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Fluid Mecahnics Flat Plate PDF
Fluid Mecahnics Flat Plate PDF
Under certain conditions the effect of thermal interaction is confined to a thin region
near the surface called the thermal boundary layer G t .
x
x
Pe
RePr
U Vf L c p P
P
k
U c p Vf L
k
(4.1)
2
NOTE:
x Fluid velocity at the surface vanishes.
x Large changes in velocity across G .
x Large changes in temperature across G t .
x Viscosity plays no role outside G .
4.2.2 The Governing Equations
Assumptions: (1) Steady, (2) two-dimensional, (3) laminar, (4) uniform properties, (5) no
dissipation, and (6) no gravity.
Governing equations:
wu wv
wx wy
(2.3)
wu
wu
v
wx
wy
w 2u w 2u
1 wp
2 2
wx
U wx
wy
(2.10x)
wv
wv
v
wx
wy
w 2v w 2v
1 wp
2 2
wx
U wy
wy
(2.10y)
wT
wT
v
wy
wx
U c p u
w 2T w 2T
k 2 2
wx
wy
(2.19)
w 2u
w 2u
wy 2
wx 2
(4.2)
wp
|0
wy
(4.3)
and
Therefore
p | p(x)
It follows that
wp dp dp f
|
|
wx dx
dx
(4.4)
3
u
wu
wu
v
wx
wy
w 2u
1 dp f
2
U wx
wy
(4.5)
G
L
1
(4.6)
G
L
(4.14b)
Re L
G
x
(4.16)
Re x
k
v
wx 2 wy 2
wy
wx
U c 5 u
(2.19)
(4.17)
wT
wT
v
wx
wy
w 2T
wy 2
(4.18)
Gt
L
1
(4.19)
4
Case (1): G t ! G . Follow the argument leading to:
Gt
(4.24)
PrRe L
Thus
Gt
L
1 when
PrRe L !! 1
(4.25)
Gt
1
a
G
Pr
(4.27)
Thus
G t ! G when
Pr 1
(4.28)
Gt
L
a
Pr
1/3
(4.31)
Re L
Thus
Gt
L
1 when Pr 1/3 Re L !! 1
(4.32)
Gt
1
a 1/3
G Pr
(4.33)
Thus
G t G when Pr 1/3 !! 1
(4.34)
Continuity:
wu wv
wx wy
(2.3)
x-Momentum:
u
wu
wu
v
wx
wy
w 2u
1 dp f
2
U dx
wy
(4.13)
Energy:
u
wT
wT
v
wx
wy
w 2T
wy 2
(4.18)
x Solution to inviscid flow outside the boundary layer gives pressure gradient needed
in (4.13).
x To include buoyancy effect, add [ U E g (T Tf ) ] to (4.13).
4.4 Solutions: External Flow
Determine:
x Velocity and pressure distribution.
x Boundary layer thickness G (x) .
x Wall shear W o (x).
(a) Governing equations and boundary conditions
wu wv
wx wy
u
wu
wu
v
wx
wy
w 2u
1 dp f
2
U dx
wy
(2.3)
(4.13)
(4.35a)
v( x,0)
(4.35b)
u ( x, f ) Vf
(4.35c)
u (0, y ) Vf
(4.35d)
(b) Scale analysis: boundary layer thickness, wall shear and friction coefficient.
We showed that
G
x
(4.16)
Re x
Wo
(1 / 2) U Vf2
(4.37a)
(4.37b)
Re x
(4.38)
(4.39)
wu
wu
v
wx
wy
(4.40)
wy 2
K ( x, y )
x
Vf
x
(4.41)
Assume
u
Vf
df
dK
(4.42)
1
2 Vf x
df
K
f
dK
(4.43)
d3 f
d2 f
f
K
(
)
dK 3
dK 2
(4.44)
df (0)
0
dK
f (0) 0
(4.45a)
(4.45b)
df (f)
dK
(4.45c)
df (f)
dK
(4.45d)
NOTE:
5.2
Re x
(4.46)
Scaling gives
G
x
(4.16)
Re x
0.664
Re x
(4.48)
Scaling gives
Cf a
1
Re x
Table 4.1
Blasius solution [1]
Vf
y
Qx
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.6
4.0
4.4
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
6.0
7.0
8.0
(4.37b)
Determine:
x Temperature distribution.
x Thermal boundary layer thickness G t .
x Heat transfer coefficient h(x).
x Nusselt number Nu(x).
(a) Governing equation and boundary conditions
0.0
0.02656
0.10611
0.23795
0.42032
0.65003
0.92230
1.23099
1.56911
1.92954
2.30576
2.69238
3.08534
3.28329
3.48189
3.68094
3.88031
4.27964
5.27926
6.27923
df
dK
u
Vf
0.0
0.13277
0.26471
0.39378
0.51676
0.62977
0.72899
0.81152
0.87609
0.92333
0.95552
0.97587
0.98779
0.99155
0.99425
0.99616
0.99748
0.99898
0.99992
1.00000
d2 f
dK 2
0.33206
0.33147
0.32739
0.31659
0.29667
0.26675
0.22809
0.18401
0.13913
0.09809
0.06424
0.03897
0.02187
0.01591
0.01134
0.00793
0.00543
0.00240
0.00022
0.00001
8
u
w 2T
wT
wT
v
wx
wy
T ( x,0)
Ts
(4.49a)
T ( x, f )
Tf
(4.49b)
T (0, y )
Tf
(4.49c)
wy 2
(4.18)
(b) Scale analysis: Thermal boundary layer thickness, heat transfer coefficient and
Nusselt number
Gt
x
1
PrRe x
(4.50)
Gt
Pr
1/3
(4.51)
Re x
wT ( x,0)
wy
k
Ts Tf
(1.10)
(4.52)
Gt
ha
k
PrRe x ,
x
for Pr <<1
(4.53)
hx
k
(4.54)
for Pr <<1
(4.55)
k 1/3
h a Pr
Re x , for Pr >>1
x
(4.56)
Nu x a Pr
1/3
Re x , for Pr >>1
(4.57)
(4.58)
wT
wT
v
wx
wy
w 2T
(4.59)
wy 2
T ( x,0) 0
(4.60a)
T ( x, f ) 1
(4.60b)
T (0, y ) 1
(4.60c)
K ( x, y )
Vf
x
(4.41)
Assume
T ( x, y ) T (K )
Velocity components u and v in (4.59) are given by Blasius solution
u
Vf
v
Vf
1
2 Vf x
df
dK
(4.42)
df
K
f
dK
(4.43)
(4.61)
T (0) 0
(4.62a)
T (f ) 1
(4.62b)
T (f ) 1
(4.62c)
10
f
T (K ) 1
d 2 f )
2
dK
d f
2
dK
>0.332@
f
Pr
dK
(4.63)
Pr
dK
1.0
Pr
d 2 f
2
dK
1 0.7( air )
0.8
(4.64)
Pr
100 10
dK
0.1
0.6
T Ts
Tf Ts 0.4
Pr
0.2
0
0.01
10
12
T Ts
| 1 , at y
Tf Ts
Gt
(4.65)
wT ( x,0)
wy
k
Ts Tf
(1.10)
V f dT (0)
x dK
(4.66)
1
L
h ( x ) dx
(2.50)
k
dT (0)
Re L
L
dK
(4.67)
14
y Vf Q x
11
dT (0)
Re x
dK
Nu x
(4.68)
(4.69)
dT (0)
dK
dT (0)
dK
0.564 Pr 1 / 2 ,
0.332 Pr 1 / 3 ,
dT (0)
dK
Pr < 0.05
(4.71a)
(4.71b)
Pr >10
(4.71c)
0.339 Pr 1 / 3 ,
Table 4.2
dT (0)
Pr
dK
0.001
0.01
0.1
0.5
0.7
1.0
7.0
10.0
15.0
50
100
1000
0.0173
0.0516
0.140
0.259
0.292
0.332
0.645
0.730
0.835
1.247
1.572
3.387
x Review Examples 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3. They illustrate the application of Blasius
solution, Pohlhausens solution, and scaling to the solution of convection problems.
4.4.3 Laminar Boundary Layer Flow over Semi-infinite Flat Plate: Variable Surface
Temperature
Cx n
(4.74)
u
Vf
v
Vf
1
2 Vf x
df
dK
(4.42)
df
K
f
dK
(4.43)
12
K ( x, y )
Vf
x
(4.41)
wT
wT
v
wx
wy
w 2T
(4.18)
wy 2
Tf Cx n
Ts
(a)
T ( x, f )
Tf
(b)
T (0, y )
Tf
(c)
T Ts
Tf Ts
(4.58)
T
Assume
T ( x, y ) T (K )
(4.75)
Using (4.41)-(4.43), (4.58), (4.74) and (4.75), energy equation (4.18) transforms to (see
Appendix C for details)
d 2T
df
Pr
dT
n
Pr
T
f
K
(
1
)
(
)
dK
dK
2
dK 2
(4.76)
T (0)
(4.77a)
T (f ) 1
(4.77b)
T (f ) 1
(4.77c)
Local heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number are determined using (1.10)
wT ( x,0)
wy
k
Ts Tf
(1.10)
Cx n
Vf dT (0)
x dK
Vf dT (0)
x dK
(4.78)
The average heat transfer coefficient for a plate of length L is defined in equation (2.50)
13
L
1
L
h( x)dx
(2.50)
k
dT (0)
Re L
L
dK
(4.79)
Nu x
(4.80)
(4. 81)
2.0
30
dT (0)
dK
10
1.0
Pr
Fig.4.8
0.5
1.0
0.7
1.5
dT (0)
for plate with varying surface temperature,
dK
Ts Tf Cx n [4]
4.4.4 Laminar Boundary Layer Flow over a Wedge: Uniform Surface Temperature
wu
wu
v
wx
wy
w 2u
1 dp f
2
U dx
wy
(4.13)
Cx m
(4.82)
14
(4.83)
2E
Application of (4.13) to the inviscid flow outside the viscous boundary layer, gives
1 dpf
U dx
Vf
wVf
wx
wu
wu
v
wx
wy
Vf
wVf
w 2u
2
wx
wy
(4.84)
(4.85a)
v ( x,0)
(4.85b)
u ( x, f) Vf ( x)
Cx m
(4.85c)
K ( x, y )
Vf ( x)
x
x ( m1) / 2
(4.86)
Assume
u
Vf ( x )
dF
dK
(4.87)
Continuity equation (2.3), (4.86), and (4.87) give the vertical velocity component v
v
Vf ( x)
m 1
1 m dF
F
K
xVf ( x) 2
1 m dK
(4.88)
dF
d 3F m 1 d 2F
F
m m
3
2
2
dK
dK
dK
(4.89)
0
0
1
(4.90a)
(4.90b)
(4.90c)
15
u
wT
wT
v
wx
wy
w 2T
(4.59)
wy 2
Boundary conditions
T ( x,0) 0
(4.60a)
T ( x, f ) 1
(4.60b)
T (0, y ) 1
(4.60c)
T Ts
Tf Ts
(4.58)
T (K )
(4.75)
Where T is defined as
T
Assume
(4.91)
(4.92a)
T (f ) 1
(4.92b)
T (f ) 1
(4.92c)
T (K )
1
K
f
(m 1) Pr
exp
2
(m 1) Pr
exp
2
F (K ) d K d K
F (K ) d K d K
(4.93)
(m 1) Pr
exp
2
F (K )dK dK
1
(4.94)
16
dT (0)
and surface velocity
dK
m
0
0.111
0.333
1.0
wedge angle SE
F cc(0)
0.3206
0.5120
0.7575
1.2326
S / 5 (36 )
S / 2 (90o)
S
(180o)
0.7
0.8
1.0
5.0
10.0
0.292
0.331
0.384
0.496
0.307
0.348
0.403
0.523
0.332
0.378
0.440
0.570
0.585
0.669
0.792
1.043
0.730
0.851
1.013
1.344
x Heat transfer coefficient h and Nusselt number Nu. Equation (1.10) gives h
wT ( x,0)
wy
k
Ts Tf
(1.10)
Vf ( x ) dT ( 0)
x dK
(4.95)
dT (0)
Re x
dK
(4.96)
xVf ( x)
(4.97)