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Statutory Construction Reviewer
Statutory Construction Reviewer
Construction
The art or process of discovering and expounding the meaning and
intention of the authors of law, where that intention is rendered doubtful
by reason of the ambiguity in its language or the fact that the given case
is not explicitly provided for in the law.
Purpose: to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the law, to
determine legislative intent.
Rules of Statutory Construction
These are tools used to ascertain legislative intent. They are not
rules but mere axioms of experience.
Legislative Intent
The essence of the law. The intent of the legislature is the law, and
the key to, and the controlling factor in, its construction and
interpretation.
The primary source of legislative intent is the statute itself.
Where the words or phrases of a statute are not obscure or
ambiguous, its meaning and the intention of the legislature must
be determined from the language employed.
Legislative Purpose
The reason why a particular statute was enacted by the legislature.
Legislative Meaning
What the law, by its language, means: what it comprehends, what it
covers or embraces, what it limits or confines.
In construing a statute, it is not enough to ascertain the intention
or meaning of the statute; it is also necessary to see whether the
intention or meaning has been expressed in such a way as to give
it legal effect and validity.
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Title
The title may indicate the legislative extent or restrict the scope of
the law, and a statute couched in a language of doubtful import will be
construed to conform to the legislative intent as disclosed in its title.
When the text of the statute is clear and free form doubt, it is
improper to resort to its title to make it obscure.
Preamble
That part of the statute written immediately after its title, which
states the purpose, reason or justification for the enactment of a law. It is
usually expressed in the form of whereas clauses.
It is not an essential part of the statute. But it may, when the statute
is ambiguous, be resorted to clarify the ambiguity, as a key to open the
minds of the lawmakers as to the purpose of the statute.
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Punctuation marks
Punctuation marks are aids of low degree; they are not parts of the
statute nor the English language.
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Headnotes or epigraphs
These are convenient index to the contents of the provisions of a
statute; they may be consulted in case of doubt in interpretation.
They are not entitled to much weight.
Lingual text
Unless otherwise provided, where a statute is officially promulgated
in English and Spanish, the English text shall govern, but in case of
ambiguity, omission or mistake, the Spanish may be consulted to explain
the English text.
The language in which a statute is written prevails over its
translation.
Intent or spirit of law
Legislative intent or spirit is the controlling factor, the influence
most dominant if a statute needs construction.
The intent of the law is that which is expressed in the words thereof,
discovered in the four corners of the law and aided if necessary by its
legislative history.
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Policy of law
A statute of doubtful meaning must be given a construction that will
promote public policy.
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Dictionaries
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Presumptions
Based on logic, common sense; eg. Presumption of constitutionality,
completeness, prospective application, right and justice, etc.
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY
Where a statute is susceptible of several interpretations, there is no better
means of ascertaining the will and intention of the legislature than that
which is afforded by the history of the statute. The history of a statute
refers to all its antecedents from its inception until its enactment into law.
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Explanatory note
A short exposition of explanation accompanying a proposed
legislation by its author or proponent. It contains statements of the reason
or purpose of the bill, as well as arguments advanced by its author in
urging its passage.
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Reports of commissions
In construing the provisions of the code as thus enacted, courts may
properly refer to the reports of the commission that drafted the code in
aid of clarifying ambiguities therein.
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Amendment by deletion
The amendment statute should be given a construction different
from that previous to its amendment.
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Adopted statutes
Where local statutes are patterned after or copied from those of
another country, the decisions of courts in such country construing those
laws are entitled to great weight in the interpretation of such local
statutes.
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CONTEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION
The constructions placed upon statutes at the time of, or after, their
enactment by the executive, legislature or judicial authorities, as well as
those who, because of their involvement in the process of legislation, are
knowledgeable of the intent and purpose of the law, such as draftsmen
and bill sponsors.
The contemporary construction is the strongest in law.
Construction by an executive or administrative officer directly called
to implement the law
May be express interpretation embodied in a circular, directive or
regulation.
May be implied a practice or mode of enforcement of not applying
the statute to certain situations or of applying it in a particular manner;
interpretation by usage or practice.
Construction by the Sec. of Justice as his capacity as the chief legal
adviser of the government
In the form of opinions issued upon request of administrative or
executive officials who enforce the law.
President or Executive Secretary has the power to modify or alter or
reverse the construction given by a department secretary.
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Stare Decisis
The decision of the SC applying or interpreting a statute is
controlling with respect to the interpretation of that statute and is of
greater weight than that of an executive or administrative officer in the
construction of other statutes of similar import.
Where the court resolved a question merely sub silencio, its decision
does not come within the maxim of stare decisis
Nor does an opinion expressed by the way, not up to the point in the
issue, fall within the maxim; it is merely anobiter dictum
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An obiter dictum is an opinion expressed by a court upon
some question of law which is not necessary to the decision of the case
before it. It is a remark, by the way; it is not binding as a precedent.
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The rule of stare decisis is not absolute. If found contrary to
law, it must be abandoned.
LITERAL INTERPRETATION
If a statute is clear, plain and free from ambiguity, it must be given its
literal meaning and applied without attempted interpretation. Verba legis
non est recedendum, from the words of a statute there should be no
departure.
Words ought to be more subservient to the intent and not the intent
to the words.
Construction to accomplish purpose
Statutes should be construed in the light of the object to be
achieved and the evil or mischief to be suppressed, and they should be
given construction as will advance the object, suppress the mischief, and
secure the benefits intended.
When reason of law ceases, law itself ceases
Reason for the law is the heart of the law. When the reason of the
law ceases, the law itself ceases. The reason of the law is its soul.
Supplying legislative omission
Where a literal import of the language of the statute shows that
words have been omitted that should have been in the statute in order to
carry out its intent and spirit, clearly ascertainable from its context, the
courts may supply the omission to make the statute conform to the
obvious intent of the legislature or to prevent the act from being absurd.
Correcting clerical errors
In order to carry out the intent of the legislature, the court may
correct clerical errors, which, uncorrected, would render the statute
meaningless.
Construction to avoid absurdity
Courts are not to give a statute a meaning that would lead to
absurdities. Where there is ambiguity, such interpretation as will avoid
inconvenience and absurdity is to be adopted.
Constructing to avoid injustice
Presumed that undesirable consequences were never intended as a
legislative measure; that interpretation is to be adopted which is free from
evil or injustice.
Construction to avoid danger to public interest
Where great inconvenience will result, or great public interest will be
endangered or sacrificed, or great mischief done, from a particular
construction of the statute, such construction should be avoided.
Construction in favor of right and justice
In case of doubt in the interpretation and application of the law, it is
presumed that the lawmaking body intended right and justice to prevail.
The fact that the statute is silent, obscure or insufficient with
respect to a question before a court will not justify the latter from
declining judgment. That one is perceived to tip the scales which the court
believes will best promote the public welfare in its probable operation.
Surplusage and superfluity disregarded
IMPLICATIONS
No statute can be enacted that can provide all the details involved in its
application. What is implied in a statute is as much a part thereof as that
which is expressed.
Grant of jurisdiction
The jurisdiction to hear and decide cases is conferred only by the
Constitution or by statute. The grant of jurisdiction to try actions carries
with it all necessary and incidental powers to employ all writs, processes
and other means essential to make its jurisdiction effective.
Grant of power includes incidental power
Where a general power is conferred or duty enjoined, every particular
power necessary for the exercise of one of the performance of the other is
also conferred.
Grant of power excludes greater power
The foregoing principle implies the exclusion of those which are greater
than conferred.
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