Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IMPRESO 19 Askeland Chap PDF
IMPRESO 19 Askeland Chap PDF
Magnetic Materials
196 Calculate and compare the maximum magnetization we would expect in iron,
nickel, cobalt, and gadolinium. There are seven electrons in the 4f level of
gadolinium.
Solution:
209
210
1911
Let fNi be the atomic fraction of nickel; 1 fNi is then the atomic fraction
of cobalt. The numbers of Bohr magnetons per cubic meter due to nickel
and to cobalt atoms are:
Ni: 14 atoms/cell212 magnetons/atom2 fNi 13.544 1010 m2 3
0.1797 1030fNi
Co: 14 atoms/cell213 magnetons/atom211 fNi 2 13.544 1010 m2 3
0.2696 1030 11 fNi 2
M 3 10.1797 1030 2 fNi 10.2696 1030 211 fNi 2 4 19.27 1024 2
fCo 0.40
1912 Estimate the magnetization that might be produced in an alloy containing nickel and
70 at% copper, assuming that no interaction occurs.
Solution:
We can estimate the lattice parameter of the alloy from those of the pure
nickel and copper and their atomic fractions:
ao 10.3213.2942 10.7213.61512 3.52
If the copper does not provide magnetic moments that influence magnetization, then
M
Since B mH,
H Bm 3500 G300,000 G/Oe 0.0117 Oe 0.928 A /m
Then:
I H/ n 10.928 A/m2 10.02 m2 20 turns 0.00093 A
CHAPTER 19
Magnetic Materials
211
1914 An Fe49% Ni alloy has a maximum permeability of 64,000 when a magnetic field
of 0.125 oersted is applied. What inductance is obtained and what current is needed
to obtain this inductance in a 200-turn, 3-cm long coil?
B mH 164,000 G/Oe210.125 Oe2 8000 G
Solution:
1926 The following data describe the effect of the magnetic field on the inductance in a
silicon steel. Calculate (a) the initial permeability and (b) the maximum permeability for the material.
Solution:
0 A/m 0 Oe
20 A/m 0.25 Oe
40 A/m 0.50 Oe
60 A/m 0.75 Oe
80 A/m 1.01 Oe
100 A/m 1.26 Oe
150 A/m 1.88 Oe
250 A/m 3.14 Oe
14.000
12.000
12.000G
1.15 Oe
0T
0G
0.08 T 800 G
0.3 T 3,000 G
0.65 T 6,500 G
0.85 T 8,500 G
0.95 T 9,500 G
1.10 T 11,500 G
1.25 T 12,500 G
Maximum
B (G)
10.000
8000
Initial
6000
5600 G
4000
2 Oe
2000
1
2
H (Oe)
The data is plotted; from the graph, the initial and maximum permeability are
calculated, as indicated:
(a) initial permeability 2222 G/Oe
(b) maximum permeability 8667 G/Oe
1927 A magnetic material has a coercive field of 167 A/m, a saturation magnetization of
0.616 Tesla, and a residual inductance of 0.3 tesla. Sketch the hysteresis loop for the
material.
Solution:
212
B (G)
3000
200
200
H (Oe)
3000
1928 A magnetic material has a coercive field of 10.74 A/m, a saturation magnetization of
2.158 Tesla, and a remanance induction of 1.183 tesla. Sketch the hysteresis loop for
the material.
Solution:
H (Oe)
0.2
20,000
1929 Using Figure 1916, determine the following properties of the magnetic material.
(a) remanance
(b) saturation magnetization
(c) coercive field
CHAPTER 19
Magnetic Materials
213
1930 Using Figure 1917 (see text), determine the following properties of the magnetic
material.
(a) remanance
(b) saturation magnetization
(c) coercive field
BH
0 Oe
2000 Oe
2500 Oe
3500 Oe
7500 G
7500 G
6000 G
0G
0 G # Oe
15 106 G # Oe
15 106 G # Oe
0 G # Oe
1937 What advantage does the Fe3% Si material have compared to Supermalloy for use
in electric motors?
Solution:
The Fe3% Si has a larger saturation inductance than Supermalloy, allowing more work to be done. However Fe3% Si does require larger fields,
since the coercive field for Fe3% Si is large, and the permeability of
Fe3% Si is small compared with that of Supermalloy.
1938 The coercive field for pure iron is related to the grain size of the iron by the relationship Hc 1.83 4.14 1A, where A is the area of the grain in two dimensions
(mm2) and Hc is in A/m. If only the grain size influences the 99.95% iron (coercivity 0.9 oersted), estimate the size of the grains in the material. What happens to the
coercivity value when the iron is annealed to increase the grain size?
Solution:
214
When the iron is annealed, the grain size increases, A increases, and the
coercive field Hc decreases.
1940 Suppose we replace 10% of the Fe2 ions in magnetite with Cu2 ions. Determine
the total magnetic moment per cubic centimeter.
Solution:
moment
Solution:
x 0.185
Thus the number of each type of atom or ion in the unit cell is:
oxygen: 14 atoms/subcell218 subcells2 32
Fe3: 12 ions/subcell218 subcells2 16
The total number of ions in the unit cell is 56; the atomic fraction of each
ion is:
foxygen 32 56 0.5714
fFe2 6.52 56 0.1164
The weight percent nickel is (using the molecular weights of oxygen, iron
and nickel):
10.02642158.712
10.571421162 10.28572155.8472 10.11642155.8472 10.02642158.712
4.68 wt%
%Ni