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06a-PT11-Fans and Blowers (Compatibility Mode) PDF
06a-PT11-Fans and Blowers (Compatibility Mode) PDF
RMD 2501
06a
Session Objectives
PEMP
RMD 2501
06a
What is a Fan?
PEMP
RMD 2501
M.M.S.
S. Ramaiah
School
of Advanced
Studies, Studies
Bangalore
Ramaiah
School
of Advanced
PEMP
RMD 2501
Fans, blowers
F
bl
andd compressors are differentiated
diff
i d by
b the
h method
h d usedd to
move the air, and by the system pressure they must operate against.
Difference Between Fans Blower and Compressors
DifferenceBetweenFans,BlowerandCompressors
Equipment
SpecificRatio
PressureRise(mmWC)
Fans
Up to 1 11
Upto1.11
1136
Blowers
1.11to1.20
1136to2066
Compressors
Morethan
More
than
1.20
M.M.S.
S. Ramaiah
School
of Advanced
Studies, Studies
Bangalore
Ramaiah
School
of Advanced
PEMP
RMD 2501
Turning Vanes
(typically used on
short radius elbows)
Outlet
O tl t Diffusers
Diff
Heat
Exchanger
Baffles
Inlet
Vanes
Motor
Controller
Centrifugal Fan/Blower
Belt Drive
06a
M.M.S.
S. Ramaiah
School
of Advanced
Studies, Studies
Bangalore
Ramaiah
School
of Advanced
PEMP
RMD 2501
06a
I
ll
Impeller
Blade
Shroud
H b
Hub
Housing
Inlet
Outlet
Guide Vanes
Centrifugal housing
include side plate and
scroll
ll sheets.
h t
Axial housing includes
the outer and inner
cylinder, belt tube
M.M.S.
S. Ramaiah
School
of Advanced
Studies, Studies
Bangalore
Ramaiah
School
of Advanced
Fan Types
PEMP
RMD 2501
Centrifugal Fans
R t ti impeller
i
ll increases
i
i velocity
l it
Rotating
air
06a
PEMP
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PEMP
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Open Type
Backward inclined
Radial Tip Blades
Backward inclined
Radial tip Blades
Airfoil
Blades
with
Higher
Efficiency
Backward
inclined
radial
di l
blade
06a
Open Type
Backward
inclined Radial
Tip Blades
Forward
Curved
Blades Type
Centrifugal Fans
PEMP
RMD 2501
Paddle blade or
radial fan
Backward curved
Radial
R
di l fans
f
h
have
hi
high
h static
t ti
pressures (up to 1400 mm
WC) and can handle heavily
contaminated airstreams.
Well suited for high
temperatures and medium
blade tip speeds
06a
Forward curved or
multi-vane radial fan
M.M.S.
S. Ramaiah
School
of Advanced
Studies, Studies
Bangalore
Ramaiah
School
of Advanced
10
06a
PEMP
RMD 2501
Augmenting
g
g Air Fan
Scanner Air Fan
Booster Air Fan
Burner Air Fan
Degasser Blower
Combustion Air Fan
Oil Vapour Exhaust
Fan
Purge Gas Blowers
Inline Fans
Supply Air Fan
Exhaust Air Fan
Ventilation Fan
Radial Blowers
Turbo Blowers
(Centrifugal)
FD Fan
ID Fan
In-series
In
series Blowers
Igniter Air Fan
Seal Air Fan
M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies
11
Centrifugal Fans
T
Type
Radial
Ch
Characteristics
t i ti
PEMP
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T i l A li ti
TypicalApplications
Backward
curved blades
Airfoil type
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12
PEMP
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Aerofoil blades
13
PEMP
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L efficient,
ffi i t large
l
i fl
Less
airflow
and low speeds
14
06a
PEMP
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Ventilation Fan
Airscrew Fan
Wall mounted Supply
pp y Fan
Wall mounted Exhaust Fan
Bifurcated Fan
Roof Exhaust Fan
Inline Fan
Spark proof Fans
Inline Fans
Freshh Air
Ai Unit
i
Ventilation Unit
Air washer Unit
Smoke Exhaust Unit
Toilet Exhaust Fans
CPU Fans
15
Propeller Fan
PEMP
RMD 2501
Propeller fan also known as panel fan is commonly used to exhaust hot or
contaminated air or corrosive gases from factories, welding shops, foundries,
furnace rooms, laboratories, laundries, stores or residential attics or windows
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Axial Fans
PEMP
RMD 2501
Type
Characteristics
Typical Applications
low pressure, high flow, low
Air circulation,
efficiency peak efficiency
efficiency,
ventilation
ventilation,
Propeller
close to point of free air
exhaust
delivery (zero static pressure)
M di
Medium
pressure, high
hi h flow,
fl
HVAC,
higher efficiency than
drying ovens,
Tube Axial ppropeller
p
type,
yp dipp in pressure
p
exhaust systems
flow curve before peak
pressure point
Vane Axial
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17
PEMP
RMD 2501
Mixed flow fan with barrel shaped spun housing for small
diameters of inlet and outlet ducts. Direct drive, the fan wheel
has a conical back plate. Outlet guide vanes prevent excessive
p at the small outlet diameter.
air spin
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18
PEMP
RMD 2501
Double inlet
double width
impeller
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19
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PEMP
RMD 2501
Direct drive
Lower number of components
resulting in lower costs
Requires no regular checkups for
adjustment of belt
Higher fan efficiency since no
slippage due to belt drive
R l in
i more flow
fl
since
i
motor
Results
does not obstruct flow
Performance flexibility of belt
drive can be obtained by adjustable
pitch blades and increasing number
of blades
20
Blower Types
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PEMP
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21
PEMP
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Fan Laws
N 10% Q 10% or
N 10% Q 10%
06a
N 10% Ps 19%
or N 10% Ps 21%
M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies
N 10% HP 27% or
N 10% HP 33%
22
Fan Laws
PEMP
RMD 2501
P equals
either pt or ps
q
23
Fan Laws
PEMP
RMD 2501
O
ti Point:
P i t Fan
F curve andd system
t curve intersect
i t
t
Operating
Move to flow Q2 by
closing damper
(increase system
resistance)
Flow Q1 at pressure
P1 and fan speed
N1
Move to flow Q2 by
reducing fan speed
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24
PEMP
RMD 2501
Efficiency or BEP
Type of Fan
Peak
Efficiency
Range
Centrifugal fans:
Airfoil,
Backward
curved/inclined
79-83
Modified radial
72-79
R di l
Radial
69 75
69-75
Pressure blower
58-68
Forward curved
60-65
Axial fans:
Vane axial
78-85
T b axial
i l
Tube
67 72
67-72
Propeller
45-50
25
PEMP
RMD 2501
f
l l i ffan efficiency
ffi i
i parameters
Before
calculating
measure operating
Air velocity, pressure head, air stream temp, electrical motor
input etc.,
input,
etc
Ensure that
Is efficiency
Fan is operating at rated speed
the onlyy
Operations are at stable condition
criteria for fan
Methodology
selection?
1 Calculate air/gas density
1.
2. Measure air velocity and calculate average
3. Calculate the volumetric flow in the duct
4. Measure the power drive of the motor
5. Calculate fan efficiency (Mechanical and Static efficiency)
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Performance Characteristics
PEMP
RMD 2501
27
PEMP
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System Resistance
Sum of static pressure losses
in system
Configuration of ducts,
pickups, elbows
Increases with
square of air volume
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28
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PEMP
RMD 2501
29
PEMP
RMD 2501
Typically a curve
will be developed
for a given set of
conditions
di i
usually
ll
including: fan
volume, system
static pressure,
pressure fan
speed, efficiency
and BHP required
to drive the fan
under the stated
conditions
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30
Non
overloading
power
characteristic.
(i.e. power
input does not
peak at either
free flow or
no flow)
Efficiency
limited to 60%
to 70% at most.
Steeply rising
power
characteristic
06a
PEMP
RMD 2501
31
Centrifugal Fans
PEMP
RMD 2501
Schematic sketch of a typical centrifugal fan wheel with ten backward-curved airfoil blades
d1 = blade inner diameter
d2 = blade outer diameter
b = blade width
i
l = blade length
= blade angle
U = blade velocity
W = relative air velocity
V = Absolute air velocity
1 is usually
10o to 30o
06a
32
Scroll Casing
PEMP
RMD 2501
Schematic
S
h
i sketch
k h off typical
i l scroll
ll housing
h i assembly
bl for
f
a 36.5 inch centrifugal fan with airfoil, backward curved
blades for general ventilation
06a
33
PEMP
RMD 2501
Airflow versus blade width for a centrifugal fan with airfoil blades
06a
34
PEMP
RMD 2501
Tipp angles
g 2, as a function of the inlet blade angle
g 1 and of the
diameter ratio d1/d2 for straight blades
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35
Flow control
dampers
I l t vane dampers
Inlet
d
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PEMP
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Pulley Driven
I l t guide
Inlet
id vanes
36
PEMP
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Speed Change
Permanent speed
p
decrease
Real energy reduction
Fan must handle capacity change
Only applicable if V-belt system or motor
Dampers
37
PEMP
RMD 2501
I l t guide
id vanes
Inlet
Create swirls in fan direction
Reduce angle air and fan blades
Lowering fan load, pressure, air flow
Improve efficiency: reduced load and airflow
Cost effective at 80-100% of full air flow
Less efficient at <80% of full air flow
38
PEMP
RMD 2501
Variable speed drives (VSDs): reduce fan speed and air flow
Two types; Mechanical VSDs and Electrical VSDs
((includingg VFDs))
Most improved and efficient speed control
Speed adjustments over continuous range
high costs
Variable frequency drives (Change motors rotational speed
by adjusting electrical frequency of power)
Effective and easy flow control
Improved efficiency over wide operating range
Can be retrofitted to existing motors
Compactness
No fouling
g pproblems
Reduced energy losses and costs
06a
M.M.S.
S. Ramaiah
School
of Advanced
Studies, Studies
Bangalore
Ramaiah
School
of Advanced
39
39
PEMP
RMD 2501
06a
Simple design
Feasible in some applications only
Operate fans in series
Lower average duct pressure
Less noise
Lower structural / electrical support required
Not suited for low resistance systems
M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies
Fans in series
40
PEMP
RMD 2501
Comparing the
impact of
different types
of flow control
on power use
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42
PEMP
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PEMP
RMD 2501
Some manufacturers specify the blade pitch angle in terms of the tip chord. Those
who refurbish fans often incorrectly set these angles as the at the blade root rather
than the tip of the blade.
blade Depending upon the twist of the blade this could be as
much as 30 resulting with the fan performance less than expectations
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PEMP
RMD 2501
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It is
i found
f
d by
b experience
i
that
th t
fans with long lengths of lay-flat
duct reduces excessive power
d
draw
andd prevents the
h fan
f from
f
shaking violently
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RMD 2501
46
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PEMP
RMD 2501
Axial fans offer better efficiency over a wider range of duties whereas
the centrifugal fans can have a higher efficiency, albeit over a smaller
range, on a single performance curve.
The
Th performance
f
off a single
i l speedd centrifugal
t if l fan
f requires
i the
th
installation of variable inlet vanes.
49
PEMP
RMD 2501
The light material used in the blades along with the high rotational speed
of axial fans make them prone to erosion, and even in good (dry)
conditions it is reasonably expected that this erosion will have
significantly reduced the fan performance within five years.
Centrifugal fan impellers are fabricated from plate and are generally
hollow. As a consequence when there is water in the shaft the nose of
the blade is prone to pitting allowing water to enter the hollow section.
Sufficient water in this section will cause the impeller
p
to become
unbalanced, and if allowed to continue it will result in high vibration and
eventual failure of the impeller shaft.
Centrifugal
C
if l fans
f
traditionally
di i ll require
i the
h construction
i off large
l
concrete
foundations for the motor and ductwork. The cost of these foundations
significantly increases the capital cost of the fan.
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PEMP
RMD 2501
Single fan installations are generally less expensive than multiple fan
installations.
installations
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Session Summary
06a
PEMP
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Fans and blowers are low speed machines with low pressure
rise, and the flow through them is treated as incompressible.
52
PEMP
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Thank you
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