Air Borne Emission

4 Sources
Two pollutants - fine particulate matter (PM) and ground level ozone - are now considered to have the
greatest health impacts.

PM pollution is estimated to cause 200,000 deaths per year in Europe.

Ground level ozone comes

from photo-chemical reactions
between nitrogen oxide (NOx) and
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
in the presence of sunlight.
In the next few slides we will look at
the various components of exhaust
emissions and how they impact on
the climate.

Impact
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
CO2 is a greenhouse gas (GHG). GHGs
in the atmosphere act as a blanket
to insulate our planet from heat loss.

Like a greenhouse, they allow most

sunlight to pass through the
atmosphere and warm the planet.
They also absorb some of the
reflected heat and radiate it back to
the surface.

The rise in greenhouse gas

concentration make this blanket
thicker. This overheats the planet

and affects wind patterns,

precipitation and storm events.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

As of May 2013, the concentration
of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere had passed 400 ppm;
the highest it has been for over
650,000 years.

Studies show that CO2 levels

before the Industrial Revolution
(circa 1860) were 260-280 ppm
and did not vary much in the
preceding 10,000 years of human
civilisation.

While ships have low CO2 emissions per

tonne/nm, its share of global CO2 emissions
is still significant at 2.7%.

If emissions from shipping continue as

projected, then they could constitute
between 12% and 18% of the total
CO2 emissions in 2050.

While progress is being made towards the

reduction of NOx and SOx, emissions the IMO
is coming under increased pressure to

address the issue of GHG emissions.

NOx is a generic term for the mono-nitrogen

oxides, NO and NO2(nitric oxide and nitrogen
dioxide). They are produced from the reaction of
nitrogen and oxygen gases in the air
during combustion, especially at high
temperatures.

NOx contributes to acid rain and respiratory

problems. It can also combine with other
pollutants to form toxic chemicals. Ground level
ozone occurs as a result of photo-chemical
reactions between NOxand Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight.

Sulphur Oxides (SOx)

SOx gases are formed when fuel containing sulphur, such as coal and oil, is burned.
SO2 dissolves in water vapour to form sulphuric acid and interacts with other gases and
particles in the air to form sulphates and other chemicals that can be harmful to
people and their environment.
SOx causes acid rain,
respiratory problems in
humans and plants, and water
damage. High SOx in the
shipping industry is due to the
high sulphur content typically
found in cheaper
intermediate and heavy fuel
oil. There are two options to

reduce SOx levels:

1.

Take the sulphur out of

the fuel (oil companies)
2.
Take the SOx out of the
exhaust gasses (ships).
Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs)
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are
hydrocarbon-based chemical compounds which can
be both man-made and naturally occurring. There
are many types of VOC; a well-known example is
formaldehyde, which is found in paint and
adhesives.
Particular Matter (PM) and Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs) from ships are due to
incomplete combustion and dirty fuel oil. PM and
VOCs contribute to air pollution and can cause lung
diseases in humans.
Particular matter can be recognised by black
smoke coming out of the funnels.

Regulation
CO2 Requirements
In addition to the regulations already passed, the
IMO is currently preparing a regulation on the
reduction of CO2emissions from shipping in the
form of a CO2 indexing scheme.
In July 2009, IMOs Marine Environment Protection

Committee (MEPC), at its 59th session, finalised a

package of technical and operational measures to
reduce GHG emissions from shipping. This aimed
at improving the energy efficiency for new ships
through improved design and propulsion
technologies and for all ships, new and existing,
improving operational practices.
These measures, some of which could have
significant impacts on shipping in the future, are
covered in the next unit

NOx Requirements
MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 13 outlines a stepped approach to reduce NOx emissions for
all diesel engines with a power output of more than 130 kW installed. The regulation
impacts ships constructed after 1st January 2000 and engines of 130 kW or above which
have had a major conversion.
All engines which meet the above requirement will require an EIAPP Certificate.
Different tiers of NOx control have
been introduced based on ship
construction date, with the limit
value determined on the basis of
engine rated speed. However, in the
case of additional or non-identical
replacement engines, applicable tier
will be set by the installation date.
Tier III limits apply only inside
NOx Emission Control Areas (North

American ECA).
EIAPP Certificate.

An EIAPP certificate requires

information such as:

Engine Type
Engine Number
Engine Performance
This is the pre-certification
issued after demonstrating
compliance with NOx emission
limits. Testing is carried out in
accordance with the Technical
Code on Control of Emission of
Nitrogen Oxides from Marine
Diesel Engines (the NOx
Technical Code)

SOx Requirements
The revised MARPOL Annex VI, Regulation 14, introduces a number of changes to the maximum allowable sulphur
content of fuel oil, both inside and outside SO x and particulate matter Emission Control Areas.
EU directive EC 2005/33, introduced in January 2010, imposes a 0.1% limit on sulphur emitted by ships in EU ports.

Compliance using alternative

means such as exhaust gas
cleaning systems "scrubbing" is
also allowed

VOC Requirements

The revised MARPOL Annex VI introduced a new mandatory requirement (regulation 15.6)
regarding Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) emissions control. This applies to all tankers
carrying crude oil.
Since 1st July 2010, every tanker
carrying crude oil is required to
have on board and implement a
ship-specific VOC Management Plan,
approved by the Administration.
The Plan must take into account
guidelines contained in:
MEPC.185 (59) and
MEPC.1/Circ.680.

VOC Requirements
The purpose of the Plan is to ensure that VOC emissions resulting from tanker operations
to which regulation 15.6 applies are prevented or minimised as much as possible.
The ship-specific VOC Management Plan must
provide written procedures for minimising VOC
emissions during:

loading of cargo

sea passage, and

discharge of cargo.

Additionally, VOCs generated during crude oil

washing needs to be considered.
For more information about VOC Management
Plan, please refer to Marlins Computer Based
Training Course: Volatile Organic Compounds
Emission Control.

SEEMP Requirements
In July 2011, IMO adopted a new chapter to
MARPOL Annex VI that includes a package of
mandatory technical and operational measures
to reduce GHG emissions from international
shipping. This aims to improve the energy
efficiency for new ships through improved design
and propulsion technologies and for all ships,
both new and existing, primarily through
improved operational practices. The measures
came into force on 1 January 2013.
The aim of the measures is to reduce carbon
dioxide emissions by 100-180 million tonnes a
year by 2020. All ships are now required to
implement an energy efficient management
plan, including monitoring of fuel consumed. All
new ships built from 2013 and onwards will be
required to meet a specific energy requirement
(grams of CO2 per tonne-mile) which will be
gradually tightened over time (every five years).

The revised MARPOL Annex VI came

into force on January 1, 2013.
The principal amendment to MARPOL
Annex VI is the introduction of the
new Chapter 4. The chapter provides
regulations on energy efficiency for
ships (SEEMP). The revised Annex also
highlights North American Waters as
Emission Control Areas (ECAs).

Current and future Emission Control Areas

The impact of the Annex VI SOx controls will vary

depending on whether a ship is operating in or
outside an Emission Control Area. The North
American ECA,which came into effect in August
2012, extends up to 200 miles offshore. This
significantly increased the total global area covered
by ECAs and the associated quantities of controlled
fuel oils.
As for NOx ECAs, these will only affect ships
constructed on or after 1st January 2016. Currently,
the North American area will be the only NOx ECA.
We must expect that further Emission Control Areas
both for SOx or NOx will be added over time.

Emission Control Areas (ECAs

PREVENTION

Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP)

SEEMP was developed by a coalition of industry organisations through a
working group on greenhouse (GHG) emissions convened by IMO MEPC and
issued through circular MEPC.1/Circ. 684. SEEMP is a practical
management tool that increases the energy efficiency of ships in operation
through:

improved voyage planning

speed and power
optimisation
optimised ship handling
onboard energy
management.
The measures consist of the
requirement for an Energy
Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for
new vessels and a Ship Energy

Efficiency Managment Plan (SEEMP)

for new and existing vesssels.

Reducing the Effects

The most effective way of reducing the effects of fuel emissions is to
control and efficiently conserve energy wherever possible. This can be
done by ensuring that:

Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP)

As specified in Chapter 4 of MARPOL Annex VI, all vessels of 400 GT and above are required to
carry a Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) and be issued with an International
Energy Efficiency (IEE) Certificate. SEEMPs and IEE Certificates are required no later than the
first intermediate or renewal survey for the existing International Air Pollution Prevention
Certificate after 1st January 2013.
A formula for monitoring a ships performance know as the Energy Efficiency Operational
Indicator (EEOI) has been developed and is being used on a voluntary basis.

Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) - further Reading

IMO has also published guidance on developing SEEMPs in Resolution MEPC.213(63).

A SEEMP for tankers has been developed by Intertanko and is called the Tanker Energy
Efficiency Management Plan (TEEMP).
For further information please refer to the Marlins Course: Ship Energy Efficiency
Management Plan, which is recommended to all officers.

Sewage
Are you allowed to do this?

SOURCES

Sewage is human body waste and the was

toilets and other receptacles intended to
or retain body waste which is discharged
the vessel.

Sewage is naturally rich in both phosphorous and

nitrogen, which encourage the excessive growth of
plants and algae creating toxic algae blooms.
When these plants and algae die, they are
decomposed by bacteria that also remove oxygen
from the water, killing other marine life.
Sewage is also a source of pathogens such as viral
hepatitis, cholera, typhoid fever, and a range of
stomach and intestinal diseases.

An algae bloom in the North Sea

REGULATION
MARPOL 73 / 78 Annex IV

Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage of Ships entered into force on 1 August 2005
apply to new and existing ships of:
400+ gross tonnage
less than 400 gross tonnage certified to carry more than 15 persons.

*'New ship' is one for which the building contract or keel was laid on or after 27 September, 2003 o
delivered on or after September 23, 2006.
* Existing ships had to comply by 27 September 2008.
Sewage Special Area

Stricter rules apply to Baltic Spec

Area.

Revised Sewage Standards

The Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) at
its 55th session in October 2006, adopted revised
guidelines on sewage treatment plants (see resolution
MEPC.159(55)). The revised guidelines apply to sewage
treatment plants installed on or after 1 January 2010.

Sewage Treatment Plant

The MEPC also adopted a standard for the maximum rate

of discharge of untreated sewage from holding tanks
when at a distance equal or greater than 12 nautical
miles from the nearest land (see resolution
MEPC.157(55)).

To avoid pollution by sewage, the vessel's sewage

facilities must be in good operational condition and in
compliance with MARPOL Annex IV regulations.
The sewage system must be approved by the relevant
authority and the vessel must hold a valid International
Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate.
A survey of the equipment should be carried out at least
every five years.

Environmental Protection (ISO 14000)

Objectives
After studying this module, you should be able
to:

state the importance of the

Environmental Management System (EMS)

specify the main areas of the

Environmental Management System (EMS)

outline the requirements of ISO 14000

standard

describe how ISO 14000 can achieve the

goal of the Environmental Management
System (EMS).
What is an Environmental Management System ?
An EMS is a system which helps a company to:

identify its significant environmental aspects and impacts, legal and

other requirements and the views of interested parties

address global and local concerns

publicly demonstrate environmental commitment.

What is ISO (International Standards

Organisation)
ISO is a non-governmental organisation, established in
1947.
It comprises 140 member countries.
It aims to promote international standards.
What is ISO 14000 ?
ISO 14000 is a group of environmental standards (14000
series) that was established in 1996 including:

14001
14004
14010
14011
14012

EMS Specification
Guidance / Advice
Principles of Environmental Auditing
Guidance for EMS Auditing
Guidance on EMS Auditing Qualification.

ISO 14000 Phases

The long-term goal of environmental
management is to reduce, as far as is
practicable, the impact that an
organisation's activities, products and
services has on the plants and animals.
ISO 14000 can assist in achieving this.

ISO 14001 - Environmental Management System Specificatio

The ISO 14001 standard specifies the
requirements of an Environmental
Management System (EMS).
For successful implementation, ISO
requires:

support and commitment of the

management at the highest level

provision of resources:
- appointing a responsible senior manager
to oversee the
policy throughout the company
- creating company-wide awareness
of the EMS policy
- training.
The overall aim of this standard is to
support environmental protection and
prevention of pollution in balance with
socio-economic needs.

Environmental Awareness for Officers

Adopting an Environmental Policy

By adopting an Environmental Management System, a company will be
empowered to:

identify environmental aspects and determine areas of significant

impact
identify the relevant legislative and regulatory requirements
identify priorities and set environmental objectives
establish a structure and programme to implement the policy and
achieve the objectives and targets
carry out planning, control, corrective action, auditing and review.

Summary
Now that you have studied this module, you should now be able to:

state the importance of the Environmental Management System

(EMS)

specify the main area of the Environmental Management System

(EMS)

outline the brief of ISO 14000 standard

describe how ISO 14000 can achieve the goal of the Environmental
Management System (EMS).

Energy Use & Management (ISO 50001)

Objectives
After studying this module, you should be able to:

state the importance of conforming with the requirements of the

Energy Management System (EnMS)
outline the ISO 50001 standard
define roles and responsibilities for achieving the requirements of
the EnMS
list the benefits of improved energy performance
appreciate the impact, actual or potential, with respect to energy
use and consumption, of your activities and how your behaviour
contributes to the achievement of energy objectives
understand the potential consequences of departure from specified
procedures.

What is ISO 50001?

ISO 50001 was released by the International
Standards Organisation (ISO) in June 2011. The aim
is to help organisations to continually reduce their
energy use and therefore their energy costs and
greenhouse gas emissions.
The standard specifies the requirements for
"establishing, implementing, maintaining and
improving an energy management system", to
enable an organisation to achieve "continual
improvement of energy performance, including

energy efficiency, energy security, energy use and

consumption".
What is the difference between ISO 50001 and ISO
14000?
ISO 14001 looks at the environmental impacts of an
organisation, but in companies such as V.Group
where energy (i.e. fuel) is a significant cost, ISO
50001 provides a more specific framework that
enables a sharper focus to energy efficiency.

What is an Energy Management System (EnMS)?

An EnMS is a structure designed to help an organization to:

achieve energy efficiency through well laid out policies and

methods
ensure continual review and improvement of these policies
and methods
spread awareness of energy efficiency throughout an
entire organisation.
Vessels that have or require ISO 50001 certification must receive
internal audits of their energy management.
In addition to this requirement, V.Group is committed to
environmental training and awareness, including energy
conservation.

Key areas of Energy Management

System (EnMS)
The Energy Management System (EnMS) can be split into five
areas:

Commitment & Policy: The

development and adoption of the
Company Energy Policy and
communicating this policy to all staff,
as well as the public.
Planning: The identification of both

positive and negative energy-related

aspects of the Companys activities,
including subsequent changes.
Implementation: How the EnMS is
adopted, including assigning
responsibilities, training staff and
identifying documentation.
Measurement & Evaluation: An
EnMS must have objectives and
targets, meaning it is necessary to
measure, monitor and evaluate
results.
Review & Improvement: In order to
maintain momentum and achieve
effectiveness of the EnMS, a review
will take place on an annual basis.

Roles & Responsibilities

How Do Your Activities Impact ?

With over 500 vessels in technical management at the end of 2013, V.Group's annual
bunker fuel consumption is considerable, but every saving helps to reduce our
environmental footprint. When you consider that for an average container ship of
8,000~ TEU, a speed reduction from 24 knots to 21 knots, can reduce fuel consumption
by some 33%.
However, energy savings are not just confined to voyage
management. Additional energy saving initiatives, both
afloat and ashore, might include:

How can you save energy?

Establishing energy efficient operating procedures

for significant energy-consuming equipment
Implementing proper preventive maintenance
schedules for all equipment
Reducing the time cold rooms are left open
Operating laundry machines only when fully
loaded
Cleaning chiller condensers and machine filters
periodically
Replacing incandescent bulbs with energy saving
bulbs.