303741 (A) XP010062790 (A) XP010226998 (A)
Other References:
BLAZEK Z ET AL. A DSP-BASED IMPLEMENTATION OF A TURBO-DECODER, PROC. OF IEEE GLOBAL
TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE (GLOBECOM), vol. 5, 1998, pages 2751-2755.
PAPKE L ET AL. IMPROVED DECODING WITH THE SOVA IN A PARALLEL CONCATENATED (TURBO-CODE)
SCHEME, PROC. OF IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS (ICC), vol. 1, 23 June 1996,
pages 102-106.
GIBONG JEONG ET AL. Optimal quantization for soft-decision turbo decoder, PROC. OF VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY
CONFERENCE (VTC), 19 September 1999, pages 1620-1624.
D. DIVSALAR AND F. POLLARA, Multiple Turbo Codes for Deep Space Communications, TDA PROGRESS REPORT,
Online no. 42-121, 15 May 1995, pages 66-77.
BERROU C ET AL. Near Shannon limit error-correcting coding and decoding: Turbo-codes., PROC. OF IEEE
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS (ICC), vol. 3, 23 May 1993, pages 1064-1070.
RAMESH MAHENDRA PYNDIAH. NEAR-OPTIMUM DECODING OF PRODUCT CODES: BLOCK TURBO CODES,
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 46, no. 8, 1 August 1998 pages 1003-1010.
LI J ET AL. MULTI-DIMENSIONAL TURBO CODES: PERFORMANCE AND SIMPLIFIED DECODING STRUCTURE,
IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS, COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER
SCIENCES, vol. E80-A, no. 11, 1 November 1997, pages 2089-2094.
HALTER S ET AL. Reconfigurable signal processor for channel coding and decoding in low SNR wireless communications,
PROC. OF IEEE WORKSHOP ON SIGNAL PROCESSING SYSTEMS (SIPS), 8 October 1998, pages 260-274.
DANESHGARAN F ET AL. A novel constraint length 13 Viterbi decoder based on the iterative collapse algorithm, PROC.
OF GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE (GLOBECOM), vol. 1, 6 December 1992, pages 1255-1259.
LANG LIN ET AL. Improvements in SOVA-based decoding for turbo codes, PROC. OF IEEE INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, 8 June 1997, pages 1473-1478.
635 (1.62%)
630 (1.60%)
619 (1.57%)
567 (1.44%)
560 (1.42%)
492 (1.25%)
458 (1.16%)
396 (1.01%)
392 (1.00%)
GPP General Partnership Project Standards Body
IEICE-INST ELEC INFO COMM ENG
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
European Telecom Standards Institute (ETSI)
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL
OPTICAL SOC AMER
AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
3000
6000
9000
7402 (18.83%)
12000
12194 (31.02%)
Copyright (c) 2009, 1790 Analytics, LLC
# and % References to Papers/Standards/Conferences from 1997-2008 Patents
715 (1.82%)
SPRINGER/SPRINGER WIEN/SPRINGER-VERLAG
889 (2.26%)
ACM-ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY
723 (1.84%)
913 (2.32%)
SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING
AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC
954 (2.43%)
1217 (3.10%)
1553 (3.95%)
2088 (5.31%)
2537 (6.45%)
AVS-AIP AMER INST PHYS
IETF Internet Eng Task Force
IET/IEE
JOHN WILEY & SONS/WILEY-VERLAG/WILEY-LISS
ACS-AMER CHEMICAL SOC
Reed/Elsevier/Pergamon/Academic Press/Saunders
IEEE
Figure 2 - # and % of EP Patent References from Top 25 Companies to Top 20 Journal Publishers
15000
1 (1.27%)
1 (1.27%)
1 (1.27%)
1 (1.27%)
1 (1.27%)
1 (1.27%)
1 (1.27%)
1 (1.27%)
1 (1.27%)
1 (1.27%)
C M P MEDIA
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS PUBLISHING
FACHVERLAG SCHIELE SCHON
INST PURE APPLIED PHYSICS
ISO-International Standards Organization
Joint IEEE and ACM
AAAS-AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
15
20
25
# and % of Science References from 1997-2008 Patents
10
1 (1.27%)
2 (2.53%)
MILLER FREEMAN
2 (2.53%)
SID-Society for Information Display
3 (3.80%)
PENTON MEDIA
2 (2.53%)
3 (3.80%)
5 (6.33%)
IET/IEE
9 (11.39%)
6 (7.59%)
IOP PUBLISHING
Consultants Bureau/Springer/Springer Wien/Springer-Verlag
IEEE
30
29 (36.71%)
35
Figure 3 - # and % of Science References from 1997-2008 Clock, Watch, and

Timepiece EP Patents to Top 20 Publishers, Conference Organizers,
and Standards Organizations
2000
1237 (10.38%)
1590 (13.34%)
3000
4000
5000
4544 (38.11%)
1000
125 (1.05%)
The USENIX Association
139 (1.17%)
Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publ
79 (0.66%)
142 (1.19%)
Springer/Springer Wien/Springer-Verlag
Hewlett Packard Inc.
157 (1.32%)
Penton Media
84 (0.70%)
185 (1.55%)
Cahners-Denver Publishing Co
187 (1.57%)
86 (0.72%)
190 (1.59%)
Miller Freeman
ISO/IEC
207 (1.74%)
Joint IEEE and ACM
97 (0.81%)
249 (2.09%)
John Wiley & Sons/Wiley-Verlag/Wiley-Liss/Scripta Technica
IBM CORP
276 (2.32%)
98 (0.82%)
276 (2.32%)
International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR)
307 (2.58%)
IET/IEE
IEEE
6000
Figure 4 - # and % of Science References from 1997-2008 Computer Hardware

EP Patents to Top 20 Publishers and Conference Organizers
81 (0.74%)
79 (0.73%)
73 (0.67%)
65 (0.60%)
57 (0.52%)
56 (0.51%)
54 (0.50%)
AUDIO ENGINEERING SOC
ISO/IEC
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
IFIP - International Federation for Information Processing
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1000
1142 (10.50%)
1870 (17.19%)
500
83 (0.76%)
IBM CORP
119 (1.09%)
94 (0.86%)
121 (1.11%)
MILLER FREEMAN
Joint IEEE and ACM
137 (1.26%)
235 (2.16%)
142 (1.31%)
223 (2.05%)
IET/IEE
239 (2.20%)
433 (3.98%)
ISCA (International Speech Communication Association)
IEEE
4000
4500
4156 (38.21%)
Figure 5 - # and % of Science References from 1997-2008 Computer Software

EP Patents to Top 20 Publishers, Conference Organizers,
53 (0.94%)
52 (0.92%)
47 (0.83%)
47 (0.83%)
47 (0.83%)
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
FACHVERLAG SCHIELE SCHON
CRC Press/Taylor & Francis
1000
815 (14.47%)
500
56 (0.99%)
IET/IEE
81 (1.44%)
123 (2.18%)
OPTICAL SOC AMER
125 (2.22%)
90 (1.60%)
126 (2.24%)
IOP PUBLISHING
127 (2.25%)
PETER PEREGRINUS LTD
97 (1.72%)
137 (2.43%)
174 (3.09%)
192 (3.41%)
Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (SMRM)
396 (7.03%)
307 (5.45%)
AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE
BLACKWELL FUTURA PUBLISHING
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
IEEE
1500
1277 (22.67%)
Figure 6 - # and % of Science References from 1997-2008 Medical Device EP

Patents to Top 20 Publishers and Conference Organizers
63 (1.98%)
56 (1.76%)
47 (1.48%)
44 (1.38%)
40 (1.26%)
40 (1.26%)
36 (1.13%)
34 (1.07%)
31 (0.98%)
27 (0.85%)
26 (0.82%)
25 (0.79%)
25 (0.79%)
ECMA International
PENTON MEDIA
IEEE/JPN Soc App Phys
SOC MOTION PICTURE TV ENG INC
Joint IEEE and ACM
IBM CORP
MILLER FREEMAN
OPTICAL SOC AMER
American Physical Soc
800
1200
# and % Science References from 1997-2008 Patents
400
72 (2.27%)
96 (3.02%)
80 (2.52%)
267 (8.40%)
312 (9.82%)
164 (5.16%)
IET/IEE
IEEE
1600
1356 (42.67%)
Figure 7 - # and % of Science References from 1997-2008 Information Storage

EP Patents to Top 20 Publishers and Conference Organizers
176 (1.26%)
175 (1.25%)
175 (1.25%)
146 (1.05%)
145 (1.04%)
141 (1.01%)
AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
SOC EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICISTS
CELL PRESS
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
2000
2192 (15.69%)
3000
1000
208 (1.49%)
295 (2.11%)
305 (2.18%)
IET/IEE
215 (1.54%)
336 (2.40%)
Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (SMRM)
AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC
338 (2.42%)
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
236 (1.69%)
361 (2.58%)
OPTICAL SOC AMER
IOP PUBLISHING
361 (2.58%)
663 (4.75%)
721 (5.16%)
724 (5.18%)
IEEE
3172 (22.70%)
Figure 8 - # and % of Science References from 1997-2008

Measuring/Testing/Control EP Patents to Top 20 Publishers and Conference
Organizers
4000
70 (1.60%)
69 (1.57%)
63 (1.44%)
62 (1.41%)
62 (1.41%)
52 (1.19%)
48 (1.09%)
47 (1.07%)
40 (0.91%)
36 (0.82%)
32 (0.73%)
IET/IEE
AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY
NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING CO
500
1000
1114 (25.39%)
77 (1.76%)
SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY
116 (2.64%)
IOP PUBLISHING
229 (5.22%)
OPTICAL SOC AMER
125 (2.85%)
229 (5.22%)
303 (6.91%)
514 (11.72%)
360 (8.21%)
IEEE
1500
Figure 9 - # and % of Science References from 1997-2008 Nuclear/X-Ray/

Radiant Energy EP Patents to Top 20 Publishers and Conference Organizers
45 (0.74%)
44 (0.72%)
40 (0.66%)
39 (0.64%)
29 (0.48%)
26 (0.43%)
24 (0.39%)
PENNWELL PUBL
IOP PUBLISHING
JPN Soc App Phys
400
800
1200

48 (0.79%)
72 (1.18%)
107 (1.76%)
Xerox Corp.
108 (1.77%)
125 (2.05%)
125 (2.05%)
572 (9.39%)
136 (2.23%)
575 (9.44%)
845 (13.87%)
884 (14.51%)
774 (12.71%)
IET/IEE
OPTICAL SOC AMER
IEEE
1600
1335 (21.92%)
Figure 10 - # and % of Science References from 1997-2008 Optics EP Patents to

Top 20 Publishers and Conference Organizers
19 (1.09%)
13 (0.75%)
13 (0.75%)
13 (0.75%)
12 (0.69%)
10 (0.58%)
10 (0.58%)
ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG
EVS.org
SCI AMERICAN INC
23 (1.32%)
658 (37.88%)
500
447 (25.73%)
7 (0.40%)
24 (1.38%)
AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT
SAE-Society of Automobile Engineers
25 (1.44%)
CAHNERS-DENVER PUBLISHING CO
9 (0.52%)
31 (1.78%)
PCIM (Power Conversion, Intelligent Motion)
35 (2.01%)
PENTON MEDIA
9 (0.52%)
40 (2.30%)
186 (10.71%)
117 (6.74%)
EPE Association
IET/IEE
ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC
IEEE
1000
Figure 11 - # and % of Science References from 1997-2008 Power Systems

19 (1.09%)
13 (0.75%)
13 (0.75%)
13 (0.75%)
12 (0.69%)
10 (0.58%)
10 (0.58%)
EVS.org
SCI AMERICAN INC
23 (1.32%)
658 (37.88%)
500
447 (25.73%)
7 (0.40%)
24 (1.38%)
AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT
SAE-Society of Automobile Engineers
25 (1.44%)
CAHNERS-DENVER PUBLISHING CO
9 (0.52%)
31 (1.78%)
PCIM (Power Conversion, Intelligent Motion)
35 (2.01%)
PENTON MEDIA
9 (0.52%)
40 (2.30%)
186 (10.71%)
117 (6.74%)
EPE Association
IET/IEE
IEEE
1000
Figure 11 - # and % of Science References from 1997-2008 Power Systems EP

6 (1.17%)
6 (1.17%)
6 (1.17%)
5 (0.98%)
4 (0.78%)
4 (0.78%)
4 (0.78%)
3 (0.59%)
3 (0.59%)
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
IET/IEE
SOC MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS
ISCA (International Speech Communication Association)
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
OPTICAL SOC AMER
50
150
197 (38.55%)
200
100
92 (18.00%)
7 (1.37%)
14 (2.74%)
PENTON MEDIA
15 (2.94%)
7 (1.37%)
15 (2.94%)
16 (3.13%)
SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC
9 (1.76%)
17 (3.33%)
17 (3.33%)
IEEE/RSJ
IEEE
250
Figure 12 - # and % of Science References from 1997-2008 Robotics and

Intelligent Mfg EP Patents to Top 20 Publishers and Conference Organizers
747 (6.97%)
63 (0.59%)
59 (0.55%)
52 (0.49%)
WIP-Renewable Energies
2000
1000
82 (0.77%)
100 (0.93%)
IEEE/JPN Soc App Phys
102 (0.95%)
85 (0.79%)
120 (1.12%)
JPN Soc App Phys
PENNWELL PUBL
136 (1.27%)
177 (1.65%)
IOP PUBLISHING
213 (1.99%)
243 (2.27%)
MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY
251 (2.34%)
292 (2.72%)
404 (3.77%)
OPTICAL SOC AMER
505 (4.71%)
1966 (18.34%)
IET/IEE
1976 (18.44%)
IEEE
3000
2689 (25.09%)
Figure 13 - # and % of Science References from 1997-2008 Semiconductor EP

2088 (5.85%)
837 (2.34%)
757 (2.12%)
724 (2.03%)
583 (1.63%)
429 (1.20%)
424 (1.19%)
364 (1.02%)
326 (0.91%)
304 (0.85%)
268 (0.75%)
240 (0.67%)
230 (0.64%)
212 (0.59%)
International Telecommunication Union
OPTICAL SOC AMER
L M ERICSSON
Joint IEEE and ACM
SOC MOTION PICTURE TV ENG INC
Network Working Group RFC
ISO/IEC
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
4000
942 (2.64%)
GPP General Partnership Project Standards Body
2000
944 (2.64%)
European Telecom Standards Institute (ETSI)
1041 (2.91%)
2103 (5.89%)
2146 (6.01%)
IET/IEE
IEEE
18000
20000
17119 (47.93%)
Figure 14 - # and % of Science References from 1997-2008 Telecommunications

EP Patents to Top 20 Publishers, Conference Organizers,

Analysis of European Patent Referencing To IEEE Papers, Conferences, and Standards 1997-2008

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Analysis of European Patent Referencing To IEEE Papers, Conferences, and Standards 1997-2008

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Analysis of European Patent Referencing to IEEE Papers,

Conferences, and Standards 1997-2008

Report prepared for:

Report prepared by:

July 27, 2009

Patented technology frequently builds upon scientific discoveries published in

In Telecommunications technology, IEEE is particularly important. The 17,000+

Identifying Relevant Non-Patent References

Table 3 Top Patenting Firms in 2008

Table 4 Reference Distribution from Samsung EP Patents 1997-2008

References from Companies in Twelve Technology Categories

European (EP) Science References

Power Sys Robotics

Power Sys Robotics

Executive Summary Figure: Comparison of EP and US Results

Figure 1: Front Page of Patent #EP1063776

GPP General Partnership Project Standards Body

IEICE-INST ELEC INFO COMM ENG

NATL ACAD SCIENCES

European Telecom Standards Institute (ETSI)

NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP

ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY

KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL

OPTICAL SOC AMER

AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY

Copyright (c) 2009, 1790 Analytics, LLC

# and % References to Papers/Standards/Conferences from 1997-2008 Patents

ACM-ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY

SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING

AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC

AVS-AIP AMER INST PHYS

IETF Internet Eng Task Force

JOHN WILEY & SONS/WILEY-VERLAG/WILEY-LISS

ACS-AMER CHEMICAL SOC

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS PUBLISHING

FACHVERLAG SCHIELE SCHON

IEICE-INST ELEC INFO COMM ENG

INST PURE APPLIED PHYSICS

ISO-International Standards Organization

JOHN WILEY & SONS/WILEY-VERLAG/WILEY-LISS

Joint IEEE and ACM

KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL

AAAS-AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE

Copyright (c) 2009, 1790 Analytics, LLC

IETF Internet Eng Task Force

SID-Society for Information Display

AVS-AIP AMER INST PHYS

Consultants Bureau/Springer/Springer Wien/Springer-Verlag

Figure 3 - # and % of Science References from 1997-2008 Clock, Watch, and

Copyright (c) 2009, 1790 Analytics, LLC

# and % of Science References from 1997-2008 Patents

The USENIX Association

Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publ

Hewlett Packard Inc.

SID-Society for Information Display

IETF Internet Eng Task Force

Joint IEEE and ACM

John Wiley & Sons/Wiley-Verlag/Wiley-Liss/Scripta Technica

SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING

IEICE-INST ELEC INFO COMM ENG

International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR)

ACM-ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY

Figure 4 - # and % of Science References from 1997-2008 Computer Hardware