Intro W Lan Pan Man Ban 1

Introduccin a las Redes Inalmbricas:
Redes de rea Local (WLAN), Redes de rea Personal (WPAN),

Redes de rea Metropolitana (WMAN) y Redes de
rea Corporal (WBAN)
Crditos:
Tom Siep, Texas Instruments
IEEE P802.15.1 Tutorial
Chatschik Bisdikian, IBM
Some figures borrowed from [http://www.cs.mun.ca/~yzchen/teaching/whu_20
Other figures borrowed from [http://www.princeton.edu/~mrm/ZNet
Others from Sunggeun Jin, MWNL
Dr. Jaime Snchez Garca

Investigador Titular C
DET-CICESE
Redes Inalmbricas U. Colima
Slide 1
jasan@cicese.mx
Introduction
Wireless Networks Evolution

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs - IEEE802.11)
Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs - 802.15)
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs
802.16)
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs 802.15.6)
Basic Wireless Networks Topologies
Slide 2
jasan@cicese.mx
Overview
Classification of wireless networks
Based on infrastructure
Based on mobility
Based on size of network
Motivating real life examples of ad-hoc networks

Networks in action
Vehicular network
Community wireless network
Sensor Network
Slide 3
jasan@cicese.mx
Wireless Network classification - 1

Based on infrastructure
Infrastructure networks
Base station/ Access point infrastructure
Generally one-hop networks
E.g.: Cellular, Wireless LANs,
Ad-hoc networks
Remote nodes capable of coordinating to form a
network
Multi-hop wireless links common
Slide 4
jasan@cicese.mx

Based on Mobility
Static wireless networks
Why do we need wireless access in such scenarios?
Harsh Terrain
Cost-effectiveness
E.g.: Enabling internet access to a remote village
Mobile wireless networks

A part of wireless nodes are mobile
E.g.: Cellular networks, Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs)
Challenges:
Sustaining opened connections
E.g.: Mobile IP
Naming
Moving to different network
Slide 5
jasan@cicese.mx

Based on size of the network
Body Area Networks
E.g.: Sensors inserted inside the
body coordinate
Personal Area Networks

E.g.: Home Networking, Bluetooth
and Zigbee networks
Local Area Networks

E.g.: Wireless LANs, WiFi
Metropolitan Area Networks

E.g.: Community wireless networks
Wide Area Networks

E.g.: Cellular and Satellite networks
Slide 6
jasan@cicese.mx
Wireless Positioning
Wireless LAN
Bluetooth
On-campus: Office,
School, Airport,
Hotel, Home
Person Space: Office, Room,

Briefcase, Pocket, Car
Short Range/Low Power
Voice AND Data
Low-cost
Small form factor
Cellular
Many Co-located Nets
Off-Campus Global
Coverage
Universal Bridge
Slide 7
jasan@cicese.mx
Geography
Nomenclature
Off-campus
(Open areas)
On-campus
(Office, School, Airport, Hotel)
Person Space
(office, briefcase, person)
Wireless Technology
Cellular
WAN
LAN
PAN
(Kilometers)
802.11b
(10s-100s of meters)
Bluetooth
(meters to 10s of meters)
jasan@cicese.mx
Life Goes Mobile with MobiLife

Technical Viability and User Acceptance
Self-awareness
People shift between different

roles in participating different
groups, using multiple devices
with different modalities over
different networks
BAN Body Area Network
Bluetooth, RFID, sensors,
Local environment
Automatic configuration
arrangement of devices, services,
and local connectivity
Automatic and multi-modal

interfaces
Group-awareness
PAN Personal Area Network

Bluetooth, WLAN,
Context and presence support
Novel privacy and trust models
World-awareness
WAN Wide Area Network
3G, B3G, WLAN, *DSL,
Communication Spheres
Automatic support for seamless

access to and delivery of services
across different domains
jasan@cicese.mx
ESTANDAR PARA REDES INALAMBRICAS DE

AREA LOCAL (WLANs)
IEEE802.11
Ensenada B. C. a 27 de Abril de 2013.
jasan@cicese.mx
http://www.cicese.mx/~jasan
IEEE802.11
Application overview
Wireless Ethernet with compatible speed
Enable (indoor) wireless and mobile highspeed networking
Functional overview
Runs at unlicensed bands at 2.4GHz and
5GHz
Connectionless MAC and multiple PHYs
Supports up to 11 and/or 54 Mbps within
>100 m range
jasan@cicese.mx
IEEE 802
Wireless Vision Statement
802.11 Base Standard
2.4GHz Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (1Mbit/s)
2.4GHZ Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (2Mbit/s)
Infrared (1Mbit/s)
802.11a 5GHz Extension (6-54 Mbit/s), OFDM

802.11b 2.4GHz Extension (>8Mbit/s), CCK
802.11g 2.4 GHz (6-54 Mb/s), OFDM
802.11n 2.4 GHz (>200 Mb/s), MIMO-OFDM
IEEE 802 is the focal point for Wireless LAN standards. Jim Carlo
Source: Jim Carlo, 802 Chair [JC-802-Consortium.PDF] can be downloaded from the following URL: ftp://ftp.flexipc.com/wearablesgroup/802/
Slide 12
jasan@cicese.mx
WLAN OFDM Standards
Mid 2009
Errata...802.11n: MIMO-OFDM Modulation

jasan@cicese.mx
jasan@cicese.mx
802.11 Architecture
BSS Base Service
Set
BSS
ESS Extended
Service Set
Network of cells
Common ESSID
Cells linked by DS:
Ethernet or wireless
(WDS)
Distribution System
One cell from one

access point
ESS
BSS
jasan@cicese.mx
802.11 Reference Model

IEEE 802.2
Logical Link Control
(LLC )
MAC SAP
MAC
MAC Sublayer
PHY SAP
MAC Management
Sublayer Entity
(MLME)
MLME _PLME SAP
PLCP Sublayer
PMD SAP
PHY
PMD Sublayer
PHY Management
Sublayer Entity
(PLME)
MLME SAP
Station
Management
Entity
(SME)
PLME SAP
jasan@cicese.mx
Slide 17
jasan@cicese.mx
There are two kinds of wireless networks:

1) An ad-hoc, or peer-to-peer wireless networks
Each computer communicates directly with each
other to: send files, share printers, work
collaboratively
They may not be able to access wired LAN
resources, unless one of the computers acts as a
bridge to the wired LAN using special software.
2) Infrastructure wireless networks (access
points, hardware or software)
Access point acts like a hub, providing
connectivity for the wireless computers.
It can connect (or "bridge") the wireless
LAN to a wired LAN, allowing wireless
computer access to LAN resources,
such as file servers or the Internet.
jasan@cicese.mx
Two Modes
Infrastructure mode
Infrastructure Basic Service Set BSS
An access point (AP) and multiple stations (STAs)
Every transmission is with AP; no peer-to-peer
communication
Access Point (AP)
Station 1
Station 3
Station 2
jasan@cicese.mx
Two Modes cont.

Ad hoc mode
Independent Basic Service Set IBSS
Multiple stations (STAs), and no AP
Peer-to-peer communication only
Station 2
Station 1
Station 3
jasan@cicese.mx
Overview, 802.11 Architecture

ESS
Existing
Wired LAN
AP
STA
BSS
AP
STA
STA
BSS
STA
Infrastructure
Network
STA
Ad Hoc
Network
BSS
BSS
STA
STA
Ad Hoc
Network
STA
jasan@cicese.mx
The Access Point acts as a Bridge between the

wireless and wired networks
Hardware access points are available with various
types of network interfaces, such as Ethernet or
Token Ring
Software access point
may also be used
jasan@cicese.mx
Each access point has a finite range

The distance varies depending upon the environment;
indoor, outdoor, building construction.
Operating at the limits of the range reduces performance.
Typical indoor ranges are 20-50 meters, outdoor are 100200 meters
Longer ranges are possible; performance will degrade with
distance.
Using multiple Access Points will extend the range
jasan@cicese.mx
A wireless computer can

"roam" from one access point
to another
Completely transparent to the
user
Some access point
configurations require
security authentication when
swapping access points,
usually in the form of a
password dialog box.
Access points are required to
have overlapping wireless
areas to achieve this.
jasan@cicese.mx
WLAN offers a cost-effective solution to users with difficult

physical installations such as:
campuses
hospitals
businesses with more than
one location in immediate
proximity but separated by
public thoroughfare.
This type of installation requires
two access points.
Each access point acts as a bridge or
router connecting its own LAN to the
wireless connection.
The wireless connection allows the two access points to
communicate
with each other, and therefore interconnect the two LAN's.
jasan@cicese.mx
Potential security issues; physical access not required.

802.11 wireless communications cannot be received nor
decoded by simple scanners or short wave receivers.
However, eavesdropping is possible using special
equipment.
802.11 WLAN have a function called WEP (Wired Equivalent
Privacy); a form of encryption.
Access Points can control access via unique MAC
addresses.
Virtual Private Networking (VPN) techniques will work over
wireless networks in the same way as traditional wired
networks. This is the best approach.
jasan@cicese.mx
WLAN Security: SSID (Service Set ID)

Network access control can be implemented using
an SSID associated with an AP or group of APs.
The SSID provides a mechanism to "segment" a
wireless network into multiple networks serviced by
one or more APs.
Each AP is programmed with an SSID
corresponding to a specific wireless network.
To access this network, client computers must be
configured with the correct SSID.
The SSID acts as a simple password
jasan@cicese.mx
WLAN Security: MAC Filtering

A client computer can be identified by the unique MAC
address of its 802.11 network card.
Each AP can be programmed with a list of MAC
addresses associated with the client computers
allowed to access the AP.
If a client's MAC address is not included in this list,
the client is not allowed to associate with the AP.
MAC address filtering provides good security, but is
best suited to small networks.
Each AP must be manually programmed with a list of
MAC addresses, and the list must be kept up-to-date.
jasan@cicese.mx
WLAN Security: WEP

WEP provides encrypted communication
All clients and APs on a wireless network use the same key
The key resides in the client computer and in each AP
Support for WEP is standard
WEP specifies the use of a 64-bit encryption key
Implementations of non-Wi-Fi 128-bit key encryption exists
The 802.11 standard does not specify a key management
protocol, so all keys on a network must be managed manually
jasan@cicese.mx
WLAN Security: VPN

A VPN solution for wireless access is the most
suitable alternative to WEP and MAC address filtering.
VPN solutions are already widely deployed to provide
remote workers with secure access to the network via
the Internet.
In this remote user application, the VPN provides a
secure, dedicated path (or "tunnel") over an "untrusted"
network-in this case, the Internet.
Various tunneling protocols are used in conjunction
with standard, centralized authentication solutions,such
as Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service
(RADIUS) servers.
jasan@cicese.mx
WLAN Security: VPN

VPN technology can also be used for secure wireless access; the
"untrusted" network is the wireless network.
The APs are configured for open access with no WEP
encryption, but wireless access is isolated from the enterprise
network by the VPN server and a VLAN between the APs and the
VPN servers.
The APs should still be configured with SSIDs for segmentation.
Authentication and full encryption over the wireless network is
provided through the VPN servers that also act as gateways.
Unlike the WEP key and MAC address filtering approaches, the
VPN-based solution is scalable to a very large number of users.
jasan@cicese.mx
Two Coordination Functions

Mandatory Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)
For distributed contention-based channel access
Optional Point Coordination Function (PCF)

For centralized contention-free channel access
jasan@cicese.mx
Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
(CSMA/CA)
similar to IEEE 802.3 Ethernet CSMA/CD
Immediate access when

medium is idle >= DIFS
DIFS
Busy
Medium
DIFS
PIFS
SIFS
Contention Window
Backoff
Window
Next Frame
Slot Time
Defer Access
Select Slot and decrement backoff

as long as medium stays idle
jasan@cicese.mx
CSMA/CA
Sender sends Request to Send (RTS)
Receiver sends Clear to Send (CTS)
Sender transmits for required time
CTS
RTS
jasan@cicese.mx
Carrier-Sense Mechanisms
Physical carrier-sense
Provided by PHY, and depends on PHY
Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) by PHY
Virtual carrier-sense
Provided by MAC via Network Allocation Vector (NAV) counter
Each frame carries Duration value in the header
Any correctly received frame updates NAV if the new NAV is
larger
Assumes busy channel if non-zero NAV irrespective of CCA!
jasan@cicese.mx
Stop-and-Wait ARQ
Receiver of a directed frame returns an ACK

If ACK not received, sender retransmits after another back-off
DIFS
Source
DATA
SIFS
Destination
ACK
DIFS
Others
NAV
Defer Access
Backoff
Next Frame
Backoff after Defer
jasan@cicese.mx
NAV update mechanism
jasan@cicese.mx
802.11b Channels
In the UK and most of EU: 13 channels, 5MHz apart,
2.412 2.472 GHz
Each channel is 22MHz
Significant overlap
Best channels are 1, 6 and 11
jasan@cicese.mx
ISM frequency bands
jasan@cicese.mx
Meshed Networking
Decentralised infrastructure
Network of interconnected access points
Peer-to-peer routing, often redundant
Source: Wi-fi technology forum
jasan@cicese.mx
Whats not a Mesh?

The ECS
Wireless LAN
Multiple APs
Different
channels
Same wired
subnet
11
11
jasan@cicese.mx
ESTANDAR PARA REDES PERSONALES

INALAMBRICAS (WPANs)
IEEE802.15
Ensenada B. C. a 27 de Abril de 2013.
jasan@cicese.mx
http://www.cicese.mx/~jasan
12
10
8
Column 1
Column 2
Column 3
0
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Slide 43
Row 4
jasan@cicese.mx
WPANs (IEEE802.15)
Slide 44
jasan@cicese.mx
Slide 45
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Slide 46
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Slide 47
jasan@cicese.mx
What does Bluetooth do for me?
Landline
Cable
Replacement
Data/Voice
Access Points
Personal Ad-hoc
Connectivity
Slide 48
jasan@cicese.mx
Usage scenarios: Headset
User benefits
Multiple device access
Cordless phone benefits
Hands free operation
Wireless Freedom
Slide 49
jasan@cicese.mx
Usage scenarios: Synchronization
User benefits
Proximity synchronization
Easily maintained database
Common information database
Sharing Common Data

Slide 50
jasan@cicese.mx
Usage scenarios: Data access points

PSTN, ISDN,
LAN, WAN, xDSL
User benefits
No more connectors
Easy internet access
Common connection experience
Remote Connections...
Slide 51
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Slide 52
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Slide 53
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Slide 54
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Slide 55
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Slide 56
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Slide 57
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Slide 58
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Slide 59
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Slide 60
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Slide 61
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Slide 62
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Slide 63
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Topologas Bsicas WPAN
Slide 64
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Slide 65
jasan@cicese.mx

Intro W Lan Pan Man Ban 1

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Introduccin a las Redes Inalmbricas:

Redes de rea Local (WLAN), Redes de rea Personal (WPAN),

Dr. Jaime Snchez Garca

Wireless Networks Evolution

Redes Inalmbricas U. Colima

Motivating real life examples of ad-hoc networks

Redes Inalmbricas U. Colima

Wireless Network classification - 1

Wireless Network classification - 2

E.g.: Enabling internet access to a remote village

Mobile wireless networks

Wireless Network classification - 3

Personal Area Networks

Local Area Networks

Metropolitan Area Networks

Wide Area Networks

Person Space: Office, Room,

Many Co-located Nets

Redes Inalmbricas U. Colima

Redes Inalmbricas U. Colima

Life Goes Mobile with MobiLife

People shift between different

Automatic and multi-modal

PAN Personal Area Network

Context and presence support

Novel privacy and trust models

WAN Wide Area Network

3G, B3G, WLAN, *DSL,

Redes Inalmbricas U. Colima

Automatic support for seamless

ESTANDAR PARA REDES INALAMBRICAS DE

Ensenada B. C. a 27 de Abril de 2013.

802.11a 5GHz Extension (6-54 Mbit/s), OFDM

Redes Inalmbricas U. Colima

WLAN OFDM Standards

Errata...802.11n: MIMO-OFDM Modulation

Redes Inalmbricas U. Colima

Redes Inalmbricas U. Colima

One cell from one

802.11 Reference Model

Redes Inalmbricas U. Colima

Redes Inalmbricas U. Colima

There are two kinds of wireless networks:

Redes Inalmbricas U. Colima

Two Modes cont.

Redes Inalmbricas U. Colima

Overview, 802.11 Architecture

Redes Inalmbricas U. Colima

The Access Point acts as a Bridge between the

Redes Inalmbricas U. Colima

Each access point has a finite range

A wireless computer can

WLAN offers a cost-effective solution to users with difficult

Potential security issues; physical access not required.

WLAN Security: SSID (Service Set ID)

WLAN Security: MAC Filtering

WLAN Security: WEP

Redes Inalmbricas U. Colima

WLAN Security: VPN

WLAN Security: VPN

Redes Inalmbricas U. Colima

Two Coordination Functions

Optional Point Coordination Function (PCF)