1.

Introduction
Vertical Control is the general term applied to any of the various processes by each
elevation of points or differences in elevation are determined. It is a vital operation in
producing necessary data for mapping, engineering design, and construction.

2.0

Aim
To fly reduced level from known point (Benchmark or Temporary Benchmark) to
unknown point.

3.0

Equipments
3.1 Level and Tripod (1 set)
3.2 Staff (2 sets)
3.3 Staff bubble (2 sets)

4.0

Field Procedures
4.1 Observation Procedures
4.1.1 The series of measurements of level loop as shown in Figure 3.3.
4.1.2 Start at TBM1, so the first reading measurement from Setup 1 is a back
sight to TBM1, and the second reading is a foresight to CP1 known as a
Change Point.
4.1.3 The leveling staff then remains at CP1, while the instrument moves to Setup
2. Take back sight reading to CP1, and foresight reading to CP2, and so on.
4.1.4 Eventually, a Setup 4, a back sight reading is made to CP4, and foresight
reading to TBMK1 (Area A).
4.1.5 Then, the measurement is done in opposite direction.
4.1.6 The position of instrument, staff, and the check point is changed slightly in
horizontal direction.
4.1.6 Starting at TBMK1, the first reading from Setup 4 is a back sight at to
TBMK1, and the second reading is a foresight to CP4.
4.1.7 The levelling staff remains at CP4, while the instrument moves to Setup 3.
Take the back sight reading of CP4, and foresight reading to CP3, and so on.

4.1.8 Eventually, a Setup 1, a back sight reading to CP1 , and foresight reading to
TBM1.
4.1.5 The traverse is then CLOSED. This allows a check on the levels, since the
sum of all the changes in level should be zero.

4.2

Booking Procedures
4.2.1 The Rise and Fall Method
The terms that are commonly used in the Rise and Fall Method are:
BS = Backsight,
FS = Foresight,
IS = Intermediate Sight, and
RL = Reduced Level.

4.3 Reduction (Calculation) Procedures

4.3.1 Checks your survey accuracy, and should be within tolerances given below
or suitable for your project. This check should be applied before your leave the
job
4.3.2 The following check the arithmetic of your level reductions and must be
exact:
BS -FS = Rise - Fall
(BS) (FS) = RL (last BM) RL (start BM)
9.3.3 Misclosure should be:
(20K) mm, where K is the length of the traverse in km.
9.3.4 For example, misclosure is +30 mm and the length of the loop is 0.7 km.
Hence the misclosure limit is 200.7 = 17 mm. Therefore, the misclosure of +30
mm is too big (means that the leveling work is not accepted).

5.0 RESULT :

6.0 DISCUSSION :

7.0 CONCLUSION:
Levelling is to determine the difference in height between two points in a particular area.
Themain reason for levelling is to design buildings, highways, railways. Levelling also helps in
construction by enabling us to calculate the volume Earthworks. Levelling required usage of
certain instruments such as level staff, dumpy level, staff bubble and measuring tape.
For the acceptable range, formula 20D (km) is used. In our measurement, the distance is 400m
which is equivalent to 0.4 km. Substituting the value in the formula, we will get 200.4 = 12.65
mm. The acceptable range for the error is 12.65 mm. This is bigger than the closure that we get,
which is 0.000083 mm. So, our measurement can be accepted.