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Compressible Flow
When a change in pressure is accompanied by such a change in density, the flow is
called compressible & the amount of compressibility depends on the velocity of the
air.
At supersonic speeds, all pressure changes are accompanied either by shock waves,
through which the pressure & density are increased, or else by expansion waves,
through which these quantities are reduced.
Gases
A gas is composed of individual, distinct particles, each in continual, irregular
motion, & these particles are constantly colliding with each other.
Attributes
Perfect Gas Law
Adiabatic Process
Speed of Sound
Formula
P=RT [SI ]
P
T
=
=
P o o
To
P=gRT [ENGLISH ]
V
= a
Va
2
1
vo
=
=
v
o
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
V a= RT
V a=20.05 T [ SI , T =K ]
V a=49.02 T [IMPERIAL , T =R ]
Compressible Bernoulli Equation
( constant )
Stagnation Pressure in
Compressible Fluids
Mach Number
Reynolds Number
Law of Continuity
V1
P1 V 2
P2
+
= +
2 1
2 1
2
1 V o
Ps=P o 1+
2 V 2a
M=
RN =
V
Va
VR
A 1 V 1= A 2 V 2
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1 A 1 V 1= 2 A 2 V 2
Mach number Equation
M=
V
Va
V a=
P2
T
= 2 = 2
P1
1
T1
Va
=
Va
2
1
v1 w 2
=
v2
w1
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 1 1 2 1 2
2 | Page
( M 1V a )
P 1 (M 2 V a )
P2
+
=
+
2
1 1
2
1 2
1
M 21
P1
P2
M 22
1
2
1 P1
1 P2
+
=
+
2
1 1
2
1 2
P1 M 1
P2 M 2
1
1
+
=
+
1 2 1
2 2 1
] [
P1 ( 1 ) M 21 +2 P 2 ( 1 ) M 22 +2
=
1
2
2 ( 1 )
2 ( 1 )
2 ( 1 ) M 21 +2
=
1 ( 1 ) M 22 +2
P2
P1
( )( )
From equation 3:
P2
= 2
P1
1
1 P 1 1 P2
=
=
2 P 2
P1
( )
P2
P1
( ) ( )
P2
P1
( )( )
P2
P1
( )
( 1 ) M 21+ 2
( 1 ) M 22+ 2
( 1 ) M 21+ 2
( 1 ) M 22+ 2
P2 ( 1 ) M 21+ 2
=
P1 ( 1 ) M 22+ 2
[ ]
2
P2 M 1 +5
=
P1 M 22 +5
3.3
3 | Page
2 ( 1 ) M 21 +2
=
1
( 1 ) M 22 +2
( )
2 ( 1 ) M 21 +2
=
1 ( 1 ) M 22 +2
1
1
2.5
[ ]
2 M 21 +5
=
1 M 22 +5
P=RT
P2 2 R T 2
=
P1 1 R T 1
2
T 2 ( 1 ) M 1 +2
=
T 1 ( 1 ) M 22 +2
T 2 P2 2
=
T 1 P1 1
2
T 2 ( 1 ) M 1 +2
=
T 1 ( 1 ) M 22 +2
] [
( 1 ) M 21 +2
( 1 ) M 22 +2
T 2 M 1 +5
=
T 1 M 22 +5
From equation 1:
1 A 1 V 1= 2 A 2 V 2
A 2 1 V 1 M 1 V a 1 M 1 V a 1
=
=
=
A 1 2 V 2 M 2 V a 2 M 2 V a 2
1
M 1 20.05 T 1
M 2 20.05 T 2
M 1 ( 1 ) M 22+ 2 2 ( 1 ) M 22+2
M 2 ( 1 ) M 21+ 2
( 1 ) M 12+2
)(
2
A 2 M 1 ( 1 ) M 2 +2
=
A 1 M 2 ( 1 ) M 21 +2
)( )
( )( )
1
1
+1
2( 1)
[ ]
A 2 M 1 M 22+5
=
A 1 M 2 M 21+5
M 1 T 1 12 1
M 2 T 2 2
For dry air ( =1.4 )
1
2
2+ ( 1 )
2 ( 1)
A 2 M 1 ( 1 ) M 22 +2
=
A 1 M 2 ( 1 ) M 21 +2
A 2 M 1 ( 1 ) M 22 +2
=
A 1 M 2 ( 1 ) M 21 +2
+1
2( 1)
Note: Only use the given Mach relations when solving in throat and exit
problems. For using in tank and throat, use the adiabatic process relation.
5 | Page
9.5 x 10
Pa
kg
m3 . Outside the converging-diverging
. Calculate:
T o, V a
b)
PT , T , T T ,V a
c)
mEX
Solution:
For
T o:
T o=
P o= o R T o
For
Po
=
o R
196,325 Pa
kg
J
1.9 3 287.08
kgK
m
)(
T o=359.93 Pa
Va :
o
For
PT :
PT
M EX + 5
=
P EX
M 2T +5
3.5
PT =P EX
M EX +5
M 2T +5
3.5
=( 101,325 Pa )
1.2 +5
12 +5
3.5
PT =129,803.91 Pa
6 | Page
T :
T PT
=
o
Po
( )
For
T =o
( ) (
)(
129,803.91 Pa
196,325 Pa
1
1.4
T =1.414 kg /m3
TT :
TT =
For
PT 1
kg
= 1.9 3
Po
m
PT
=
T R
129,803.91 Pa
J
(1.414 kg/m )(287.08
)
kgK
=319.77 K
Va :
T
For
m
T:
m
T = T A T V T = 1.414
For
PEX 1
kg
= 1.414 3
PT
m
( ) (
)(
101,325 Pa
129,803.91 Pa
1
1.4
=1.185 kg / m3
T EX :
T EX =
For
EX :
EX= T
For
kg
( 0.11 m2 ) 358.54 m =55.57 kg /s
3
s
m
P EX
=
EX R
101,325 Pa
3
J
)
kgK
=297.85 K
Va :
EX
For
V EX :
7 | Page
V EX =M EX V a =( 1.2 ) 346.08
EX
m
=415.30 m/ s
s
A EX :
For
AT M T M 2EX +5
A EX=
M EX M 2T +5
( 0.11 m2 ) ( 1 ) 1. 22+ 5
A EX=
2
1.2
1 +5
A EX=0.113 m
m
EX :
For
m
EX = EX A EX V EX= 1.185
kg
( 0.113 m2 ) 415.30 m =55.61 kg/ s
3
s
m
8 | Page
When the density is decreased, the change is gradual rather than as in the
compression case, & is always of the oblique type.
Because the change is gradual, it is not a shock wave & has no normal
type corresponding to the compressive case.
9 | Page
; i.e., the
corner is concave.
The flow at the wall must be tangent to the wall: Hence, the streamline at the wall is
also deflected upward through the angle
The bulk of the gas is above the wall, the streamlines are turned upward, into the
main bulk of the flow.
Whenever a supersonic flow is turned into itself, an oblique shock wave will occur.
The originally horizontal streamlines ahead of the wave are uniformly deflected in
crossing the wave, such that the streamlines behind the wave are parallel to each
other & inclined upward at the deflection angle
Across the wave, the Mach number discontinuously decreases, & the pressure,
density, & temperature discontinuously increase.
The flow at the wall must be tangent to the wall: Hence, the streamline at the wall is
deflected downward through the angle
The bulk of the gas is above the wall, the streamlines are turned downward, away
from the main bulk of the flow.
Whenever a supersonic flow is turned away from itself, an expansion wave will
occur. This expansion wave is in the same of a fan centered at the corner. The fan
continuously opens in the direction away from the corner.
The originally horizontal streamlines ahead of the expansion wave are deflected
smoothly & continuously through the expansion fan such that the streamlines
10 | P a g e
Across the expansion wave, the Mach number increases & the pressure,
temperature, & density decrease.
Mach number, M
The ratio between the speed of the air & the speed of sound in the air, which is of so
much importance at supersonic speeds.
M=
Mach angle,
V
Va
The angle which the Mach line makes with the free-stream direction.
Defined by the relative velocities between the free airstream v, & the speed of
sound in the stream
va .
12 | P a g e
sin =
= cos =
tan =
2
V
M
M
M 1
Va
Mach
Formula
M 2=
( 1 ) M 21 +2
2 M 21( 1 )
1
2
Pressure
P2 2 M 21( 1)
=
P1
+1
Density
( + 1 ) M 21
2
=
1 ( 1 ) M 21+ 2
Temperature
2
2
T 2 [ 2 M 1( 1 ) ] [ ( 1 ) M 1+ 2]
=
T1
( +1 )2 M 21
Velocity
V 2 ( 1 ) M 1+2
=
V1
( +1 ) M 21
13 | P a g e